• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.593-603
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of pine needle extract on the color, hardness, springiness, chewiness, pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value, and total bacterial number of seasoned pork meat stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 9 days. The pH levels of sauce samples were not affected by the mixing rate of the extracts. Acidity, soluble solids, and salinity gradually increased as the amount of added extract increased. Total polyphenolic contents in the sauce ranged from $1.01{\pm}0.02$ mg GAE/mL to $1.41{\pm}0.04$ mg GAE/mL, DPPH radical scavenging activity ranged from $0.06{\pm}0.01$ AEAC to $0.12{\pm}0.01$ AEAC, and ABTS radical scavenging activity ranged from $0.11{\pm}0.01$ AEAC to $0.19{\pm}0.01$ AEAC. The pH levels significantly decreased as the amount of added extract increased. The lightness ($L^*$), redness ($a^*$) and yellowness ($b^*$) values of meat tended to decrease with longer storage period (p<0.05). Hardness and chewiness also increased with longer storage period (p<0.05). The TBARS values decreased as the amount of added extract increased after 6 days (p<0.05). Total bacterial numbers of P5, P10, and P15 decreased compared to the control (p<0.05). In the sensory evaluation, taste and palatability were not significantly different among C, P5, and P10 (p<0.05). Further, flavor, color, tenderness, and juiciness were not different among the seasoned pork meats. These results suggest that pine needle extract can inhibit protein degradation, lipid oxidation, and bacterial growth when used as an additive to seasoned pork meat.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.399-406
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• 2002

건강지향적인 식품개발 차원에서 기능성 식품소재로 솔잎가루 첨가량을 0, 1, 2, 3, 4%로 달리하여 솔잎 찜케？을 제조하였고, 찜케？의 품질평가는 연령(20대, 40대)을 달리하여 색, 향기, 촉촉한 정도, 부드러운 정도 씹는 느낌, 전반적인 기호도 등의 관능적특성과 기계적특성을 통하여 알아보았다. 관능적평가 결과 색(color)은 20대는 솔잎가루 첨가량 0%가 40대는 4%가 유의적으로 좋은 점수를 받았고, 냄새(smell)는 20대는 0%, 40대는 3%가 유의적으로 점수가 높았고, 촉촉한 정도(moistness)는 20대는 0%가, 40대는 3%가 유의적으로 높은 점수를 받았고, 부드러운 정도(softness)는 20대는 0%가 유의적으로 높았고, 40대는 3%가 유의차는 없었지만, 좋은 점수를 받았다. 씹는 느낌(chewiness)은 20대는 0%가 40대는 3%가 모두 유의차는 없었지만, 높은 점수를 보였다. 전반적인 기호도(overall acceptability)에서 20대는 솔잎가루 첨가량이 적을수록 유의적으로 선호하여 솔잎가루 첨가량 0%가 가장 높은 점수를 받았고, 40대는 솔잎가루 첨가량이 많을수록 유의적으로 좋은 점수를 받아 솔잎가루 첨가량 3%가 좋게 평가되었다. 강도평가 결과 20대와 40대 모두 만든 직후에 솔잎가루 첨가량이 증가할 수록 색(color)은 유의적으로 진하다고 평가하였고(p＜0.01), 냄새(smell)는 유의적으로 강하다고 나타났다(p＜0.01). 부드러운 정도(softness)는 유의적 차이는 없었지만, 20대와 40대 모두 만든 직후에 솔잎가루 첨가량이 적을수록 부드럽게 나타났다. 기계적특성 평가 결과 명도(L)는 솔잎가루 첨가량이 많아질수록 감소하였고, 저장시간에 따른 차이는 보이지 않았다. 적색도(a)는 솔잎가루 첨가량이 많을수록 감소하였다. 황색도(b)는 솔잎가루 첨가량이 많을수록 값이 증가하여, 황색이 진하게 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 텍스쳐 측정 결과 경도(hardness)는 솔잎가루 첨가량이 증가할수록 낮게 나타났고, 저장시간에 따라 모든 첨가구의 경도가 증가하였다. 응집성(cohesiveness)은 솔잎가루 첨가량 및 저장시간에 따른 차이를 거의 보이지 않았다. 탄력성(springness)은 솔잎가루 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 낮았고, 저장시간에 따라 모든 첨가구가 낮게 나타났다. 솔잎가루 첨가량이 증가할수록 탄력성의 감소폭이 적게 보였다. 껌성(gumminess)과 파쇄성(brittleness)은 솔잎가루 첨가구가 대조구 보다 낮았으며, 저장시간에 따라 대조구를 제외하고는 모든 처리구의 껌성(gumminess)과 파쇄성(brittleness)이 높게 나타났다. 결과를 종합해 볼 때 솔잎가루 첨가량에 따라 기호도, 색도 및 텍스쳐에 영향을 주었다. 전반적으로 20대는 0% 첨가구를 40대는 3% 첨가구를 좋게 평가하였다. 솔잎가루 첨가량이 많을수록 녹색과 황색이 진하게 나타났고, 경도는 부드럽게 나타났다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.663-669
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• 2000

기능성 산형 음료의 산도는 번데기 동충하초 음료가 0.52로 가장 높았으며 감잎과 솔잎음료가 0.19로 가장 낮았다. 산형 음료의 pH는 동충하초 음료가 가장 낮았으며 코코아 음료가 3.12로 가장 높았다. 당도는 코코아 음료가 5.8로 가장 낮았으며 눈꽃 동충하초 음료가 10.3으로 높게 나타났다. 관능검사에서 외관의 색상(color)은 홍차 음료가 6.5로 가장 강하게 나타났으며, 탁도(turbidity)는 코코아가 가장 높았다. 달콤한 향(sweet odor)은 홍차, 감잎차 음료 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 새콤한 향(acidic odor)은 코코아 음료가 6.3으로 가장 강하게 나타났다. 단맛(sweetness taste)은 감잎차 음료가 5.6으로 가장 달다고 평가했으며, 신맛(sourness taste)과 떫은 맛(astringent taste)은 눈꽃 동충하초 음료가 가장 높게 나타났다. 외관(appearance)의 기호도, 향(odor)의 기호도, 맛(taste)의 기호도, 전반적인(overall) 기호도 모두 감잎차 발효 음료가 가장 높은 선호도를 보였으며, 솔잎음료, 쑥 음료 순으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다(p<.001). 구매의사 면에서도 감잎차 >솔잎 >쑥 음료 순으로 나타나 구매의사가 높았다(p<.001). 색도는 홍차 발효 음료의 명도(L)가 가장 낮았으며, 솔잎 발효음료의 명도(L)가 가장 높게 나타났다. 반면 적색도(a)와 황색도(b)는 홍차발효음료가 가장 높았다. 관능검사와 기호도 항목간의 상관관계에서 달콤한 향, 단맛, 마신 후의 구매의사가 높을수록 선호하는 경향을 보였다. 색도 측정과 관능검사간의 상관관계는 명도가 높을수록 외관의 기호도가 좋았으며, 적색도와 황색도가 높을수록 탁도와 외관의 기호도는 낮게 평가되었다. 이화학적 특성과 관능검사간의 상관관계에서는 pH가 낮을수록 산도는 높을수록 선호도가 낮게 평가되었으며, 당도는 달콤한 향과 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 이상의 결과 감잎차, 솔잎, 쑥 발효음료가 가장 수용도가 높아 기능성 음료로서의 상품화가 가능하겠으며, 음료 제조시 pH가 낮고 산도가 높은 음료는 당을 좀 더 첨가하여 신맛을 감소시킬 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.224-232
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of the case reports in the Journal of Acupuncture Research (JAR). All case reports were retrieved from November 2017 to June 2020. There were 19 case reports included in this assessment based on the case report (CARE) guidelines and case report and standards for reporting interventions in clinical trials of acupuncture (STRICTA) guidelines. The overall quality of reporting was relatively high (83.08% on Case Report guidelines and 77.78% on Standards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture guidelines), but several crucial items remained substantially underreported, such as identifying as a case report (keywords), patient information and perspective, clinical findings, diagnostic assessment, and intervention information. In 18 out of 19 included case reports of acupuncture-related interventions, several items remained considerably underreported such as acupuncture regimen variation, depth of needle insertion, response sought, and experience of acupuncturists. In the classification by disease, condition, or syndrome, 13 out of 19 included case reports were for musculoskeletal disorders (68.4%), which is the main clinical medical field of Korean medicine services. The results of this study may help develop more appropriate reporting guidelines for case reports published in JAR.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.525-531
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 원료 첨가(오가피, 영지버섯, 솔잎 및 홍삼)를 달리하여 오가피주를 제조하여 영양성분 및 휘발성 향기성분을 분석하였고 기타 주류의 품질요인에 관여하는 요인들을 평가하고 관능검사를 수행함으로서, 제조한 오가피주의 다양한 품질 평가를 수행하여 민속주로의 개발 가능성을 평가하였다. 주정도는 오가피 및 기타의 기능성 소재의 함량을 달리한 4가지 시료에서 각각 14.5-15.3%로 큰 차이를 볼 수는 없었다. 총 유기산 함량은 오가피주가 일반 약주 보다 훨씬 많은 양이 검출되었으며 반면 오가피 및 기타 기능성 소재를 첨가한 시료에서 citric acid와 tartaric acid는 오히려 약간 양이 감소한 것으로 보여졌다. 오가피주의 유리아미노산 함량은 histidine이 가장 많았으며, 총 유리아미노산 및 유리당 함량은 시료 C에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 시료 A 및 B에서는 총 49종의 휘발성 향기성분이 동정되었고 시료 C와 D에서는 각각 48 및 31종의 성분이 동정되었다. 무첨가군인 시료 D의 경우 alcohol류의 함량이 다른 군에 비해 높게 보여졌으며 ethanol의 함량이 79.59%로, iso-butyl alcohol이 0.35%로 다른 군에 비해 높게 보여졌다. 오가피, 영지버섯, 솔잎 및 홍삼이 함유된 시료 A, B, 및 C에서는 다양한 종류의 테르펜 화합물이 확인되었다. 이는 주류 고유의 향기성분 외에 첨가된 오가피, 영지버섯, 솔잎 및 홍삼에 의해 더욱 다양한 향기성분이 나타난 것으로 생각되는데, 특히 ${\alpha}-copaene$의 함량이 시료 D에서보다 A, B 및 C에서 2배 이상 높게 다량 확인되었다. GC-O를 이용하여 향기성분을 관능적으로 동정한 결과 기능성 소재의 배합 비율에 따라 소비자가 느끼는 관능적 특성은 상당히 유동적으로 변할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 오가피 함량이 높은 술일수록 명도가 높아 밝고 황색도가 낮아지는 경향을 볼 수 있었고, 오가피를 0.1%첨가한 오가피주가 좋은 맛과 감칠맛에서 유의적으로 높은 것으로 평가되었다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2009

Objectives : The objective of this review was to evaluate clinical trials of warming acupuncture for musculoskeletal pain diseases, to assess the methodologic quality of the trials and determine whether low-quality trials are associated with positive outcomes, to document adverse effects and to identify the effectiveness of the warming acupuncture. Methods : Seven databases and the Journal ZHONGGUO ZHENJIU(中國鍼灸) published between 2004－2008 were searched. Korean and Chinese randomized trials were evaluated for methodologic quality using the modified Jadad scale. Outcome measurements were pain, function and global improvement. The best-evidence synthesis was performed to determine the strength of evidence by control group. Results : Six clinical trials representing 564 patients with musculoskeletal pain diseases were identified. For pain and function, there was moderate evidence that warming acupuncture is more effective than manual acupuncture. For patient global assesment, there was limited evidence that warming acupuncture is more effective than manual acupuncture. However, for function, there was inconclusive evidence that warming acupuncture is more effective than acupuncture with TDP or western medicine or acupoint-injection treatment. Conclusions : The evidence suggests that warming acupuncture is more effective for musculoskeletal pain diseases than manual acupuncture, acupuncture with TDP, western medicine and acupoint-injection treatment. But the evidence is moderate to inclusive due to the low methodologic quality of the trials. Further clinical trials with high methodologic quality is required to investigate the effectiveness of warming acupuncture.

• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2008

In Korea, the quality control(QC) program forcytopathology was introduced in 1995. The program consists of a checklist for the cytolopathology departments, analysis data on all the participating institutions' QC data, including the annual data on cytologic examinations, the distribution of the gynecological cytologic diagnoses, as based on The Bethesda System 2001, and the data on cytologic-histolgical correlation of the gynecological field, and an evaluation for diagnostic accuracy. The diagnostic accuracy program has been performed 3 times per year with using gynecological, body fluid and fine needle aspiration cytologic slides. We report here on the institutional QC data and the evaluation for diagnostic accuracy since 2004, and also on the new strategy for quality control and assurance in the cytologic field. The diagnostic accuracy results of both the participating institutions and the QC committee were as follows; Category 0 and A: about 94%, Category B: 4-5%, Category C: less than 2%. As a whole, the cytologic daignostic accuracy is relatively satisfactory. In 2008, on site evaluation for pathology and cytology laboratories, as based on the "Quality Assurance Program for Pathology Services" is now going on, and a new method using virtual slides or image files for determining the diagnostic accuracy will be performed in November 2008.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of acupuncture and moxibustion for mastitis. Methods: We used ten databases including Embase, PubMed, and CNKI to investigate the literatures of mastitis using the keywords "mastitis" and "acupuncture", "breast inflammation" and "acupuncture", "mastitis" and "needle", "breast inflammation" and "needle", "mastitis" and "moxibustion". We excluded studies which included treatments that could affect the judgement of the effectiveness of acupuncture treatment, and the control group was limited to antibiotics. The quality of the paper was evaluated by Risk of Bias. A meta-analysis was performed using a "Review manager" to see the effectiveness of acupuncture and moxibustion compared to antibiotics. Results: Only six RCT were finally selected. Five studies use the total effective rate as a evaluating index, and it was significantly higher than that of the control group in two studies. In other three studies, acupuncture showed similar effectiveness to antibiotics. Meta-analysis was performed through three studies, there was no statistically significant difference in total effective rate between acupuncture and antibiotic treatment. Conclusions: Analysis of six RCT showed that acupuncture and moxibustion seem to have many possibilities as one of the treatments for mastitis. However the number of documents is not sufficient, more research should be done to obtain reliable information.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.507-525
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• 2021

Local anesthesia is indispensable in dentistry. Worldwide, millions of local anesthetic injections are administered annually, and are generally considered safe invasive procedures. However, adverse effects are possible, of which dentists should be aware of. This scoping review aimed to provide an extensive overview of the reported literature on the adverse effects of dental local anesthesia. The types of papers, what is reported, and how they are reported were reviewed. Additionally, the incidence and duration of adverse effects and factors influencing their occurrence were also reviewed. An electronic search for relevant articles was performed in PubMed and Embase databases from inception to January 2, 2020. The titles and abstracts were independently screened by two reviewers. The analysis was narrative, and no meta-analysis was performed. This study included 78 articles. Ocular and neurological adverse effects, allergies, hematomas, needle breakage, tissue necrosis, blanching, jaw ankylosis, osteomyelitis, and isolated atrial fibrillation have been described. Multiple adverse effects of dental local anesthesia have been reported in the literature. The results were heterogeneous, and detailed descriptions of the related procedures were lacking. Vital information concerning adverse effects, such as the dosage or type of anesthetic solution, or the type of needle used, was frequently missing. Therefore, high-quality research on this topic is needed. Finally, the adverse effects that are rarely encountered in real-world general practice are overrepresented in the literature.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.215-222
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• 2011

We evaluated the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) status of litterfall in a natural red pine (Pinus densiflora) stand damaged by pine wilt disease in Jinju City, which was one of the areas severely affected by the disease in Korea. A significant correlation (P < 0.05) was found between tree density and basal area and the C and N status of litterfall components, but C and N status was not correlated with mean diameter at breast height in the pine wilt disease stands. Needle-litter C and N concentrations were linearly related (P < 0.05) to basal area in pine wilt disease stands. Needle-litter C concentration decreased with a decrease in damage intensity due to pine wilt disease, whereas litter N concentration increased with an increase of basal area in pine wilt disease stands. The linear regression equations developed for litterfall C and N inputs were significant (P < 0.05), with basal area accounting for 50-86% of the variation, except for cone and flower litter. The results indicated that the incidence of pine wilt disease could impact the quality and quantity of C and N in litterfall of pine stands suffering from pine wilt disease.