• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2012

Antifungal compounds from Bacillus polyfermenticus CJ6 were purified using SPE, preparative HPLC, and reverse phase-HPLC. Antifungal compounds from B. polyfermenticus CJ6 were separated into three fractions (8, B, C) using preparative HPLC. LC/MS analysis of antifungal peaks suggested that B. polyfermenticus CJ6 produces lipopeptides; two kinds of iturin A ($C_{14}$, $C_{15}$), three kinds of surfactins ($C_{13}$, $C_{14}$, $C_{15}$), four kinds of fengycin A ($C_{14}$, $C_{15}$, $C_{16}$, $C_{17}$) and two kinds fengycin B ($C_{16}$, $C_{17}$). The antifungal activity of fraction 8, which was presumed as inturin A, was found to be stable after the pH, heat or proteolytic enzyme treatment, but it was unstable at 50-$70^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr. The antifungal activity of fraction B, which presumed as surfactins and fengycin A, was found to be stable after the heat treatment, but it was unstable in the pH 3.0 and after the protease (type I) or ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin treatment. The antifungal activity of fraction C, which was presumed as fengycin A and B, was found to be stable in the pH 3.0-9.0 range and the heat treatment, but it was unstable with the treatment of protease (type I). The amino acid composition of the purified peaks 8-1 and 8-2 were Asx, Tyr, Gln, Pro, and Ser in a molar ratio of 3:1:1:1:1, which showed the same amino acid composition as iturin. From these results, we confirmed that antifungal compounds from B. polyfermenticus CJ6 most likely belonged to iturin A as well as surfactins and fengycins. As lipopeptides are known to act in a synergistic manner, the antifungal compounds from B. polyfermenticus CJ6 might have potential uses in biotechnology and biopharmaceutical applications.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.220-227
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• 2004

This study showed that thermophilic anaerobic acid fermentation of food wastes had an enhanced hydrolysis capability and improvement of acidification efficiency. Influence of pH on the anaerobic hydrolysis and acidogenesis was investigated to determine the proper alkalinity in the thermophilic fermentation of food wastes. The results of putting NaOH as alkali to evaluate hydrolysis and acid fermentation efficiency In acid fermentation process of food wastes showed that the food wastes pretreated with 0.05 g NaOH/g TS had the maximum 12,600 mg/L of VFAs concentration during HRT 3 days in $55^{\circ}C$ thermophilic condition and the maximum 9,700 mg/L of VFAs concentration during HRT 5 days in $35^{\circ}C$ mesophilic condition. The accomplishment of high VFAs concentration resulted from that the main component of food wastes such as cellulose, lignin and etc. is performed active chemical decomposition by alkali in thermophilic condition. The major components of VFAs produced from the thermophilic acid fermentation process of food wastes were the short chain fatty acids such as acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.409-413
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: Cereals, especially rice is the staple food of oriental nations and because it is very important for Korean food, to determine the extent of nutrient losses due to milling, we analyzed the fatty acid using by GC-FID(Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector). Experimented rice cereals were rice, glutinous rice, Heuinchalssalbori, Seodunchalbori, Saessalbori, Keunalbori No.1, barnyard millet produced in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: After milling, the contents of fatty acids in the rice, glutinous rice, Heuinchalssalbori, and Seodunchalbori, Keunalbori No.1 rather decreased, but in the Saessalbori, and barnyard mille increased. Particularly, fatty acid content of the rice decreased from 24.8 mg/g to 6.4 mg/g, glutinous rice decreased from 29.4 mg/g to 11.7 mg/g after milling. There were also significant changes in the compositions of fatty acid among samples. Stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$) increased from 5% to 15%, but oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$) and linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) decreased in the rice after milling. CONCLUSION(s):In the brown rice, 11 different types of fatty acids were detected, and its highest content was found in grains. However, milled grain was observed only seven fatty acids in the case of rice. This result insisted that a portion of the lipid layer was significantly lost during the milling operation in rice.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 2004

The objective of this study was performed to establish the in vitro culture system of porcine in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization(IVM/IVF) embryo. These studies was to determine the effects of melatonin, nitric oxide donor(SNP), and the combination effects of SNP and melatonin in porcine IVM/IVF embryos. In routine porcine IVM/IVF procedure, oocytes were cultured for 40∼44h incubation, and the zygotes were cultured for 40∼44h in NCSU 23 medium. Then 2 to 8 cell embryos were removed cumulus cell and were allotted randomly to NCSU 23 containing different concentration of melatonin, SNP and SNP plus melatonin in 5% $O_2$, 5% $CO_2$ and 90% $N_2$ at 38.5$^{\circ}C$. Cell numbers of blastocyst were also counted using double fluorescence stain method. In NCSU 23 medium treated with melatonin 0, 1, 5 and 10 nM, the developmental rate of morula plus blastocysts were 33.3%, 39.1%, 33.3% and 27.9%, respectivly. This result show that the developmental rate of morula and blascytocys treated with 1 nM melatonin was higher than in any other groups(P<0.05). The developmental rates of morula plus blastocysts were 41.9% in 0 uM SNP, 25.6% in 50 uM and 28.4% in 100 uM, respectively. The developmental rate of morula plus blastocysts were decreased treated with SNP in NCSU 23. In combined effects of SNP plus melatonin (0, SNP 50 uM, SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 1 nM, SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 5 nM and SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 10 nM), the developmental rates beyond morula stage of porcine embryos were 31.3%, 34.1%, 39.5%, 29.4% and 39.5%, respectively. The addition of SNP 50 uM plus maltonin 1 nM, developmental rates of blastocyst was higher rate than in any other groups. Cell numbers of blastocyst in NCSU 23 treated with melatonin 0, 1, 5 and 10 nM were 41.0, 42.6, 39.6 and 33.0, respectively. In combined effects of SNP plus melatonin (0, SNP 50 uM, SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 1 nM , SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 5 nM and SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 10 nM), cell numbers of developed blastocyst were 36.3, 34.6, 39.0, 39.9 and 39.0, respectively. These result show that the cell numbers of blastocyst treated with 0, 1 and 5 nM melatonin were higher than in 10 nM group(P<0.05), but cell numbers of blatocyst produced by SNP plus melatonin were not significantly difference in all experimental groups.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.6
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• pp.17-34
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the sex-consciousness and sexual values of school children by geographic region. It's specifically attempted to make a comparative analysis of sex-consciousness and sexual values between urban and rural elementary schoolers to help provide efficient sex education for them to build the right sexual values. The subjects in this study were 400 elementary schoolers in their sixth year of elementary schools located in Danyang-gun and Chungju city, north Chungcheong province. After a survey was conducted, answer sheets from 387 students that were analyzable were analyzed. For data handling, SPSS program was employed, and t-test was utilized to see if there's any differences between the urban and rural elementary school youngsters in sex consciousness and sexual values. And $x^2$ test was used to make a comparative analysis of their view of sex education. The findings of the study were as follows : First, regarding sex-consciousness, they had general knowledge on sex. Especially, they were highly aware of sexual violence and the generation of baby, but many of them didn't know about where and how egg cells were produced. This indicated that systematic education should be offered in various ways. Concerning geographic gap, there was a significant difference in sexual knowledge between the urban and rural students. As to sexual attitude, they took a relatively positive attitude toward display of affection or sex-related talk on TV or in movies, as they viewed it as natural. This finding implied that the elementary schoolers were recipient toward sex and took an active attitude toward sexual expressions. Concerning geographic gap, there was no difference between the rural and urban students. As for sexual practices, the largest group of the students had a liking for the opposite sex, which showed that their needs for sex were unveiled in the course of having some trouble due to the other sex rather than through firsthand experiences or activities. As to geographic gap, there was a significant difference between the urban and rural students in that regard. Besides, the urban students put their sex-consciousness in practice more often than the rural students did. After they are educated to build the right sexual values, systematic sex-education programs should also be offered for them to be exposed to sustained sex education and to team how to apply their sex-consciousness to real life. Second, as for sexual values, the school children had relatively positive and equalitarian sexual values. Regarding geographic gap, there were significant gaps between the two groups' view of the opposite sex, sexual roles and chastity. Concerning view of the opposite sex, they attached more importance to the inner aspects of the opposite sex than his or her look, and they wanted to date in a natural manner. Regarding sexual roles, they were relatively well cognizant of gender equity and the importance of male and female roles. As to view of chastity, they looked upon sex as natural, not as what's ugly or ashamed of. Third, concerning their outlook on sex education, approximately more than half the students felt the needs for sex education, and there was a significant difference between the urban and rural students. They wanted to receive education about the prevention of sexual violence and physical changes during puberty the most, and there was a significant gap between the urban and rural students in this aspect. As to the time for sex education, they thought that students should start to be exposed to sex education in their fifth or sixth year. This finding signified that fifth or sixth graders who were in the beginning of puberty started to have a lot of interest in their own physical changes. Therefore, sex education would produce better effects when it's provided to fifth or sixth graders. Nearly half them preferred single-gender class when they received sex education, and there's no gap between the urban and rural students in that regard.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.37-46
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• 1980

Hand deboned and mechanically deboned chicken meat were produced from domestic broilers and spent layers. Meat yield, chemical composition, functional characteristics, stability during storage, and microbiological properties were investigated Chicken patties and frankfurters were also manufactured by varying the relative proportion of MDCM to HDCM as raw materials, ana their palatability, shelf-life and textural properties were evaluated. The obtained results were as follows: 1) 35% of carcass wt was recovered as HDCM and 45% as MDCM, total meat yield reaching 80% of carcass wt. 2) Moisture, protein, fat, ash and Ca content of MDCM were 65, 12, 20, 1.7 and 0.2-0.4%,respectively. MDCM was higher in fat, ash and Ca, but significantly lower in moisture and protein. Total pigment content of MDCM was 2.5 times higher than that of HDCD such high content being attributed to the increased inclusion of hemoglobin. 3) The emulsifying capacity (ES) of MOCM per g meat was only 70% that of HDCM. but when ES was expressed on unit g of protein basis MDCM showed even higher ES than HDCM primarily due to tile higher proportion of salt soluble protein fraction. 4) Since the TBA values of MDCM increased rapidly after 4 weeks of frozen storage at -20$^{\circ}C$, the maximum possible storage period of MDCM is estimated to be about 4 weeks. 5) Total microbial counts of MDCM was approximately 1.8${\times}$10$\^$6/g/, showing no great difference from HDCM or red meat. 6) Chicken patty containing MDCM showed gradual increase in TBA value during frozen storage, but its storage up to 8 weeks presented no problems in flavor stability. 7) Color score an4 total palatability of chicken Patty were best for the product containing 30% MDCM. It was also concluded that MDCM can be included in the patties up to 50% of total meat with good results, but more than 70% was not recommended 8) The formulation of MDCM up to 50% in frankfurter gave quite satisfactory acceptability and textural properties comparable to frankfurter made of 100% MDCM, but the inclusion of more than 70% MDCM was not recommended 9) The TBA value of frankfurter containing MDCM did not increase to any great extent until 4 weeks of storage at 4$^{\circ}C$, indicating no unique problems in flavor instability compared to regular frankfurter. 10) It was concluded that processed meat products such as patties and frankfurters containing MDCM up to 30-50% of total meat ingredients gave satisfactory results in color, texture and palatability, comparable to regular products.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 1989

This study was conducted to estimate heritabilities, genetic and phenotypic correlations on economic traits in layers. The data analysis were the records of 351 pullets in S. C. W. Leghorn and 326 pullets in R. I. Red from March 1, 1980 to July 31.1981. The results obtained are summarized as follows：1 The average body weights at the first egg, 300 and 500 days of age were 1, 409, 1, 602 and 1, 709g S. C. W. Leghorn, and 1, 965, 2, 305, and 2, 479g in the R. I. Red, respectively. The age at first egg of the S. C. W, Leghorn and R. I. Red were 156 days and 163 days, respectively. The number of egg produced by the S. C. W. Leghorn and R. I. Red to 300 days and 500 days of age were 101.18, 214.39, and 101.05, 214.93, respectively. The egg weight at first egg, 300 and 500 days of age were 41.93, 57.65 and 60.33g in the S. C. W. Leghorn and 41.52, 57.62 and 60.57g in the R. I. Red, respectively. 2. The heritability estimates based on the variance of sire and dam components were 0.402-0.612 and 0.275-0.458 in the S. C. W. Leghorn, 0.309-0.523 and 0.134-0.380 in R. I. Red for body weight； 0.167 and 0.139 in the 5. C. W. Leghorn, 0.169 and 0.095 in the R.1. Red for age at first egg：0.214-0.139 and 0.336-0.341 in S. C. W Leghorn, 0.137-0.259 and 0.024-0.102 in the R. I. Red for number of egg production； 0.537-0.769 and 0.374-0.686 in the S. C. W. Leghorn, 0.519-0.631 and 0.116-0.365 in the R. I. Red for egg weight, respectively. 3. The genetic correlation coefficients of economic traits were as follows： In the S. C. W. Leghorn and R. I. Red , the coefficients between body weights and age at the first egg, 0.328-0.426 and 0.186-0.244：between body weights and number of egg production, -0.666--0.498 and -0.452--0.073：between body weight and egg weight, 0.384-0.774 and 0.126-0.612； between age at first egg and number of egg production, -0.639--0.452 and -0.754--0.320； between age at first egg and egg weight, 0.475-0.705 and 0.021-0.605； between number of egg production and egg weight, -0.623--0.355 and -0.861--0.327, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.231-243
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• 2014

In this study, the potential of biomass, which is generated from oil palm cultivation and crude palm oil (CPO) production of Indonesia was assessed in the aspect of energy content. The types of oil palm biomass were classified on the basis of the cultivation stage and the CPO production stage. In the cultivation stage, biomass is considered to be produced from its' root, trunk and frond. Other possible biomass resources such as empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm kernel shell (PKS) and fiber were included in the CPO production stage. As results, total biomass from damaged plantation area of Indonesia was estimated to be annually from 3 million to 16 million tons in 2011. From CPO mills, approximately 49 million tons/yr of biomass residues were estimated to be annually occurred. Their total energy content from each biomass source in cultivation stage was analyzed to be from 593,000 to 3,197,000 TOEs in terms of gross calorific value. In the case of CPO mills, around 22.7 million TOEs was estimated to be potential energy producible by biomass based on gross calorific value of dry basis. If moisture content considered, net calorific value was analyzed to be decreased to 16.3 million TOEs. Based on the results, the total energy contents of all oil palm biomass were estimated to be up to 25,919,000 TOE in terms of gross calorific value. CPO : Crude Palm Oil, EFB : Empty Fruit Bunch, FFB: Fresh Fruit Bunch, PKS : Palm Kernel Shell, OPF : Oil Palm Frond, PKOC : Palm Kernel Oil Cake, ISPO : Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil Commission, TOE : Tone of Oil Equivalent.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.55-72
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• 1983

These studies were done to find out any difference, ultrastructural, physical or chemical, between the shells of diapausing and non-diapausing eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 1. From the electron-microscopic observation, the egg shells have four distinctive layers. In addition to the four layers, the shells in the diapausing eggs has another layer with low electron density on its surface. 2. The permeability of the egg shell to hydrochloride was much lower in diapausing egg than in non-diapausing egg. Also the permeability changed in the opposite directions with the egg age: the diapausing eggs decreased while non-diapausing ones increased. 3. The permeability increased when the diapausing egg shell was treated with HCl. When they were treated with ether, however, the increase in permeability was much smaller. It seems there was an ether soluble material involved in the content of the egg shell. 4. The diapausing eggs were also much more resistant to desiccation than the non-diapausing ones. The former, when treated with HCl or chilling, became less resistant to desiccation. 5. The positive histochemical response of the egg shell to PAS-Alcian blue and protein stainings suggests presence of abundant proteins and carbohydrates in the egg shell. On the other hand, the staining response to lipid was more positive in the inner layers than in the outer layer of the shell. 6. The egg shell adhesives seems to be mucopolysaccharides produced by colleterial glands, since the oviposited eggs showed a positive responses to carbohydrate and negative to lipid-staining chemicals, but not the mature oocytes in the ovarioles. 7. There were two bands on the electrophoretic pattern of the SH proteins extracted from the egg shells both in the diapausing egg and non-diapausing one: a slow moving major component and a fast moving minor one. However, the electrophoretic mobility showed a difference in the minor components between them. It is evident that the fast moving minor one of non-diapausing egg ran a little further than that of diapausing egg. 8. In amino acids analysis, no significant differences were found in their composition between diapausing and non-diapausing egg and SH proteins contain relatively more glycine and less cystine.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.288-295
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• 2009

We report the etch characteristics of GaAs and AlGaAs in the diffusion pump-based capacitively coupled $BCl_3$ plasma. Process variables were chamber pressure ($50{\sim}180$ mTorr), CCP power ($50{\sim}200\;W$) and $BCl_3$ gas flow rate ($2.5{\sim}10$ sccm). Surface profilometry was used for etch rate and surface roughness measurement after etching. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the etched sidewall and surface morphology. Optical emission spectroscopy was used in order to characterize the emission peaks of the $BCl_3$ plasma during etching. We have achieved $0.25{\mu}m$/min of GaAs etch rate with only 5 sccm $BCl_3$ flow rate when the chamber pressure was in the range of 50{\sim}130 mTorr. The etch rates of AlGaAs were a little lower than those of GaAs at the conditions. However, the etch rates of GaAs and AlGaAs decreased significantly when the chamber pressure increased to 180 mTorr. GaAs and AlGaAs were not etched with 50 W CCP power. With $100{\sim}200\;W$ CCP power, etch rates of the materials increased over $0.3{\mu}m$/min. It was found that the etch rates of GaAs and AlGaAs were not always proportional to the increase of CCP power. We also found the interesting result that AlGaAs did not etched at 2.5 sccm $BCl_3$ flow rate at 75 mTorr and 100 W CCP power even though it was etched fast like GaAs with more $BCl_3$ gas flow rates. By contrast, GaAs was etched at ${{\sim}}0.3{\mu}m$/min at the 2.5 sccm $BCl_3$ flow rate condition. A broad molecular peak was noticed in the range of $500{\sim}700\;mm$ wavelength during the $BCl_3$ plasma etching. SEM photos showed that 10 sccm $BCl_3$ plama produced more undercutting on GaAs sidewall than 5 sccm $BCl_3$ plasma.