• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.283-289
• /
• 2017

The water discharged from dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) is heavily contaminated with bacteria. The development of efficient disinfectants is required to maintain good quality DUWL water. The purpose of this study was to establish a DUWL biofilm model using well-plates to confirm the effectiveness of disinfectants in the laboratory. Bacteria were obtained from the water discharged from DUWLs and incubated in R2A liquid medium for 10 days. The bacterial solution cultured for 10 days was made into stock and these stocks were incubated in R2A broth and batch mode for 5 days. Batch-cultured bacterial culture solution and polyurethane tubing sections were incubated in 12-well plates for 4 days. Biofilm accumulation was confirmed through plating on R2A solid medium. In addition, the thickness of the biofilm and the shape and distribution of the constituent bacteria were confirmed using confocal laser microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The average accumulation of the cultured biofilm over 4 days amounted to $1.15{\times}10^7CFU/cm^2$. The biofilm was widely distributed on the inner surface of the polyurethane tubing and consisted of cocci, short-length rods and medium-length rods. The biofilm thickness ranged from $2{\mu}m$ to $7{\mu}m$. The DUWL biofilm model produced in this study can be used to develop disinfectants and study DUWL biofilm-forming bacteria.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.37-52
• /
• 2001

1. establishment and development of China archives science: With the centuries-old history of archives and archives management, early China archives science came into being in 1930s, and the research pushed forward by archives enterprise has made great achievements since then. 1.1 Expanding research fields: Foundation

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.89-123
• /
• 1996

The world has moved from the Cold War between the east and the west and moved toward the age without idealogy. It places emphasis on economic benefit and welfare of its own nation as its main point With this world trend, in order to sam the competitiveness and the reconciliation of the divided nation the north and the south Korea should be united. Once the north and the south are united, information society will be altered with the huge flow of the civilization. At the same time, the issue of how to operate library policies and system, in which effective acquisition, manipulation, accumulation, and dissemination of information un would be very important. From this point of view, the following conclusions are obtained in this study. Firstly, when building a national library preparing for the national unification. it is essential to introduce 1) the concept of policy and system for information society and 2) that of policy and system which has national-culture as its focus. Secondly, it is essential to prepare the cooperative-structure between libraries prior to the national unification. This kind of cooperation should gradually expand to an extent that allows actual benefits such as building union catalog, inter-library loan system, resource sharing, standardized cataloging rules, and exchange of dissertation... etc. Thirdly, developing the library policies and systems for the national unification must be based on the concept of the mutual cooperation as inter-dependent model rather than on the concept of the incorporation-absorption as a dominant model. The next point the principles of the followings in preparing the library policies should be considered: 1) free-competition, 2) revolution of consciousness through the social education, 3) independence and love for humanity, 4) scientific or reasonable thinking, 5) job responsibility, 6) democratic citizenship, 7) mind far collective life, 8) spirit of public interest 9) globalization In addition, the model of the library systems preparing for thenational unification should include the followings : 1) uniformity of library system and its authority, 2) establishment of research institutes for library policy and system, 3) exchange of library establishment and information resources, 4) building library networks, 5) establishment of education systems for the library and information science and enhancement of its quality, 6) modernizing and developing information technology and its transfer. Finally, the libraries in the north and the south has different concepts, goals, information resources, and the different ways of using them. Considering the practical aspects of the libraries and the reasons for their existence, they must structure the mutual cooperative system so as to minimize the shock when confronting the social changes, so-called the national unification.

• Korean Security Journal
• /
• no.14
• /
• pp.517-534
• /
• 2007

Since the beginning of human society, there have always been struggles and competitions for survival and prosperity, terrorism is not a recent phenomenon, however in modern times it has progressed to reflect the advances in civilization and power structures. At the time of the 9.11 terrorist attacks in the U.S. A., a new world order was in the process of being established after the breakdown of the Cold War era. The attacks drove both the Western and the Islamic worlds into heightened fear of terrorism and war, which threatened the quality of life of the whole mankind. Through two war campaigns against the Islamic world, it seems the U.S. has been pushing its own militaristic security road map of the Greater Middle East democratic initiative, justifying it as a means to retaliate and eradicate the terrorist threats towards themselves. However, with its five-year lopsided victories that cost the nation almost four thousand military casualties, and the war expenses that could match the Vietnam war, the U.S. does not yet seem to be totally emancipated from the fears of terrorism. Terrorism, in itself, is a means of resisting forced rules a form of alternative competition by the weak against the strong, and a way of expressing a dismissive response against dictatorial ideas or orders which allow for no normal changes. Intrinsically, the nature of terrorism is a reaction opposing power logics. Confronted with the absolute military power of the U.S., the Islamic strategies of terrorism have begun to rapidly evolve into a new stage. The new strategies take advantage of their civilization and circumstances, they train and inspire their front-line fighters on the Internet, and issue their orders through the clandestine network of the Al Qaeda operatives. These spontaneously generated strategies have been gained speed among the second, and third Islamic generations, many of whom are now spread throughout western societies. This represents a failure of the power-driven, one-sided overseas security initiatives by the U.S., and is creating a culture of fear and distrust in western societies. It is feared that the U.S. war campaigns have made the clash of religions far worse than before, and may ever lead to global ethnic separations and large-scale population movements. Eventually, it may result in the terrorist groups, enlarged and secretly supported by the huge sums of oil money, driving all mankind into a series of irreparable catastrophes.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.14 no.5
• /
• pp.589-596
• /
• 1998

This study was carried out to evaluate the quality attributes of soy yogurts prepared by different types of oligosaccharides (fructooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharide , isomaltooligosaccharide) and Bifidobacteria (B. bifidum B. breve, B. infantis) containing enzyme treated soy protein isolate in terms of pH, titratable acidity, total number of viable cells of Bifidobacteria, ${\alpha}$-galactosidase activity, organic acids, volatile compounds. The pH values of soy yogurts fermented by B. bifidum showed the highest significantly but those fermented by B. infantis showed the lowest significantly, while the titratable acidity of soy yogurts were vice versa. The viable cells of Bifidobacteria of all soy yogurts showed more than 10$\^$9/ CFU/ml and soy yogurts fermented by B. infantis showing below pH 4.6 showed more than 10$\^$9/ CFU/ml after storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. The activity of ${\alpha}$-galactosidase showed the highest in the culture of B. infantis among the Bifidobacteria tested. Among the Bifidobacteria tested, the contents of lactic acid and acetic acid showed the highest in soy yogurts fermented by B. infantis but citric acid and propionic acid were the lowest. Among the Bifidobacteria tested, the contents of n-hexanal showed the highest in soy yogurts fermented by B. breve and a little amounts of acetaldehyde were present in all soy yogurts.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.73-84
• /
• 1991

Underground sea water is widely utilized for land based aquaculture in Cheju province, Korea nowadays. Salinity of this water($20{\~}30$ ppt) is slightly lower than natural sea water but because of its good water quality and temperature which is maintained at $16{\~}18^{\circ}C$ all year-round, many fish farmers are using this water for finfish culture. To evaluate the possibility of utilizing underground sea water for the seed production of the flounder, Paralichthys olivaeceus, hatching rate of fertilized eggs, survival rate of hatched larvae, and growth rate of the juveniles were tested with various salinity levels ranged from 14.1 ppt to 40.2 ppt. The salinity ranges which showed over $70{\%}$ survival rate for fertilized eggs to hatchout were 33.7 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt, for hatched larvae to 2-day-old were 20.6 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt, from 10-day-old to 12-day-old were 27.2 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt, and from 45-day-old to 47-day-old were 20.6 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt. Two hundred day old fingerlings showed no mortality when exposured to 7.6 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt for 2 days. All fish died within 3 days when 45-day-old juveniles were transferred directly from normal sea water to 14.1 ppt sea water. However, they were all survived when transferred first to 20.6 ppt for 3 days then to 14.1 ppt sea water. The highest growth rates of fingerlings reared at 4 different salinities (33.7, 27.0, 31.0, or 15 ppt) were obtained at the 27 ppt group followed by 33.7, 21.0, 15 ppt respectively. The relationship between the days of rearing (X) and the total length of the fingerlings were as follows. $33.7\%$ group : Y=8.8109 + 0.1104X(r=0.999) $27.0{\%}$ group : Y=8.6797 + 0.1208X(r=0.997) $21.0{\%}$ group : Y=8.4081 + 0.1052X(r=0.990) $15.0{\%}$ group : Y=8.4309+ 0.0995X(r=0.990)

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.337-343
• /
• 2020

This study was carried out to evaluate the yield of cuttings according to the planting and runner releasing times of mother plants in order to raise the cutting seedlings of raising seedling period 75 days or more needed for forcing culture of strawberries to be transplanted into the field around the 15^th of September. Three domestic cultivars of 'Maehyang', 'Jukhyang', and 'Kuemsil' were tested. For experiment 1 to determine the yield of cuttings with the change of transplanting time, the mother plant were planted on February 28, March 20, and April 9 in 20 days intervals, and the cuttings were collected two to three times from June 4 to July 1. Experiment 2 was conducted to investigate the yield of cuttings depending on the runner releasing time, the runners were released in three intervals of 20 days, 40 days, and 60 days after planting the mother plant on March 5, and the cutting were collected once to three times from May 29 to June 26. From the comparisons of cutting yield according to the transplanting time of mother plants, February 28 treatment was more 9~25% and 114~165% for each cultivar than March 20 and April 9, respectively (Experiment 1). The yield of cuttings with releasing time 20 days after planting the mother plants had higher by 60~77% and 104~176% for each cultivar than 40 days and 60 days, respectively (Experiment 2). From these results, in case of propagating the seedlings from cuttings needed for field planting around September 15, early planting around in the latter part of February is the best for cuttings yield. In addition, releasing after the removal of the runners produced from mother plants by 20 days after planting gives an advantage over higher yield of cuttings. Consequently, this study suggest to apply an efficient raising seedling system for labor saving and quality improvement in raising seedlings of three strawberry cultivars in Korea.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.81-101
• /
• 2011

In today's rapidly changing and increasingly competitive business environment, new product development in tune with market trends in a timely manner has been a matter of the utmost concern for all enterprises. Indeed, developing a sustainable new business has been a top priority for not only business enterprises, but also for the government policy makers accountable for the health of Its national economy as well as for decision makers in what type of organizations. Further, for a soft landing of new businesses, building a government-initiated industry base has been claimed to be necessary as a way to effectively boost corporate activities. However, the existing methodology in new service and new product development is not suitable for nurturing industry, because it is mainly focused on the research and development of corporate business activities instead of new product development. The approach for developing new business is based on 'innovation' and 'convergence.' Yet, the convergence among technologies, supplies, businesses and industries is believed to be more effective than innovation alone as a way to gain momentum. Therefore, it has become more important than ever to study a new methodology based on convergence in industrial quality new product development (NPD) and new service development (NDS). In this research, therefore, we reviewed any restrictions in the existing new product and new service development methodology and the existing business model development methodology. In doing so, we conducted industry standard collaboration analysis on a new service model development methodology in the private sector and the public sector. This approach is fundamentally different from the existing one in that ours focuses on new business development under private management. The suggested framework can be categorized into industry level and service level. First, in the industry level, we define new business opportunities In occurrence of convergence between businesses. For this, we analyze the existing industry at the industry level to identify the opportunities in a market and its business attractiveness, based on which the convergence industry is formulated. Also, through the analysis of environment and market opportunity at the industry level. we can trace how different industries are lined to one another so as to extend the result of the study to develop better insights into industry expansion and new industry emergence. After then, in the service level, we elicit the service for the defined new business, which is composed of private service and supporting service for nurturing industry. Private service includes 3steps: plan-design-do; supporting service for nurturing industry has 4 steps: selection-make environment- business preparation-do and see. The existing methodology focuses on mainly securing business competitiveness, building a business model for success, and offering new services based on the core competence of companies. This suggested methodology, on other hand, suggests the necessity of service development, when new business opportunities arise, in relation to the opportunity analysis of supporting service based on the clear understanding of new business supporting infrastructure optimization. Meanwhile, we have performed case studies on the printing and publishing field with the restrict procedure and development system to assure the feasibility and practical application. Even though the printing and publishing industry is considered a typical knowledge convergence industry, it is also known as a low-demand and low-value industry in Korea. For this reason, we apply the new methodology and suggest the direction and the possibility of how the printing and publishing industry can be transformed as a core dynamic force for new growth. Then, we suggest the base composition service for industry promotion(public) and business opportunities for private's profitability(private).

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.50 no.3
• /
• pp.201-209
• /
• 2014

This study was carried out in order to develop a biological control of anthracnose of red pepper caused by fungal pathogens. In particular, this study focuses on the Colletotrichum species, which includes important fungal pathogens causing a great deal of damage to red pepper. Antagonistic bacteria were isolated from the soil of pepper fields, which were then tested for biocontrol activity against the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides anthracnose pathogen of pepper. Based on the 16S rRNA sequence analysis, the isolated bacterial strain CS-52 was identical to Bacillus sp. The culture broth of Bacillus sp. CS-52 had antifungal activity toward the hyphae and spores of C. gloeosporioides. Moreover, the substances with antifungal activity were optimized when Bacillus sp. CS-52 was grown aerobically in a medium composed of 0.5% glucose, 0.7% $K_2HPO_4$, 0.2% $KH_2PO_4$, 0.3% $NH_4NO_3$, 0.01% $MnSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, and 0.15% yeast extract at $30^{\circ}C$. The inhibition of spore formation resulting from cellulase, siderophores, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), were produced at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, respectively. Bacillus sp. CS-52 also exhibited its potent fungicidal activity against anthracnose in an in vivo test, at a level of 70% when compared to chemical fungicides. These results identified substances with antifungal activity produced by Bacillus sp. CS-52 for the biological control of major plant pathogens in red pepper. Further studies will investigate the synergistic effect promoting better growth and antifungal activity by the formulation of substances with antifungal activity.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.49
• /
• pp.359-382
• /
• 2017

Content is the complex of art and technology of trend, so it is important to experience different technologies for content education. Today, many non-profit organizations plan and operate numbers of programs for disabilities, low-income, and minority families to enhance the quality of life and the realization of social integration. These programs are limited to museums and galleries, not so pro-actively in progressing. Various contend education is necessary to the expansion of cultural exchange for the culturally alienated area. Naver is running an outreach program named . It is an experience-based outreach program where current cartoon / webtoon writers come directly to the school to inform students about the basic story of comics and comic techniques. However, the fact that the is not centered on the marginalized area but is centered on the Seoul Gyeonggi area, has the limitation that they can not benefit from a wide range of programs because they have a space limit of 'school', and, has a spatial limitation that the experience of the work is excluded. 'Outreach programs in marginalized areas' must be reorganized into a fluid dimension, not a fixed, single-system program. You should be able to experience and experience your work by directly using various professional equipment of comics based on your capacity and experience, local culture, religion, and society. These program participants will gain the effect of attractive and effective learning with empathy with their comic experience. Meanings of Comics content outreach program are following: First, the rich cultural archive can be used efficiently by providing various contents to existing outreach programs with the educational limitation of museums and galleries. Second, Comics contents can be enjoyed as a part of our life by understanding diversity and technology of contents. Third, because it is the program of expertise' participation, it can remodel, and restructure the severed experience in remote areas for the continuous growth and development, and furthermore, it can enhance the understanding of society.