• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.151-162
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is suggest to restoration model of Pinus thunbergii in Saha-gu, Busan Metropolitan City. The result of this study is summarized as follows; As the results of this study, vegetation restoration model is presented by separating community planting and edge planting. The community planting species of tree layer were Pinus thunbergii and Quercus acutissima and Quercus dentata and Quercus serrata and Quercus alienna and Quercus variabilis. The community planting species of subtree layer were Platycarya strobilacea and Prunus sargentii and Styrax japonica and Eurya japonica and Morus bombycis. The community planting species of shrub layer are Ulmus pavifolia and Ulmus davidiana and Lindera obtusiloba and Elaeagnus macrophylla and Mallotus japonicus and Ligustrum obtusifolium and Sorbus alnifolia and Rhus trichocarpa and Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Rosa wichuraiana and Rhus chinensis and Viburnum erosum and Rhododendron mucronulatum and Rhododendron yedoense and Indigofera pseudotinctoria. And the planting species of edge vegetation are Japanese Angelica and Symplocos chinensis and Pittosporum tobira and Lespedeza maximowiczii and Lespedeza bicolor and Rubus coreanus and Rubus idaeus and Vitis thunbergii and Ampelopsis brevipedunculata and Rosa multiflora. Considering the population of individuals up to layers in each $400m^2$ area, it was composed of 24 in tree layer, 35 in subtree layer, 410 in shrub layer and 34% herb layer in the Pinus thunbergii community. And the average of breast-high area and canopy area was $10,852cm^2$ in tree layer, in subtree layer $1,546cm^2$, in shrub layer $1,158,660cm^2$. The shortest distance between trees was calculated as 2.0m in tree layer, 1.9m in subtree layer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.80-94
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is suggest to restoration model of Pinus thunbergii in Saha-gu, Busan. The result of this study is summarized as follows. As the results of this study, vegetation restoration model is presented by separating community planting and edge planting. In community planting, as a group of canopy, there are 6 species; Pinus thunbergii, Quercus acutissima, Quercus dentata, Quercus serrata, Quercus alienna, Quercus variabilis. As a group of understory, there are 5 species; Platycarya strobilacea, Prunus sargentii, Styrax japonica, Eurya japonica, Morus bombycis. Also as a group of shrub, there were 15 kinds of species; Ulmus pavifolia, Ulmus davidiana, Lindera obtusiloba, Elaeagnus macrophylla, Mallotus japonicus, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Sorbus alnifolia, Rhus trichocarpa, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Rosa wichuraiana, Rhus chinensis, Viburnum erosum, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rhododendron yedoense, Indigofera pseudotinctoria. And as a group of edge vegetation, there were 10 kinds of species; Japanese Angelica, Symplocos chinensis, Pittosporum tobira, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Lespedeza bicolor, Rubus coreanus, Rubus idaeus, Vitis thunbergii, Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, Rosa multiflora. Vegetation restoration models of Pinus thunbergii community were calculated the units $400m^2$ for the average populations of the woody layer is 24 in canopy layer, 35 in understory layer, 410 in shrub layer, 34% herbaceous layer ground cover. And the average of breast-high area and canopy area is $10,852cm^2$ in canopy layer, in understory layer $1,546cm^2$, in shrub layer $1,158,660cm^2$. The shortest distance between trees is calculated as 2.0m in canopy layer, 1.9m in understory layer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.39-53
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to find out the applicability of LANDIS-II model to Korea. The case study was carried out in Daecheong Dam basin. In order to operate the model, a total of 63,107 cells of 100x100m unit were constructed, each cell consists of ecoregion map, initial communities map, plant physiological data, and climate change prediction data using SSP2-4.5 scenario. Forest distributions of year 2050 and 2100 were predicted by distribution intensity and interference among trees based on field surveys of 147 points in 2020. As a result, trees of decreased distribution area in the future are in the order of Quercus mongolica, Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora and Robinia pseudoacacia, which characterized vulnerable to the effects of climate change or artificially planted trees. While warm climate trees of Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Quercus acutissima and Quercus aliana are predicted to increase their distribution area in the order. These results analyzed using the LANDIS-II model are consistent with the studies on potential natural vegetation and succession tendency in Korea. In conclusion, the applicability of LANDIS-II model in Korea is highly effective and it is also expected to serve as a scientific basis for determining forest policies on afforestation and restoration.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2005

To investigate the vegetation structure of the region from Dongchanggyo to Deogjusa in Woraksan National Park, 23 plots$(400m^2)$ set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Three groups Quercus mongolica-pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus molica community, Mixed Broad-leaved community were classified by cluster analysis. Quercus mongolica, pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata and Fraxinus rhynchophyllai were found as a major woody plant species in Woraksan National Park region. In this area, Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora were dominated partially. In the future, the importance percentage of Pinus densiflora might be decreased, but those of Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata and Fraxinus rhynchophyllai might be increased. High positive correlations were proved between Acer pic tum and Corylus heterophylla, Betula schimidtii; Acer pseudosieboldianum, Cornus controversa ; Stephanandra incisa and Symplocos sawafutagi, Lespedeza maximowixzii ; Symplocos sawafutagi and Fraxinus rhynchophyllai, Lespedeza maximowixzii; Fraxinus rhynchophyllai and Acer pseudosieboldianum, Lespedeza maximowixzii; Quercus variabilis and Fraxinus sieboldiana; Corylus heterophylla, and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Acer pseudo sieboldianum and Lespedeza maximowixzii, and relatively high negative corrlations was proved between Quercus serrata and Betula schimidtii; Quercus mongolica and Quercus serrata; Corylus heterophylla and Lindera erythrocarpa. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups were ranged from $1.2393\~1.3674$ and it was relatively high compared to those of the ridge area of other national parks.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.20-28
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• 2003

This study was subjected to compare seasonal changes of survival rate, relative growth rate, and chlorophyll contents of major oak tree species including Quercus acctissima, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus varibilis seedlings grown in Quercus acctissima forest under different light intensities. Three light intensities were 81% of sunlight, 34% of sunlight and 21% of sunlight. In each treatment, 100 tree seedlings were planted and survival rate, growth rate, and chlorophyll contents were measured. The highest survival rate was Quercus acctissima in 73% seedlings compared with those subjected to the other tree seedlings in 45~66%. Lowest survival rate was Quercus vnriabilis seedlings in 41%. Oaks tree species of the height, the root collar diameters of the relative growth were better in the seedlings grown in 81% light intensities of full sun. But growth rates decreased rapidly in the shade treatment of 21% light intensities of full sun. Lowest chlorophyll contents(chlorophyll a, b and total) were shown at 21% light intensities of full sun, lowest light intensity treatment in this study This result is thought growth and chlorophyll contents associated with light intensity Also, Physiological characteristics has to be investigated in near future because photosynthesis and chlorophyll contents were strongly related to tree growth with long periods.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.61-71
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate chemotaxonomical correlation an d the chemical constituents of domestic Quercus sp. leaves. The leaves of Q. mongolica, Q. aliena, Q. serrata, Q. acutissima, Q. dentata and Q. variabilis were collected in the experimental forest of Kangwon National University. The combined extracts were successively fractionated with n -hexane, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate using a separation funnel. A portion of the ethyl acetate and $H_2O$ soluble materials of each species were chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column using various aqueous MeOH and EtOH-hexane as washing solvents. Spectrometric analysis such as NMR and MS, including TLC, were performed to characterize the structures of the isolated compounds. Gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (+)-gallocatechin, kaempferol, astragalin, astragalin-6"-O-gallate, isoquercitrin, isoquercitrin-6"-O-gallate and myricetin were isolated from Q. mongolic a leaves. Gallic acid, kaempferol and quercetin were characterized from Q. acutissima leaves. Gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (+)-gallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, kaempferol, quercetin, guajaverin and tamarixin were identified from Q. dentata leaves. Gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, kaempferol, quercitrin, isoquercitrin and myricetin were purified from Q. serrata leaves. Gallic acid, (+)-catechin, astragalin, astragalin-6"-O-gallate and isoquercitrin were isolated from Q. variabilis leaves. Gallic acid was isolated from all the leaves and could be a taxonomic index on Quercus spp..

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.359-374
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the chemotaxonomical correlation and chemical constituents of domestic Quercus spp. barks. The barks of Q. mongolica, Q. aliena, Q. serrata, Q. acutissima, Q. dentata, and Q. variabilis were collected in the experimental forest of Kangwon National University. The combined extracts were successively fractionated with n-hexane, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate using a separation funnel. A portion of the ethyl acetate and H2O soluble materials of each species were chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column using various aqueous MeOH and EtOH-hexane as washing solvents. Spectrometric analysis such as NMR and MS, including TLC, were performed to characterize the structures of the isolated compounds. Ellagic acid (0.03 g), (+)-catechin (4.59 g), taxifolin (3.35 g), and glucodistylin (20.52 g) were isolated from Q. mongolica bark. Gallic acid (0.18 g), (+)-catechin (8.52 g), (+)-gallocatechin (0.09 g), taxifolin (0.54 g), and glucodistylin (3.28 g) were characterized from Q. acutissima bark. Gallic acid (0.38 g), ellagic acid (0.11 g), (+)-catechin (2.01 g), (+)-gallocatechin (0.12 g), and glucodistylin (0.39 g) were identified from Q. dentata bark. Ellagic acid (1.51 g), (+)-catechin (21.91 g), and glucodistylin (3.91 g) were purified from Q. aliena bark. Ellagic acid (0.84 g), (+)-catechin (0.82 g), taxifolin (4.02 g), and glucodistylin (21.50) were isolated from Q. serrata bark. Gallic acid (0.24 g), caffeic acid (0.05 g), (+)-catechin (0.32 g), and glucodistylin (0.65 g) were purified from Q. variabilis bark. (+)-Catechin and glucodistylin were isolated from all the barks. Glucodistylin can be a taxonomic index on Quercus spp.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.599-604
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• 2015

This study was conducted the vegetation clustering analysis for the 3 mountains of Mt. Bulam, Mt. Daemo, Mt. Bonghwa which were the urban forests of Seoul. Based on the results of the analysis related to the vegetation clustering, it was found that the clustering of Mt. Bulam consisted of pine trees(Pinus densiflora)-Mongolian oak(Quercus mongolica), Hornb eam(Carpinus laxiflora)-Pitch pine(P. rigida), oriental oak(Q. variabilis) - a wild pear tree(Sorbus alnifolia) while the clustering of Mt. Daemo consisted of Pitch pine-Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis), Poplar(Populus tomentig landulosa)- black birch(Betula davurica pall). Meanwhile, the clustering of Mt. Bonghwa consisted of pine trees-a wild pear tree Community and Sawtooth oak(Q. acutissima)-Cherry Blossoms(Prunus serrulata). In relation to the similarity index by region in Mt. Bulam, Mt. Daemo, and Mt. Bonghwa, the similarity index of Mt. Bulam and Mt. Daemo stood at as high as 0.634, suggesting the distribution of similar vegetation, and the dominance index of the Mt. Daemo region was found to be 0.166 which suggests the dominance of many species compared to other regions. In addition, the results of species diversity showed that Mt. Daemo had the highest stability, and the species diversity, maximum species diversity, evenness indices were highest in Mt. Bulam, followed by Mt. Bonghwa and Mt. Daemo. The dominance index was the lowest in Mt. Bulam, followed by Mt. Bonghwa and Mt. Daemo.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.188-199
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to provide data for conservation management of Pinus densiflora forest by analyzing ecological characteristics and the change of Pinus densiflora community structure for fifteen years in Gayasan National Park. According to the results of TWINSPAN analysis of Pinus densiflora forest, there were twenty plots(unit: $500m^2$)and it was classified into seven community types. The dominant species were Pinus densiflora in canopy layer, Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata in the understory layer and Sasa borealis, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rhus trichocarpa in the shrub layer. The index of shannon's diversity was from 0.6803 to 1.2559 per $500m^2$ and the range of species number was from twenty-seven to fourty. As a result of the change of Pinus densiflora forest structure, the importance percentage(I.P.) of Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata in the understory layer were increased for fifteen years. The index of shannon's diversity changed $0.2608{\sim}1.0124\;into\;0.5547{\sim}1.2567\;per\;500m^2$ and species number changed $14{\sim}26\;into\;26{\sim}34$ for fifteen year.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.231-240
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• 2000

The forest vegetation of southern area of Mt. Naejang National Park, Korea was classified into nine communities of Zelkova serrata, Torreya nucifera, Quercus aliena, Carpinus tschonoskii, C. laxifora Q. variabilis, Q. serrata, Q. mongolica and Pinus densiflora based on the floristic composition and physiognomy Q. mongolica community distributes at elevation above 600 m in sea level, Q. variabilis community on xeric ridges and Q. serrata community on xeric slopes at elevation 250 m∼600 m, C. tschonoskii community on mesic sites and C. laxiflora community on xeric ones at elevation 200 m∼400 m,Q. aliena community on mesic slopes and Zelkova serrata community on mesic stony slopes at stream sides, Torreya nucifera community around the Paegyang temple and Pinus densiflora community on lower parts or ridges of mountain. The actual vegetation map of the area was made in scale 1: 25,000, including above mentioned nine plant communities.