• 제목/요약/키워드: Prospective payment

검색결과 29건 처리시간 0.022초

공공연구기관의 기술이전모형연구와 그 정책적 함의 발표분야 : 기술경제, 기술정책분야(기술이전)

  • 류태규;박종복;이정동;김태유
    • 기술경영경제학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 기술경영경제학회 2002년도 제21회 하계학술발표회 논문집
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    • pp.203-223
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    • 2002
  • In Korea, Public Research Institutes(PRIs) are today faced with the challenges of creating values by transferring technologies in store within themselves to private commercial sector. Recently, It has been increasingly pointed out that PRIs have the poor capability to valuate prospective technologies of their own, and don't run the reasonable technology transfer mechanism in terms of establishing royalty rate and initial payment, designing remuneration to inventor, screening qualified licensee, and controlling the moral hazard. This paper develops an enhanced mathematical model of technology transfer from a PRI to a private industrial firm with including the inventor as an important player. The model is made up of the main part which derives the optimal royalty rate by maximizing the social welfare and sharing risk fairly between players and some sub-parts. The one sub-part is a principal-agent model which makes it possible to control the moral hazard of inventors, and the other part provides the criteria for screening appropriate licensees. Moreover, the moral hazard between inventor and licensee is addressed by introducing the cost reduction function of efforts exerted by them. The model is able to relate the optimal royalty rate to the parameters that represent the environments under which the concerned parties operate. Especially, the ratio of initial payment over the value of transferred technology is calculated from the binding relation with the royalty rate. The paper shows that the model suggested here is more enhanced by comparing with the existing technology transfer mechanism. Finally, the paper allows us to find better strategies for effective technology transfer and further develop more sophisticated technology transfer model.

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암 사망자의 의료이용 변이 (Variation of the Medical Service Utilization of the Dead by Cancers)

  • 홍월란;이원재;윤경일
    • 한국병원경영학회지
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    • 제12권3호
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    • pp.1-19
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    • 2007
  • This study focused on finding the variation of medical service utilization and medical payments of the patients died by three, cancers, stomach, breast, and colon cancer. For this study, data of the one-year episodes of the health insurance subscribers died in 2004 were selected. The frequency of medical visits, the lengths of slays, the days of outpatient visits, the total period of medical services and the total medical payments were compared by the characteristics of the suppliers and utilizers. The data of the patients died by cerebrovascular diseases and cancer in 2004 were selected. To select the dead by cerebrovascular diseases and cancer in 2004, were matched the 2004 reimbursement data of all medical institutions to the data of funeral fee payment by the National Health Insurance Corporation from January 2004 to May 2005 for the death in 2004. The results of the analysis were as follow. The variation of medical service utilization of the dead by cancers were not small in Korea. The current study found that the variation of medical care utilization was influenced by the factors of suppliers, such as types and locations of medical institutions and the factors of users, such as sex and age. It was suspected that the reimbursement by fee-for-service contributed to the variation quite a lot, but we could not compare the variation between the different reimbursement systems in Korea. The results of the study suggested that tile factors of suppliers and utilizers should he reviewed to reduce the under use and over use expressed by variations of medical service utilization. The processes of care, effective communication and management system should be investigated for the equity of medical service utilization. Additionally, prospective payment could he recommended to reduce the high variation of medical service Use. To find the variation caused by under use and over use, further study need to control the severity of diseases, socio-economic status of the users and the system factors.

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한국형진단명기준환자군의 개선과 평가 (Refinement and Evaluation of Korean Diagnosis Related Groups)

  • 강길원;박하영;신영수
    • 보건행정학회지
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.121-147
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    • 2004
  • Since the pilot program for a DRG-based prospective payment system was introduced in 1997, the performance of KDRGs has been one of hotly debated issues. The objectives of this study are to refine the classification algorithm of the KDRGs and to assess the improvement achieved by the refinement. The U.S. Medicare DRGs version 17.0 and the Australian Refined DRGs version 4.1 were reviewed to identify areas of possible impro-vement. Refined changes in the classification and result of date analyses were submitted to a panel of 48 physicians for their reviews and suggestions. The refinement was evaluated by the variance reduction in resource utilization achieved by the KDRG The database of 2,182,168 claims submitted to the Health Insurance Review Agency during 2002 was used for evaluation. As the result of the refinement, three new MDCs were introduced and the number of ADEGs increased from 332 to 674. Various age splits and two to four levels of severity classification for secondary diagnoses were introduced as well. A total of 1,817 groups were defined in the refined KDRGs. The variance reduction for charges of all patients increased from 48.2% to 53.6% by the refinement, and from 65.6% to 73.1% for non-outlier patients. The r-square for length of stays of all patients was increased from 28.3% to 32.6%, and from 40.4% to 44.9% for non-outlier patients. These results indicated a significant improvement in the classification accuracy of the KDRG system.

지불보상체계가 의사의 진료행태에 미치는 영향 : 미국사례 분석 (The Effect of Doctor's Payment Method on Practice Behavior)

  • 임재영
    • 보건행정학회지
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    • 제14권4호
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    • pp.48-74
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    • 2004
  • Considering the existence of asymmetric information between doctor and patient, the doctor's reimbursement method has been considered as a desirable policy device of improving efficiency of patient's use of medical care in terms of its affecting doctor's practice pattern by determining doctor's practice revenue. By using the Community Tracking Study (CTS) physician data set, which includes not only various information on doctors practice arrangements and sources of practice revenue, but also vignettes of various clinical presentations, this paper investigates doctor's reaction to the financial incentive under the control of patient's specific medical situation. Under the econometric model for exploring the effect of doctor's reimbursement method on his/her practice patterns; referring patients, recommend doctor-visit or medical tests, the Hausman's specification test was used for checking out the possibility of the doctor's reimbursement method being endogeneized explanatory variable. In the case where the endogeneity problem of doctor's reimbursement method exists, the 2SLS method was used for correcting that problem, and the multiple regression method was used in the case where the problem is found to be nonexistent. Based on the empirical results, this paper finds that doctors do appear to respond to financial incentive. The empirical results show that the doctor's reimbursement method statistically significantly affects doctor's practice pattern and are coincident with the theoretical result proposed by previous researches, This results suggest, as doctor's practice revenues are mainly determined by prospective method, such as capitation, doctors would more refer their patients to specialists, and hesitate in recommending doctor-visit or medical exam.

Electronic Data Interchange Framework for Financial Management System

  • Aldowesh, Nora;Alfaleh, Aljawharah;Alhejazi, Manal;Baghdadi, Heyam;Atta-ur-Rahman, Atta-ur-Rahman
    • International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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    • 제22권6호
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    • pp.275-287
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    • 2022
  • As a result, for the increasing expansion by the university faculties in the field of postgraduate studies, The Deanship of Graduate Studies at the university has been established in 1430 AH/2009 CE to specifically address the needs of the current and prospective graduate population to supervise postgraduate studies programs in coordination with the concerned faculties. This comes as a result for the university being certain of the importance of providing postgraduate studies opportunities that follow the bachelor's degree to qualify our ambitious youth appropriately. The University offers 72 different Graduate programs, awarding doctoral and master's degrees along with fellowships and diplomas in various disciplines like health, engineering, science, literary, and educational. Currently, the financial model for admission and students' payment is manual and paper based. This paper proposes to provide a user interface for Financial Management in Deanship of Graduate studies The basic purpose of the system was to minimize human interference and reduce mistakes placed by human interference, also to have efficient and a fast performance, and perform Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) for various tasks such as billing and scheduling details.

공동주택 건설사업에서 후분양의 제도 및 정책 수립을 위한 분담금 납부 적정시기 분석 (Analysis the Appropriate Schedule for the Installment Payment Amount and Establishment of the Post sale System and Policy in the Apartment Construction)

  • 윤인환;배병윤
    • 한국건설관리학회논문집
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.59-65
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    • 2021
  • 2016년 "주택법 일부개정 법률안"과 "2018년 주거 종합수정계획" 이후 공동주택의 선분양 제도와 후분양 제도의 관심이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 공동주택의 선분양제도와 후분양제도의 장·단점을 비교하고, 후분양제도의 제도정책 기반을 수립하기 위해서 공공측면에서 공동주택의 입주자를 대상으로 설문 조사기법을 사용하고, 시간과 비용의 문제를 시계열 분석방법으로 분담금 납입 적정 시기를 제안하고자 한다. 이에 따라 기존이론과 문헌고찰을 통해서 공공기관과 민간기관의 후분양제도를 정리하고, 설문조사를 통해서 분양금 확보경로, 모델하우스의 제품정보, 후분양제도의 효과에 대한 인식도를 조사하였다. 후분양 기금지원 및 납부방식을 사용자 입장에서 기금융자 상한선을 높일 필요가 있고, 지역별 분양시장의 경제력을 고려한 운영이 필요하다. 60% 후분양과 80% 후분양 모두 1,000만원까지 수용가격대가 형성되어있고, 총 이율 환산 시 5.0%, 연리로는 60% 후분양 시 약 2.8%, 80% 후분양에서 약 2.1% 수준이므로 현행 3.1% 보다 낮은 이율이 필요하다. 연구는 공공기관 후분양아파트 입주자 표본 총 5,213가구를 대상으로 하는 인식조사로서 시장수급과 시장가격의 영향 등에 대한 시계열을 사용하여 실제 값을 분석한 자료이므로 민간공동주택 입주 예정자에 적용하는데 한계가 있다. 또한 최초입주자의 응답을 위해 최근 5년 내 입주한 5개 단지를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 향후 조사 표본을 확대한다면 민간시장 가격에 일반화가 가능할 것이다.

구강악안면 수술 환자의 스트레스와 관련된 요인들의 종류와 영향력의 규모 (THE KINDS AND IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS OF PATIENTS GOING THROUGH MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY)

  • 윤필영;김영균;이창수;송승일;최용근
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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    • 제30권6호
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    • pp.504-508
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    • 2004
  • Surgical process of oral and maxillofacial area as well as dental treatment are stressful situations to the patients. It is well known that serum level of stress hormones including adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) and cortisol increase when the body is exposed to stress. However, there have been few studies on demographic and clinical factors related with stress. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to supply data to cope with stress more comprehensively and efficiently by analyzing the effect of factors related with stress in addition to surgical procedure. Prospective cohort study method was selected. Serum levels of ACTH and cortisol were measured by sampling bloods pre-operatively and post-operatively from 45 patients who had been operated at the Bundang Jesaeng Hospital department of oral and maxillofacial surgery. To evaluate factors associated with stress, patients were classified according to gender, age, method of payment(insurance or self), experiences of operation, kind of operations(expected operations or unexpected operations). Relative risk was calculated to assess relationships between changes of serum level of ACTH and cortisol and factors related with stress, whereas Chi-square analysis was executed to evaluate statistical significance. With regard to serum level of ACTH, relative risk was 1.3 in the group of the patients who were less than 40 years old. With regard to serum level of cortisol, relative risk was 1.8 for women compared with men, 1.4 in the group of the patients who were less than 40 years old and 1.6 in the group of the patients who had not experienced any other operations. In addition to surgical procedure, factors related with stress included gender, age, method of payments, experiences of operation and kind of operations. Therefore, we should provide comprehensive schemes to reduce stress of the patients going through oral and maxillofacial surgery.

한국형 외래환자분류체계의 개선과 평가: 복수시술 및 항암제 진료와 내과적 방문지표를 중심으로 (Refinement and Evaluation of Korean Outpatient Groups for Visits with Multiple Procedures and Chemotherapy, and Medical Visit Indicators)

  • 박하영;강길원;윤성로;박은주;최성운;유승학;양은주
    • 보건행정학회지
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    • 제25권3호
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    • pp.185-196
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    • 2015
  • Background: Issues concerning with the classification accuracy of Korean Outpatient Groups (KOPGs) have been raised by providers and researchers. The KOPG is an outpatient classification system used to measure casemix of outpatient visits and to adjust provider risk in charges by the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service in managing insurance payments. The objective of this study were to refine KOPGs to improve the classification accuracy and to evaluate the refinement. Methods: We refined the rules used to classify visits with multiple procedures, newly defined chemotherapy drug groups, and modified the medical visit indicators through reviews of other classification systems, data analyses, and consultations with experts. We assessed the improvement by measuring % of variation in case charges reduced by KOPGs and the refined system, Enhanced KOPGs (EKOPGs). We used claims data submitted by providers to the HIRA during the year 2012 in both refinement and evaluation. Results: EKOPGs explicitly allowed additional payments for multiple procedures with exceptions of packaging of routine ancillary services and consolidation of related significant procedures, and discounts ranging from 30% to 70% were defined in additional payments. Thirteen chemotherapy drug KOPGs were added and medical visit indicators were streamlined to include codes for consultation fees for outpatient visits. The % of variance reduction achieved by EKOPGs was 48% for all patients whereas the figure was 40% for KOPGs, and the improvement was larger in data from tertiary and general hospitals than in data from clinics. Conclusion: A significant improvement in the performance of the KOPG was achieved by refining payments for visits with multiple procedures, defining groups for visits with chemotherapy, and revising medical visit indicators.

A Study on the Meaning and Strategy of Keyword Advertising Marketing

  • Park, Nam Goo
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제8권3호
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    • pp.49-56
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    • 2010
  • At the initial stage of Internet advertising, banner advertising came into fashion. As the Internet developed into a central part of daily lives and the competition in the on-line advertising market was getting fierce, there was not enough space for banner advertising, which rushed to portal sites only. All these factors was responsible for an upsurge in advertising prices. Consequently, the high-cost and low-efficiency problems with banner advertising were raised, which led to an emergence of keyword advertising as a new type of Internet advertising to replace its predecessor. In the beginning of 2000s, when Internet advertising came to be activated, display advertisement including banner advertising dominated the Net. However, display advertising showed signs of gradual decline, and registered minus growth in the year 2009, whereas keyword advertising showed rapid growth and started to outdo display advertising as of the year 2005. Keyword advertising refers to the advertising technique that exposes relevant advertisements on the top of research sites when one searches for a keyword. Instead of exposing advertisements to unspecified individuals like banner advertising, keyword advertising, or targeted advertising technique, shows advertisements only when customers search for a desired keyword so that only highly prospective customers are given a chance to see them. In this context, it is also referred to as search advertising. It is regarded as more aggressive advertising with a high hit rate than previous advertising in that, instead of the seller discovering customers and running an advertisement for them like TV, radios or banner advertising, it exposes advertisements to visiting customers. Keyword advertising makes it possible for a company to seek publicity on line simply by making use of a single word and to achieve a maximum of efficiency at a minimum cost. The strong point of keyword advertising is that customers are allowed to directly contact the products in question through its more efficient advertising when compared to the advertisements of mass media such as TV and radio, etc. The weak point of keyword advertising is that a company should have its advertisement registered on each and every portal site and finds it hard to exercise substantial supervision over its advertisement, there being a possibility of its advertising expenses exceeding its profits. Keyword advertising severs as the most appropriate methods of advertising for the sales and publicity of small and medium enterprises which are in need of a maximum of advertising effect at a low advertising cost. At present, keyword advertising is divided into CPC advertising and CPM advertising. The former is known as the most efficient technique, which is also referred to as advertising based on the meter rate system; A company is supposed to pay for the number of clicks on a searched keyword which users have searched. This is representatively adopted by Overture, Google's Adwords, Naver's Clickchoice, and Daum's Clicks, etc. CPM advertising is dependent upon the flat rate payment system, making a company pay for its advertisement on the basis of the number of exposure, not on the basis of the number of clicks. This method fixes a price for advertisement on the basis of 1,000-time exposure, and is mainly adopted by Naver's Timechoice, Daum's Speciallink, and Nate's Speedup, etc, At present, the CPC method is most frequently adopted. The weak point of the CPC method is that advertising cost can rise through constant clicks from the same IP. If a company makes good use of strategies for maximizing the strong points of keyword advertising and complementing its weak points, it is highly likely to turn its visitors into prospective customers. Accordingly, an advertiser should make an analysis of customers' behavior and approach them in a variety of ways, trying hard to find out what they want. With this in mind, her or she has to put multiple keywords into use when running for ads. When he or she first runs an ad, he or she should first give priority to which keyword to select. The advertiser should consider how many individuals using a search engine will click the keyword in question and how much money he or she has to pay for the advertisement. As the popular keywords that the users of search engines are frequently using are expensive in terms of a unit cost per click, the advertisers without much money for advertising at the initial phrase should pay attention to detailed keywords suitable to their budget. Detailed keywords are also referred to as peripheral keywords or extension keywords, which can be called a combination of major keywords. Most keywords are in the form of texts. The biggest strong point of text-based advertising is that it looks like search results, causing little antipathy to it. But it fails to attract much attention because of the fact that most keyword advertising is in the form of texts. Image-embedded advertising is easy to notice due to images, but it is exposed on the lower part of a web page and regarded as an advertisement, which leads to a low click through rate. However, its strong point is that its prices are lower than those of text-based advertising. If a company owns a logo or a product that is easy enough for people to recognize, the company is well advised to make good use of image-embedded advertising so as to attract Internet users' attention. Advertisers should make an analysis of their logos and examine customers' responses based on the events of sites in question and the composition of products as a vehicle for monitoring their behavior in detail. Besides, keyword advertising allows them to analyze the advertising effects of exposed keywords through the analysis of logos. The logo analysis refers to a close analysis of the current situation of a site by making an analysis of information about visitors on the basis of the analysis of the number of visitors and page view, and that of cookie values. It is in the log files generated through each Web server that a user's IP, used pages, the time when he or she uses it, and cookie values are stored. The log files contain a huge amount of data. As it is almost impossible to make a direct analysis of these log files, one is supposed to make an analysis of them by using solutions for a log analysis. The generic information that can be extracted from tools for each logo analysis includes the number of viewing the total pages, the number of average page view per day, the number of basic page view, the number of page view per visit, the total number of hits, the number of average hits per day, the number of hits per visit, the number of visits, the number of average visits per day, the net number of visitors, average visitors per day, one-time visitors, visitors who have come more than twice, and average using hours, etc. These sites are deemed to be useful for utilizing data for the analysis of the situation and current status of rival companies as well as benchmarking. As keyword advertising exposes advertisements exclusively on search-result pages, competition among advertisers attempting to preoccupy popular keywords is very fierce. Some portal sites keep on giving priority to the existing advertisers, whereas others provide chances to purchase keywords in question to all the advertisers after the advertising contract is over. If an advertiser tries to rely on keywords sensitive to seasons and timeliness in case of sites providing priority to the established advertisers, he or she may as well make a purchase of a vacant place for advertising lest he or she should miss appropriate timing for advertising. However, Naver doesn't provide priority to the existing advertisers as far as all the keyword advertisements are concerned. In this case, one can preoccupy keywords if he or she enters into a contract after confirming the contract period for advertising. This study is designed to take a look at marketing for keyword advertising and to present effective strategies for keyword advertising marketing. At present, the Korean CPC advertising market is virtually monopolized by Overture. Its strong points are that Overture is based on the CPC charging model and that advertisements are registered on the top of the most representative portal sites in Korea. These advantages serve as the most appropriate medium for small and medium enterprises to use. However, the CPC method of Overture has its weak points, too. That is, the CPC method is not the only perfect advertising model among the search advertisements in the on-line market. So it is absolutely necessary that small and medium enterprises including independent shopping malls should complement the weaknesses of the CPC method and make good use of strategies for maximizing its strengths so as to increase their sales and to create a point of contact with customers.

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