• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.80-92
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• 2007

Forest fire is the dominant large-scale disturbance mechanism in the Korean temperate forest, and it strongly influences forest structure and function. Moreover burn severity incorporates both short- and long-term post-fire effects on the local and regional environment. Burn severity is defined by the degree to which an ecosystem has changed owing to the fire. Vegetation rehabilitation may specifically vary according to burn severity after fire. To understand burn severity and process of vegetation rehabilitation at the damaged area after large-fire is required a lot of man powers and budgets. However the analysis of burn severity in the forest area using satellite imagery can acquire rapidly information and more objective results remotely in the large-fire area. Space and airbone sensors have been used to map area burned, assess characteristics of active fires, and characterize post-fire ecological effects. For classifying fire damaged area and analyzing burn severity of Samcheok fire area occurred in 2000, Cheongyang fire in 2002, and Yangyang fire in 2005 we utilized Normalized Burn Ratio(NBR) technique. The NBR is temporally differenced between pre- and post-fire datasets to determine the extent and degree of change detected from burning. In this paper we use pre- and post-fire imagery from the Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery to compute the NBR and evaluate large-scale patterns of burn severity at 30m spatial resolution. 65% in the Samcheok fire area, 91% in the Cheongyang fire area and 65% in the Yangyang fire area were corresponded to burn severity class above 'High'. Therefore the use of a remotely sensed Differenced Normalized Burn Ratio(${\Delta}NBR$) by RS and GIS allows for the burn severity to be quantified spatially by mapping damaged domain and burn severity across large-fire area.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.6
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• pp.33-45
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to develop a basic framework and criteria for evaluation of quality care provided to patients with the attributes of disease in the home care nursing field, and to provide measurement tools for home health care in the future. The study design was a developmental study for evaluation of hospital-based HCN(home care nursing) in Korea. The study process was as follows: a home care nursing study team of College of Nursing. Yonsei University reviewed the nursing records of 47 patients who were enrolled at Yonsei University Medical Center Home Care Center in March, 1995. Twenty-five patients were insured at that time, were selected from 47 patients receiving home care service for study feasibility with six disease groups; Caesarean Section (C/S), simple nephrectomy, Liver cirrhosis(LC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), Lung cancer or cerebrovascular accident(CVA). In this study, the following items were selected : First step : Preliminary study 1. Criteria and items were selected on the basis of related literature on each disease area. 2. Items were identified by home care nurses. 3. A physician in charge reviewed the criteria and content of selected items. 4. Items were revised through preliminary study offered to both HCN patients and discharged patients from the home care center. Second step : Pretest 1. To verify the content of the items, a pretest was conducted with 18 patients of which there were three patients in each of the six selected disease groups. Third step : Test of reliability and validity of tools 1. Using the collected data from 25 patients with either cis, Simple nephrectomy, LC, COPD, Lung cancer, or CVA. the final items were revised through a panel discussion among experts in medical care who were researchers, doctors, or nurses. 2. Reliability and validity of the completed tool were verified with both inpatients and HCN patients in each of field for researches. The study results are as follows: 1. Standard for discharge with HCN referral The referral standard for home care, which included criteria for discharge with HCN referral and criteria leaving the hospital were established. These were developed through content analysis from the results of an open-ended questionnaire to related doctors concerning characteristic for discharge with HCN referral for each of the disease groups. The final criteria was decided by discussion among the researchers. 2. Instrument for measurement of health statusPatient health status was measured pre and post home care by direct observation and interview with an open-ended questionnaire which consisted of 61 items based on Gorden's nursing diagnosis classification. These included seven items on health knowledge and health management, eight items on nutrition and metabolism, three items on elimination, five items on activity and exercise, seven items on perception and cognition, three items on sleep and rest, three items on self-perception, three items on role and interpersonal relations, five items on sexuality and reproduction, five items on coping and stress, four items on value and religion, three items on family. and three items on facilities and environment. 3. Instrument for measurement of self-care The instrument for self-care measurement was classified with scales according to the attributes of the disease. Each scale measured understanding level and practice level by a Yes or No scale. Understanding level was measured by interview but practice level was measured by both observation and interview. Items for self-care measurement included 14 for patients with a CVA, five for women who had a cis, ten for patients with lung cancer, 12 for patients with COPD, five for patients with a simple nephrectomy, and 11 for patients with LC. 4. Record for follow-up management This included (1) OPD visit sheet, (2) ER visit form, (3) complications problem form, (4) readmission sheet. and (5) visit note for others medical centers which included visit date, reason for visit, patient name, caregivers, sex, age, time and cost required for visit, and traffic expenses, that is, there were open-end items that investigated OPD visits, emergency room visits, the problem and solution of complications, readmissions and visits to other medical institution to measure health problems and expenditures during the follow up period. 5. Instrument to measure patients satisfaction The satisfaction measurement instrument by Reisseer(1975) was referred to for the development of a tool to measure patient home care satisfaction. The instrument was an open-ended questionnaire which consisted of 11 domains; treatment, nursing care, information, time consumption, accessibility, rapidity, treatment skill, service relevance, attitude, satisfaction factors, dissatisfaction factors, overall satisfaction about nursing care, and others. In conclusion, Five evaluation instruments were developed for home care nursing. These were (1)standard for discharge with HCN referral. (2)instrument for measurement of health status, (3)instrument for measurement of self-care. (4)record for follow-up management, and (5)instrument to measure patient satisfaction. Also, the five instruments can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the service to assure quality. Further research is needed to increase the reliability and validity of instrument through a community-based HCN evaluation.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 2003

The Principal component analysis (PCA) is a well-known data analysis method that is useful in linear feature extraction and data compression. The PCA is a linear transformation that applies an orthogonal rotation to the original data, so as to maximize the retained variance. PCA is a classical technique for obtaining an optimal overall mapping of linearly dependent patterns of correlation between variables (e.g. neurons). PCA provides, in the mean-squared error sense, an optimal linear mapping of the signals which are spread across a group of variables. These signals are concentrated into the first few components, while the noise, i.e. variance which is uncorrelated across variables, is sequestered in the remaining components. PCA has been used extensively to resolve temporal patterns in neurophysiological recordings. Because the retinal signal is stochastic process, PCA can be used to identify the retinal spikes. With excised rabbit eye, retina was isolated. A piece of retina was attached with the ganglion cell side to the surface of the microelectrode array (MEA). The MEA consisted of glass plate with 60 substrate integrated and insulated golden connection lanes terminating in an 8${\times}$8 array (spacing 200 $\mu$m, electrode diameter 30 $\mu$m) in the center of the plate. The MEA 60 system was used for the recording of retinal ganglion cell activity. The action potentials of each channel were sorted by off­line analysis tool. Spikes were detected with a threshold criterion and sorted according to their principal component composition. The first (PC1) and second principal component values (PC2) were calculated using all the waveforms of the each channel and all n time points in the waveform, where several clusters could be separated clearly in two dimension. We verified that PCA-based waveform detection was effective as an initial approach for spike sorting method.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.253-262
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• 1998

Objectives : Risperidone, an atypical antipsychitics which blocks both dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors, have a good response to the negative symptoms as well as positive symptoms, and improve cognitive dysfunction of schizophrenic patients. Furthermore, it has few extrapyramidal side effects and tardive dyskinesia. Although it had been reported that the atypical antipsychotics have less effect on prolactin(PRL) than the classical antipsychotics, we could experience PRL-associated symptoms such as amenorrhea, galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia in practice. Therefore, we tried to identify the sex differences of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia, to evaluate factors affecting PRL levels, and to know the association between cognitive disorders and PRL. Methods : The baseline levels of PRL and TSH prior to risperidone administration were measured by enzyme immunoassay method for 50 patients(25 ma-les and 25 females) admitted with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or schizophreniform disorder according to the DSM-IV classification, and the measurements of PRL were repeated on the 2nd and the 4th wks of risperidone administration. Concomitantly, the severity of psychotic symptoms using CGI, BPRS and PANSS, and the cognitive dysfunction using PANSS-CF were assessed prior to, on the 2nd and the 4th wks of risperidone administration. The PRL and TSH levels of 54 healthy controls(29 males and 25 females) who had no medical, neurological and psychiatric illnesses were also evaluated. Furthermore, the correlation with the psychiatric diagnosis, education, age, sex, duration of illnesses, risperidone dosage, duration of risperdone administration, TSH concentration, cognitive function, severity of psychotic symptoms were also identified. Results : 1) The baseline PRL levels of female schizophrenics($74.3{\pm}49.6ng/ml$) were significantly(p<0.005) higher than those of males($36.3{\pm}24.6ng/ml$), which were significantly(p<0.0001 respectively) higher than those of controls(females $16.9{\pm}6.1ng/ml$, males $13.3{\pm}4.9ng/ml$). The PRL levels measured on the 2nd wks(females $133.7{\pm}47.8ng/ml$, males $56.9{\pm}23.6ng/ml$) and on the 4th wks(females $146.1{\pm}45.9ng/ml$, males $70.0{\pm}31.5ng/ml$) after risperidone administration were significantly(p<0.0001 respectively) higher in females. The mean dosages of risperidone on the 2nd wks were $3.8{\pm}1.7mg$(2-6mg) for the females and $4.0{\pm}1.6mg$(2-6mg) for the males, and on the 4th wks were $4.5{\pm}2.1mg$(2-8mg) for the females and $5.4{\pm}2.2mg$(2-8mg) for the males. 2) The rise of PRL levels were positively correlated with increased risperidone dosage in males(${\gamma}$=0.307 on the 2nd wks and ${\gamma}$=0.280 on the 4th wks), while they were not correlated with dosages in females. For the females, the PRL levels were negatively correlated(${\gamma}$=-0.320) with decrease of TSH concentration. The baseline PRL levels were not correlated with age, education, duration of illnesses, psychopathology, cognitive disorders in both males and females, while it was negatively correlated with TSH levels only in females(${\gamma}$=-0.320). 3) The cognitive dysfunction was not correlated with PRL levels in males, while PANSS-CF scores were negatively correlated with PRL levels(${\gamma}$=-0.220 on the 2nd wks and ${\gamma}$=-0.366 on the 4th wks) in females. The psychopathology was positively correlated with cognitive dysfunction in both males and females. Therefore, the risperidone-induced cognitive improvement seemed to be correlated with improvement of psychopathology in both males and females, and with increase in PRL levels only in females. Conclusions : The fact that the serum PRL levels of schizophrenics were higher than those of controls, especially in females suggested that it could be related with risperidone dosage in males and with primary pathological process in females. The risperidone-associated cognitive improvement seemed to be related with general improvement of psychopathology as well as the rise of PRL levels especially in females. The facts that the effect of risperidoneinduced hyperprolactinemia and the cognitive function were more in females suggested that somewhat different mechanisms could be exerted on them.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.144-150
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• 1997

Purpose : The kidney is one of the most common sites of cyst formation. Cystic diseases of the kidney are a diverse group of clinicopathologic entities and variable prognosis. They span a wide range of both age of presentation and severity of the renal disease. And many of them are systemic disorders, sharing similar process of cyst formation in other organs. Recently, development of imaging studies has been contributing widely to the diagnosis of the diseases. Treatment, however, is not established satisfactorily. We performed this study to evaluate the occurrence and treatment of cystic diseases of the kidney. Methods : We reviewed retrospectively the medical records of 44 patients with cystic diseases of the kidney in the Department of Pediatrics, during last 11 years. Results : In the 44 patients with cystic diseases of the kidney, 31 patients(71%) had multicystic dysplastic kidney and 11(35%) of them received nephrectomy due to differentiation from neoplasms or severe abdominal distension. Seven patients(16%) had polycystic kidney disease, and all of them were infantile type. Five patients(11%) were diagnosed as having a simple renal cysts. Progression to renal failure was noted in none of the cases. In 14(32%) out of total 44 patients, the diagnosis was made in neonatal or infantile pelted. Conclusion : The incidence of cystic diseases of the kidney appeared very low, but further investigation on their pathogenesis, classification, and indication of treatment is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.88-104
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• 1999

This study was carried out to classify the Hanjis into three groups that were indigenous Hanji, traditional Hanji, and improved Hanji handmade by paper making method according to the physical properties of each paper sheet such as tensile, bursting and tearing strength, folding endurance and fiber orientation in each layer. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The multi-layered Hanjis made by "Oebal" Hanji making method in different direction of fiber orientation have good properties in tearing resistance. 2. The multi-layered Hanji in different direction of fiber orientation has good properties in the tearing resistance, but the burst index and the breaking length results were lower than the single layered Hanjis. 3. The different fiber orientation and multi-layered method didn't increase, the three indexes(burst index, tear index, breaking length). Only, the different direction of fiber orientation decreased the difference of width and length strength (tensile, tear) of the Hanji. 4. "Dochim"(Korean finishing touch process for indigenous Hanji by fulling round sticks) greatly increase folding endurance(double folds, not $log_{10}$) and good effect to tensile strength and burst strength. 5. The today's Oebal Hanji were the maximum of 2 layers and the indigenous Oebal Hanji were 16 layers the maximum. In addition, average of the indigenous Oebal Hanji was 4 layers(all 4-layer Hanji were the different fiber orientation of each layer). 6, The indigenous Hanji(multi-layered, and different fiber orientation) was good condition with "Dochim". Dochim increased tensile strength and burst strength of the indigenous Hanji. So the three-strength indexes were similar level("--"). 7. When the number of layer which were same fiber orientation increase, the increased Hanji became similar strength pattern("V", breaking length and burst index was higher than tear index) with "Ssangbal" Hanji. 8. The single layered papers that made by "Oebal" Hanji making method were similar strength pattern with Ssangbal Hanji. 9. There was no way to find the width and length direction of multi-layered Hanji by comparison between the difference of tensile strength and the difference of tearing resistance. 10. The compared pattern of tensile strength and tearing resistance of indigenous Oebal Hanji was different from today's Oebal Hanji. Especially, the tearing resistance of all indigenous Oebal Hanji(16 samples) was stronger on width of tearing resistance. And in the half of indigenous Oebal Hanji samples, the width of tensile strength and tearing resistance was stronger than length strength (Indigenous Oebal: '$\ulcorner\lrcorner$' 50%, '$\bigcup$' 50% $\leftrightarrow$ Today's Oebal: '$\ulcorner\lrcorner$' 12%, '$\bigcup$'6%, '$\llcorner\urcorner$'17%, '$\bigcap$'65%). In 65% today's Oebal, the length direction of tensile strength and tearing resistance was stronger than the width direction.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.610-617
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• 2016

Current study was performed to investigate the effect of morphological properties of black ginseng such as size and shape on the quality of black ginseng. The raw ginsengs were separated based on size (medium, large, and extra-large) and shape (straight ginseng, fibrous root ginseng). Subsequently, the raw ginsengs were steamed at $95^{\circ}C$ for 3 h and dried in the presence of heated air at $50^{\circ}C$ for 30 h. This process was repeated nine times for black ginseng production. The physiochemical properties such as the content of acidic polysaccharides, ginsenosides, and antioxidative activity were evaluated. Although minor difference in physiochemical properties such as acidic polysaccharide content in raw ginseng was observed, no statistical difference in the content of acidic polysaccharides, total phenols, and ginsenosides was observed during final black ginseng production based on size classification. The minor ginsenosides in fibrous root black ginseng, such as Rk3, Rh4, Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5 were higher in content than straight black ginseng. However, no correlation between the shape of ginseng and total phenol content and antioxidative activity was observed. Therefore, present results demonstrate that the difference in ginseng size in same-age and -production area does not affect the quality of black ginseng. Furthermore, difference in ginseng shape does not influence the overall quality of black ginseng. It is hypothesized that this study would be considered as supportive data for the production of high-quality black ginseng.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.152-164
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• 1994

In Nai-Gyung(內經), it is said that In-Yeong(人迎) means In- Yeong Maek(人迎脈), Gi-Gu m- eans Tson-Gu(寸口) or Maek- Gu(脈口), In-yeong, artery in the side of neck, is located before Yeong-Geun(瓔筋), called as Jok-Yang-Myung-Maek(足陽明脈),so the part of In-Yeong-Maek means In-Yeong-Hyul(人迎穴) of Jok-Yang-Myung- Wi-Gyung(足陽明胃經) showing the artery in the side of neck. The part of Tson-Gu-Maek is that of artery in Yo-Gol(橈骨), beating source of Soo-Tae-Eum-Maek (手太陰脈) Of In-Yeong-Gi-Gu-Maek, In-Yeong-Maek mainly consists of Yang(陽), Gi-Gu-Maek of Eum(陰), so In-Yeung means physical disease, short of extra Eum component. They said that if In-Yeong-Maek was more than Gi-Gu-Maek, it meant physical injury, while Gi-Gu-Maek was more than In- Yeo-ng-Maek, it meant internal injury. In-Yeong-Gi-Gu-Maek is the one to distinguish the external and internal, the inside and outside, Eum and Yang, but there is no definite classification method to distinguish it, also it is difficult to grasp the comparison of 1sung(1盛), 2sung(2盛), 3sung(3盛), interrelation with 12-Gyung-Rak(l2經絡), change of maek phases, so necessary to set up the clear definition for In-Yeong-Gi-Gu-Maek. For the two theories as to In-Yeong-Gi-Gu-Maek according to Nai-Gyung, the one is to diagnose the maek by comparing the In-Yeong-Hyul with Tson-Gu of Soo-Tae-Eum-Maek as Gi-Gu in the both sides of neck part, he other is to divide the left and right of Gi-Gu-Maek in to In-Yeong and Gi-Gu afterwards, but today it is difficult to compare and explain the medical theory afterwards owing to insufficient consideration of In-Yeong-Gi-Gu-Maek at Nai-Gyung. The diagnosis of In-Yeong-Gi-Gu-Maek at Nai-Gyung to distinguish the surplus and shortage of Eum and Yang up to now since Nai-Gyung has so important and diagnostic value as to grasp the exact meaning. Herewith, this researcher com-pared Nai-Gyung and medical theory afterwards, reported it to consider the fixed position and changing process of viscera and entrails arrangement of literatures introducing In-Yeong-Gi-Gu-Maek, examining the change of maek phases for normal maek and a-bnormal maek of In-Yeong-Gi-Gu-Maek, considering the 1 sung, 2 sung, 3 sung maek phases in In-Yeong-Gi- Gu-Maek. According to the above results, the conclusion was reached as follows. 1. In-Yeong as the outside indicates external disease(外感), showing the surplus and shortage of Yang symptom by having Boo-Maek(浮脈) as Py-ung-Maek(平脈), Gi-Gu as the inside indicates internal disease(內傷), showing the surplus and shortage of Eum symptom by having Chim-Maek(沈脈) as P-yung-Maek(平脈). 2. In Pyung-Maek of In- Yeong-Maek as Boo-Maek, g-radual sinking of more floated changing maek because of disease means the improvement of di-sease, in Pyung-Maek of Gi- Gu-Maek as Chim- Maek, gradual floating of more sunken changing maek because of disease means the improvement of disease. 3. They said that disease of Jok-Gyung-Rak(足經絡) is cha-nged to that of Soo-Kyung-Rak(手經絡) when Jo-Maek(躁脈) appears whether In-Yeong-Maek or Gi-Gu-Maek 4. With the exemples of 1 sung 2 sung 3 sung it was porned with the relation of Pyo-Ri-Soo-Jok(表裏手足). Therfore I can guess that this fact is a moment explained the Bu-You-Sa-Kyung(部有四經) mentioned in Nan-Gyung-18-Nan(難經 第18難). 5. I think that In-Yeong and Gi-Gu, as a diagnosis method which distinguish between the inside indicates internal disease and the outside indicates external disease, is required to study further researches.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.3-54
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• 2013

Nowadays, major advanced countries in aviation technology are putting their effort to develop commercial and civil Unmanned Aircraft System(UAS) due to its highly promising market demand in the future. The market scale of commercial and civil UAS is expected to increase up to approximately 8.8 billon U.S. dollars by the year 2020. The usage of commercial and civil UAS covers various areas such as remote sensing, relaying communications, pollution monitoring, fire detection, aerial reconnaissance and photography, coastline monitoring, traffic monitoring and control, disaster control, search and rescue, etc. With the introduction of UAS, changes need to be made on current Air Traffic Management Systems which are focused mainly manned aircrafts to support the operation of UAS. Accordingly, the legislation for the UAS operation should be followed. Currently, ICAO's Unmanned Aircraft System Study Group(UASSG) is leading the standardization process of legislation for UAS operation internationally. However, some advanced countries such as United States, United Kingdom, Australia have adopted its own legislation. Among these countries, United States is most forth going with President Obama signing a bill to integrate UAS into U.S. national airspace by 2015. In case of Korea, legislation for the unmanned aircraft system is just in the beginning stage. There are no regulations regarding the operation of unmanned aircraft in Korea's domestic aviation law except some clauses regarding definition and permission of the unmanned aircraft flight. However, the unmanned aircrafts are currently being used in military and under development for commercial use. In addition, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport has a ambitious plan to develop commercial and civil UAS as Korea's most competitive area in aircraft production and export. Thus, Korea is in need of the legislation for the UAS operation domestically. In this regards, I personally think that Korea's domestic legislation for UAS operation will be enacted focusing on following 12 areas : (1)use of airspace, (2)licenses of personnel, (3)certification of airworthiness, (4)definition, (5)classification, (6)equipments and documents, (7)communication, (8)rules of air, (9)training, (10)security, (11)insurance, (12)others. Im parallel with enacting domestic legislation, korea should contribute to the development of international standards for UAS operation by actively participating ICAO's UASSG.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.474-484
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• 2015

This study aims at providing exercisable basic data for the management of protection areas in China by investigating into their legal system such as current laws, regulations, other relevant laws and international treaties and the management system such as history, classification, organization, personnel, funds and main management work.. In People's Republic of China (1954), several laws have been enacted in succession, such as Environment Law (1989), Regulations of Natural Reserves (1994) and Land Management Methods of Natural Reserves (1995). The development process of China's natural reserves is divided into the following five phases. In the initial phase (1956-1965), about 20 natural reserves were established; in the lag phase (1966-1978), a part of the natural reserves was destroyed under the influence of the Great Cultural Revolution; in the development phase (1979-1998), a normative legal system began to appear after the reform and opening up; in the leap phase (1999-2006), the number of natural reserves increased dramatically; in the stable phase ( 2007-present), the protection and restoration of the ecological environment have been implemented, and the supervision and management have been strengthened. China has established natural reserves of national, provincial, municipal and county levels according to the relevant laws. According to the resource categories, natural reserves can be divided into natural ecosystem reserves, wildlife reserves and natural relic reserves. The Ministry of Forestry is in charge of 1,958 natural reserves which account for 74.2 % of the total natural reserves in China. In China, there are 1,384 natural reserves (52.4 %) for which management institutions have been set up. 1,702 natural reserves (64.47 %) are equipped with management staff, showing a higher ratio than the natural reserves which have set up management institutions. China has established natural reserves of national level, provincial level, municipal level and county level according to law. According to the resource categories, natural reserves can be divided into natural ecosystem reserves, wildlife reserves, and natural relic reserves. The Ministry of Forestry is in charge of 1,958 natural reserves which accounts for 74.2 % of the total natural reserves in China. In China, there are 1,384 natural reserves (52.4 %) which have set up management institutions. 1,702 natural reserves (64.47 %) are equipped with management staff with a higher ratio than the natural reserves which have set up management institutions.