• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.128-137
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of hiking trails on forest landscape's fragmentation, based on which also to assess the landscape-ecology-based integrity by small drainage area by selecting Bukhansan National Park as a survey target. The results of effect analysis are as follow; size of forest patch decreased; the density of patch and edge increased; patch shape became complicated; the dimensions of core area noticeably decreased and proximity degree between patch increased after trail-building. In addotion, the assessment results of overall landscape ecology-based integrity by small drainage basin showed that the Bukhansan catchment area was highest making 3.7 point, while Gugi catchment area was rated the lowest making 1.6 point. Putting the above results together, it is necessary to prohibit the opening up of unnecessary trails and to make room for ecological restoration of damaged and disturbance area to their original state as nature goes for landscape-ecology-based conservation and management of forests.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2012

To evaluate adaptation success of $Zostera$ $caespitosa$ transplants, we transplanted the seagrass shoots at the bare area in close proximity to the donor bed using staple method in October 2005. Shoot density, morphological characteristics and leaf productivity of transplants and reference plants in the vicinity of the planting site were monitored monthly for 2 years. While shoot density of reference plants exhibited significant seasonal variations; increasing during spring and summer and decreasing during fall and winter, that of transplants increased consistently without initial loss during the whole study period. Although sheath length, leaf width and shoot height and weight of sheath, leaf and shoot of transplants were smaller than those of reference plants at the start of transplantation, increased rapidly reaching even higher values than those of reference plants 5 months after transplantation. Leaf productivity of transplants and reference plants showed seasonal variations; increasing during spring and summer and decreasing during fall and winter. But, leaf productivity of transplants increased at the beginning of transplantation during fall which is low production period. All of the $Z.$ $caespitosa$ transplants survived during the whole study period. Rapid changes in shoot morphology and growth of transplants indicated that $Z.$ $caespitosa$ transplants had great morphological plasticity and adapted successfully within 5 months.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.647-662
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• 2015

This study analyzes the factors that influence the number of public transportation passengers. By comparing the major TOD planning elements such as mixed-use level, job-housing proximity level, comparison of the density and pure density in the 66-autonomous city townships through a comparison such as TOD plan element achievements and indicators are chosen. A model is derived by correlation analysis and regression analysis of the parameters. The result of the regression analysis of the station influence area (SIA) in Incheon, the parameters that effect the number of passengers of public transportation are the number of employees, population, number of bus stops in the SIA, and the distance between the bus stop and the subway entrance. Therefore, as the number of employees and the resident population increase, the volume of traffic increases. Also, the number of public transportation users increases when there are more bus stops and when the distance between the bus stop and the subway entrance is short. This study shows that subways and SIA has achieved many parts of the TOD in Incheon, because the SIA around 29 subways and 11 Seoul-Incheon trail stations already included important TOD planning elements.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.648-654
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• 2016

This paper investigates differences of tourism destination choices for sightseeing in Seoul between first-time visitors and repeat visitors. We constructed social network using secondary data from '2015 International Visitor Survey' and analyzed its density and centrality. Study results find that: (1) first-time and repeat visitors' tourism destinations are concentrated in areas located north of the Han river. The proximity of destinations suggests the positive effects resulting from the movement network. (2) As the result of degree centrality, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality, the highest ranking tourism destinations for both visitor groups are identical, but indexes of centralities in repeat visitors' destinations increase, including Shinchon/ Hongik University, Gangnam station, and Garosu-gil. Therefore, the roles of these destinations are becoming established as tourism hubs and are popular among younger visitors as well as attract repeat visitors. Results of this study will be a useful reference in developing and managing new tourism products.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.69-79
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• 2008

Landscape indices are effective tools to explain the spatial structure and patterns of ecological landscape including area/density, shape, core area, isolation/proximity, contagion/interspersion, and connectivity. More than 100 indices have been developed and an increasing amount of research explains changes in urban spaces using the indices. However, landscape indices have a high level of sensitivity to the scale of analysis - grain size and extent. If the scale sensitivity of indices is not considered, the research may produce inaccurate results. This study examines the scale sensitivity of landscape indices to find relatively stable indices in the complex geographical features of Korea. The scale sensitivity was analyzed using 20 categories of grain size and 41 categories of extent change. Landsat TM and ETM+ images of five years - 1985, 1991, 1996, 2000 and 2003 - were used, and 54 class level indices mounted on the FRAGSTATS program were examined. The results are as follows: First, according to the analysis of the scale sensitivity, 19 out of 54 class level indices were found to be stable to scale change. Second, the scale sensitivity was closely related to the green area ratio, and the typical threshold of change was $40{\sim}50%$. Third, among the 16 indices which were frequently used in the research in Korea, only 6 indices were relatively stable to the scale change. These results can be an effective basis for the selection of indices in the landscape ecology research in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.6 s.111
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• pp.730-747
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• 2005

This study examines relationships between climatic factors and spatial-temporal patterns and recent changes of tropical night phenomenon(TN) occurring through nighttime stages in South Korea. Frequencies of daily TN at different times of night are extracted from long term(1973-2004) 6 hourly nighttime(9PM and 3AM) temperature and daily minimum temperature data at 61 weather stations. Temporally, the occurrences of TN are more pronounced in the evening(9PM) and during the Changma Break period(late July - early August). Spatially, the TNs in the evening frequently occur in the urbanized inland cities at low latitudes due to urban heat islands, whereas the TNs in the middle of night(3AM) or at dawn frequently appeared along the coastal areas within 30km from ocean due to the thermal inertia of ocean. By contrast, the evening(dawn) TN is not seen in the highlands whose elevation is greater than 800m(300m) along the Taebaek and Sobaek mountain ridges due to temperature lapse rates with height Correlation and multivariate regression analyses reveal that the impacts of human or physical climatic factors, such as latitude, elevation, proximity to ocean, and population density, are diverse on the frequencies of TN according to nighttime stages. Recent temporal changes of the late Changma period and intensified urbanization during the 1990s have increased the occurances of TN in urban areas. Therefore, strategies to mitigate the increasing urban TN should be prepared in the near future.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.114-126
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• 2016

Many cohort studies have reported associations of individual-level long-term exposures to $PM_{10}$ and health outcomes. Individual exposures were often estimated by using exposure prediction models relying on $PM_{10}$ data measured at national regulatory monitoring sites. This study explored spatial and temporal characteristics of regulatory $PM_{10}$ measurement data in South Korea and suggested $PM_{10}$ concentration metrics as long-term exposures for assessing health effects in cohort studies. We obtained hourly $PM_{10}$ data from the National Institute of Environmental Research for 2001~2012 in South Korea. We investigated spatial distribution of monitoring sites using the density and proximity in each of the 16 metropolitan cities and provinces. The temporal characteristics of $PM_{10}$ measurement data were examined by annual/seasonal/diurnal patterns across urban background monitoring sites after excluding Asian dust days. For spatial characteristics of $PM_{10}$ measurement data, we computed coefficient of variation (CV) and coefficient of divergence (COD). Based on temporal and spatial investigation, we suggested preferred long-term metrics for cohort studies. In 2010, 294 urban background monitoring sites were located in South Korea with a site over an area of $415.0km^2$ and distant from another site by 31.0 km on average. Annual average $PM_{10}$ concentrations decreased by 19.8% from 2001 to 2012, and seasonal $PM_{10}$ patterns were consistent over study years with higher concentrations in spring and winter. Spatial variability was relatively small with 6~19% of CV and 21~46% of COD across 16 metropolitan cities and provinces in 2010. To maximize spatial coverage and reflect temporal and spatial distributions, our suggestion for $PM_{10}$ metrics representing long-term exposures was the average for one or multiple years after 2009. This study provides the knowledge of all available $PM_{10}$ data measured at national regulatory monitoring sites in South Korea and the insight of the plausible longterm exposure metric for cohort studies.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.14-27
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• 2011

Cultural remains distribution maps have been published in 172 volumes of books, and the information about the remains in South Korea is also disclosed via the Internet to those who are interested in conducting archeological examinations or to those who are planning the national land use for various purposes. The purpose of this study is to statistically review the locational characteristics of the sites appearing in cultural sites map, and to determine the locational characteristics of these remains or sites. The location of sites was statistically analyzed based on the point density function of geographic information system of 87,859 sites found in cultural site maps. The results of this study show that the sites found in South Korea are mainly distributed around historical cities and the distributions are closely related to their proximity to rivers. Given that the period of time and type is very important to archeological studies, the results of this study indicate that detailed period of time and type may be necessary for further analysis. This study has highlighted that the research into the spatial analysis and interpretation of cultural heritage sites can contribute to the field of archeological studies.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.49-62
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• 2024

Reckless development of the underground by rapid urbanization causes inspection delay on replacement of existing structure and installation new facilities. However, frequent accidents occur due to deviation in construction design planned by inaccurate location information of underground structure. Meanwhile, the electrical resistivity survey, knowns as non-destructive method, is based on the difference in the electric potential of electrodes to measure the electrical resistance of ground. This method is significantly advanced with multi-electrode and deep learning for analyzing strata. However, there is no study to quantitatively assess change in electrical resistance according to geometric conditions of structures. This study evaluates changes in electrical resistance through geometric parameters of electrodes and structure. Firstly, electrical resistance numerical module is developed using generalized mesh occurring minimal errors between theoretical and numerical resistance values. Then, changes in resistances are quantitatively compared on geometric parameters including burial depth, diameter of structure, and distance electrode and structure under steady current condition. The results show that higher electrical resistance is measured for shallow depth, larger size, and proximity to the electrode. Additionally, electric potential and current density distributions are analyzed to discuss the measured electrical resistance around the terminal electrode and structure.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.95-108
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• 2024

This study analyzes the location determinants of newly established and relocated manufacturing firms in South Korea using the National Business Survey data from 2016 to 2019. Both new establishments and relocations are concentrated in the Seoul metropolitan area, Chungcheong, Yeongnam, and Daegyeong regions, with relocated firms showing a higher degree of spatial concentration. Employing a negative binomial regression model, we find that manufacturing concentration, population density, industrial diversity, and lower wage levels positively influence both new establishments and relocations. The proportion of highly educated workers, accessibility to producer services, and average land prices only positively affect the frequency of new establishments, suggesting that firms in the early stages of their life cycle, which are more dependent on human capital and producer services, demonstrate a higher willingness to pay for land use. Conversely, increased travel time to Seoul and improved transportation accessibility enhance the probability of attracting relocated firms. This implies that cost reduction incentives associated with distance from Seoul may outweigh the benefits of proximity to the capital in relocation decisions. Our findings suggest that strengthening agglomeration economies and improving transportation infrastructure efficiency could increase the likelihood of attracting relocated manufacturing firms to non-capital regions.