• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2016

This study investigates: (1) children's proactive aggression according to age and the emotional condition of the counterpart child, (2) if children's intention attribution, emotional attribution (victim and perpetrator) and language ability influences proactive aggression according to age and the emotional condition of the counterpart child. The subjects were 68 3-year-old and 70 5-year-old children. Each child was individually interviewed with picture cards. Collected data were coded and analyzed in SPSS with frequencies, percentiles, means, standard deviations, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), t -tests, Pearson correlations and multiple linear regression. The results showed that 3-year-old children showed more proactive aggression and physical aggression than 5-year-old children. They showed more proactive aggression when counterpart child was in a happy condition than in a fear condition. Intention attribution, emotional attribution, and language ability partially affected a children's proactive aggression according to age and the emotional condition of the counterpart child. This study has practical implications for teachers in regards to children's proactive aggressive behavior at child care centers. Teachers use specific to develop advantages as the basis for developing aggression prevention programs that consider emotional and cognitive factors.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.77-98
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of adolescents' callousness on reactive and proactive aggression through moral disengagement. Methods: The participants were 315 freshmen and sophomore high school student in Korea. The data were analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling(SEM). Results: First, adolescents' callousness did not show a significant influence on reactive aggression directly or indirectly through moral disengagement. Second, adolescents' callousness had a significant influence on proactive aggression directly and indirectly through moral disengagement. That is, adolescents' high level of callousness not only predicts a higher level of proactive aggression directly, but also influences moral disengagement which may result in a high level of proactive aggression. In addition, the gender difference in this model was confirmed. Conclusion/Implications: The results of this study indicated that adolescents' callousness could have different influences on aggression through moral disengagement by the types of aggression and gender. The results suggest that it is necessary to approach the emotional and cognitive process of adolescent aggression differently, depending on the type of aggression and gender.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.117-125
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• 2010

This study examines the additive and interactive effects of temperament and parenting on children's reactive and proactive aggression. The participants were 2844 4th graders(1524 boys, 1320 girls) from the Korea Youth Panel Study(KYPS). The results show sthat : (1) Children's emotion regulation influenced reactive aggression, whereas sensation seeking influenced proactive aggression. Children's anger/frustration influenced both subtypes of aggression. (2) Harsh parenting influenced children's proactive aggression. (3) There are some significant temperament $\times$ temperament and temperament $\times$ parenting interactions.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.424-435
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• 2012

This study aimed to examine the influences of children's sex and the social information interpretation(intentional/incidental) on aggressions (form/function). The subjects were 363 fifth and sixth graders from 6 elementary schools in Busan and the data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA. The research findings were as follows: First, children's sex had significant influence upon their overt aggression, and children's interpretation of social information had significant influences upon their overt aggression and relational aggression alike. Second, children's sex and interpretation of social information had significant influences upon their proactive aggression and reactive aggression. Finally, children's sex had significant influences upon proactive-overt aggression, reactive-overt aggression and proactive-relational aggression.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.159-192
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to validate the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ), a tool for measuring reactive-proactive aggression, in the context of South Korea. A thorough translation was conducted in collaboration with the original author. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA), exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), rating scale model (Rasch), differential item functioning (DIF), and convergent validity were performed on a sample of 510 South Korean individuals. The results revealed a two-factor structure of reactive and proactive aggression after removing one item showing dual loading. Rating scale analysis based on the Rasch model indicated the appropriateness of the 3-point Likert scale, with all items meeting fit criteria. Although the separation index and separation reliability of proactive aggression was marginally lower, the overall discrimination between participants and items was satisfactory. Examination of participant-item distribution indicated a suitable alignment between reactive aggression and participant ability levels, whereas proactive aggression exhibited slightly elevated item difficulty. Furthermore, three items were found to function differently based on gender. A moderate but statistically significant positive correlation was found between the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11-R (Korean version) and RPQ from the results of the convergent validity evaluation. Overall, this study employed rigorous statistical methods to validate the suitability of the RPQ for use in Korea, taking cultural nuances into account, and introduced the concepts of reactive and proactive aggression to the Korean general population.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.183-198
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to interpret relational aggression strategies in 4 year old young children's interactions in 'Sansae class' in terms of two-fold dimensions of proactivity and reactivity. Following an ethnographical approach, participative observation on young children and in-depth interviews with the teacher were employed, over the course of 30 sessions of 3 hours duration. The results are as follows; proactive relational aggression was more frequently observed in girls, and their major strategies employed against someone they disliked were ignoring them, distorting play-rules, and so on. Major strategies of reactive relational aggression in girls were largely manipulative in nature, for example, 'threatening their friend' and 'withdrawal of friendship'.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.57-68
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore whether there are gender differences in the influences of paternal parenting behavior on the relational aggression of adolescents and to examine the mediating effects of internal attribution and normative beliefs about aggressive behaviors. Methods: This study assessed 492 fifth to sixth graders from an elementary school (237 males and 255 females). Results: The results of this study were as follows: First, the effect of paternal affectionate parenting behavior on girls' reactive aggression was partially mediated by internal attribution. Second, the effect of paternal coercive parenting behavior on boys' proactive aggression was completely mediated by normative beliefs about aggressive behavior. Third, girls' proactive aggression was partially mediated by normative beliefs about aggressive behavior. Conclusion: These results suggest the need to further examine relational aggression and to help children gain positive relationships with peers.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.101-120
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• 2012

This research was conducted in order to find out the effects of boys' self-control, their parents' behaviors and marital conflict on boys' aggression. Subtypes of aggression in the present research consist of dimensions of the functions and forms (proactive-overt, proactive-relational, reactive-overt, reactive-relational). The participants of this study were 237 boys in the fifth and sixth grades in elementary schools located in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. The questionnaires were derived and modified from Lee Hong (2009) for boys' aggression, from Ju So Young and Lee Yang Hee (2008) for boys' self-control, from Jun Joo Ram (2008) and Heo Seung Yeon (2009) for maternal behaviors and from Kang Na Jung (2008) for marital conflict. In order to grasp the general characteristics of the participants, frequency and descriptive statistics were used. Also, Pearson's correlation was applied to the relationships amomg boys' self-control, marital behaviors and marital conflict on boys' aggression. Lastly, the variables that can predict boys' aggression were analyzed through multiple regression analysis by SPSS 19.0. The major results of this study were as follows. This research showed that this model fit well for boys. To summarize the important results, what is interesting in the present study is the effect of the mother's role in rearing their sons. It was found that mothers' criticism, negative behaviors, and excessive interference can cause boys' high level of aggressiveness. Also, having parents who fight frequently was strongly associated with boys' relational aggression. An interesting finding is that the mother's support influenced boys' reactive-overt aggression. Lastly, boys' self-control was highly associated with boys' proactive-relational aggression. This research may contribute to understanding boys' aggression' subtypes. To that end, the current results suggest that the dimensions of the functions and forms may be a useful tool in an effort to inform developmental theory and intervention. Also, this research may provide guidance for the resolution of problems caused by boys' aggression. Lastly, it was found that self- control training and parental education programs might prove beneficial for helping aggressive boys to overcome their aggressive impulses.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.35-50
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• 2002

The present study explored parenting behaviors of fathers associated with 3 types of aggression in their sons and identified inter-generational pathways of aggression. Subjects were 160 Korean elementary school(5-6th grade) boys and their fathers. Data were gathered via questionnaires. Results were that fathers' use of power assertive control and lack of open communication were positively associated with sons' use of both relational and proactive aggression. Fathers' encouragement of aggressive behavior was associated with sons' reactive aggression. Finally, fathers' aggression was net directly associated with sons' aggression, but was fully mediated by parenting. Results were discussed in terms of implications for the Korean cultural context.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.139-149
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• 2007

This study investigated the effect of the children's perceived parenting behaviors on their aggression. Subjects were 309 (156 boys and 153 girls) 5th and 6th grade elementary school children living in Jellanamdo. The questionnaire for the children's parenting behavior evaluation and their aggression was used. The data were analyzed by frequencies, Cronbach' ${\alpha}$, t-test and multiple regression. Results showed that the children perceived their parents affectionately and rationally and especially, they perceived their mother affectionately and rationally than their father. Meantime, the children perceived their aggression at a low level on the whole. Parenting behavior and children's aggression differed according to the gender. Fathers' coercive and mothers' permissive parenting predicted the children's proactive aggression. Fathers' coercive, affective and mother's aggression-compensatory parenting predicted children's reactive aggression. Fathers' coercive parenting was only significant predictor for the children's relational aggression and fathers' coercive, aggression- compensatory parenting predicted children's total aggression. Fathers' participation for reducing children's aggression was discussed.