• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.735-749
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• 2018

In this study, one studied the principal factors and water-quality components that determine the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in seawater in estuaries, such as the Han, Geum, Youngsan, Seomjin, and Nakdong rivers in Korea. The principal factors determining the concentration of COD in seawater indicated by the principal component analysis were salinity, exogenous origin and autochthonous resources based on chlorophyll-a. Moreover, organic matter in the submarine sediment layer also had a secondary effect. Regression slope assessed the contribution of water-quality components to determine the concentration of COD in the estuary. One found that the effect of salinity on the overall survey was significant. Moreover, the effect of chlorophyll-a was also appeared in April and August. In each estuary, the most significant contribution factor was chlorophyll-a in the Nakdong River and salinity in the Han and Yongsan rivers. The contribution of salinity and chlorophyll-a were found to be the largest in the Geum River. The salinity and chlorophyll-a in the Seomjin River showed a low contribution.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.439-448
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine validity and reliability of Webel and colleagues'HIV Self-Management Scale when used with a Korean sample. Methods: The original 20-item HIV Self-Management Scale was translated into Korean using translation and back-translation. Nine HIV nurse experts tested content validity. Principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of data from 203 patients was used to test construct validity. Concurrent validity was evaluated using correlation with patients'self-rating as a "mart patient"measured using a visual analogue scale. Internal consistency was tested by Cronbach' alpha coefficients. Results: All items were rated as having satisfactory content validity. Based on PCA and consideration of conceptual meaning, a three-factor solution was selected, explaining 48.76% of the variance. CFA demonstrated the adequacy of the three-domain structure of the construct HIV self-management: daily self-management health practices, social support and HIV self-management, and chronic nature of HIV self-management. Goodness-of-fit indices showed an acceptable fit overall with the full model (${\chi}^2/df_{(164)}=1.66$, RMSEA=0.06, SRMR=0.05, TLI=0.91, and CFI=0.92). The Korean version of the HIV Self-Management Scale (KHSMS) was significantly correlated with patients'self-rated smart patient (r=.41). The subscale Cronbach' alpha coefficients ranged from .78 to .81; alpha for the total scale was .89. Conclusion: The KHSMS provides a valid and reliable measure of self-management in Korean patients with HIV. Continued psychometric testing is recommended to provide further evidence of validity with this population.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.3112-3112
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• 2001

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) was investigated aiming at the identification of falsified drugs. The identification is based on comparison of the NIR spectrum of a sample with a typical spectra of an authentic drug using multivariate modelling and classification algorithms (PCA/SIMCA). Two spectrophotometers (Brimrose - Luminar 2000 and 2030), based on acoustic-optical filter (AOTF) technology, sharing the same controlling computer, software (Brimrose - Snap 2.03) and the data acquisition electronics, were employed. The Luminar 2000 scans the range 850 1800 nm and was employed for transmitance/absorbance measurements of liquids with a transflectance optical bundle probe with total optical path of 5 mm and a circular area of 0.5 $\textrm{cm}^2$. Model 2030 scans the rage 1100 2400 nm and was employed for reflectance measurement of solids drugs. 300 spectra, acquired in about 20 s, were averaged for each sample. Chemometric treatment of the spectral data, modelling and classification were performed by using the Unscrambler 7.5 software (CAMO Norway). This package provides the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and SIMCA algorithms, used for modelling and classification, respectively. Initially, NIRS was evaluated for spectrum acquisition of various drugs, selected in order to accomplish the diversity of physico-chemical characteristics found among commercial products. Parameters which could affect the spectra of a given drug (especially if presented as solid tablets) were investigated and the results showed that the first derivative can minimize spectral changes associated with tablet geometry, physical differences in their faces and position in relation to the probe beam. The effect of ambient humidity and temperature were also investigated. The first factor needs to be controlled for model construction because the ambient humidity can cause spectral alterations that should cause the wrong classification of a real drug if the factor is not considered by the model.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.560-570
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• 2001

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify factors of the causal attribution of cancer and to determine related variables. Method: Subjects were one hundred and thirty three cancer patients. The tool of the perceived causal attribution used was developed by authors and basically founded on Kim's work(1993). The SAS program was used to analyze the data along with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan's Multiple range test, and Principal component analysis and varimax rotation. Results: 1) The perceived causal attribution measurement revealed four factors; overload, destiny, stress, and constitution. The total percentage of variance explained by the four factors was 44.3%. 2) The scores of destiny on women, having religion, unemployed, lower level of education, no spouse, groups of uterine cervix and lung cancer, not receiving an operation and receiving radiation were significantly higher than those other groups. 3) The scores of stress on women, having religion, and not having a job were significantly higher than those on men, without religion, and having a job. 4) The scores of constitution on those in their forties, women, not receiving an operation and receiving radiation were significantly higher than for those in their sixties, men, receiving operation and not receiving radiation. There was no significant difference in the factor scores of overload by any variables. Conclusion: Factors of the perceived causal attribution of cancer among Korean cancer patients were overload, destiny, stress, and constitution. The scores of each factor the perceived causal attribution was significantly different by general and disease related characteristics.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.10
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• pp.162-170
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• 2013

In recent years, the interests and needs of the Pedestrian Protection System (PPS), which is mounted on the vehicle for the purpose of traffic safety improvement is increasing. In this paper, we propose a pedestrian candidate window extraction and unit cell histogram based HOG descriptor calculation methods. At pedestrian detection candidate windows extraction stage, the bright ratio of pedestrian and its circumference region, vertical edge projection, edge factor, and PCA reconstruction image are used. Dalal's HOG requires pixel based histogram calculation by Gaussian weights and trilinear interpolation on overlapping blocks, But our method performs Gaussian down-weight and computes histogram on a per-cell basis, and then the histogram is combined with the adjacent cell, so our method can be calculated faster than Dalal's method. Our PCA reconstruction error based pedestrian detection candidate window extraction method efficiently classifies background based on the difference between pedestrian's head and shoulder area. The proposed method improves detection speed compared to the conventional HOG just using image without any prior information from camera calibration or depth map obtained from stereo cameras.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1149-1161
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• 2010

This study identifies the dimensions of cosmetics consumption values and the differences in cosmetics brand selection through a cosmetics consumption value group and by product type. The subjects of the study were females over age 20 living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province between January and February 2008; 427 questionnaires were used for analysis. For data analysis the SPSS 17.0 statistical program was used, and principal component analysis, factor analysis using Varimax rotation, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ reliability testing, cluster analysis, ANOVA test, and Duncan test were conducted. The results and conclusions of this study are as follows. The dimensions of cosmetics consumption values were found to be the pleasure value, the fashion value, the function value, the brand ostentation value, and the appearance ostentation value. Five types of groups by factor were identified: the group seeking function, the group seeking fashion and brand ostentation, the group seeking pleasure, the group seeking appearance and brand ostentation, and the indifferent group. Second, The group attaching importance to functionality was more likely to select high-priced brands while the group attaching importance to brand awareness were more likely to seek foreign brands, irrespective of product type. As far as base and color cosmetics are concerned, the group attaching importance to pleasure was more likely to select low, medium, and high priced foreign brands, as well as low and medium priced domestic brands. As for body products, the group attaching importance to fashion and brand awareness tended to select low, medium, and high priced domestic brands, as well as high priced foreign brands. By simultaneously purchasing high, medium, and low priced brands, these groups display an ambivalent consumption pattern. This study identified the differing dimensions around cosmetics consumption values and cosmetic brand selection. The research findings helps cosmetic companies set product prices and contributes to cosmetic marketing strategies.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.743-753
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• 2015

In this study, it is an object to develop a regression model for the estimation of TOC (total organic carbon) concentration using investigated data for three years from 2010 to 2012 in the Gam Stream unit watershed, and applied in 2009 to verify the applicability of the regression model. TOC and $COD_{Mn}$ (chemical oxygen demand) were appeared to be derived the highest correlation. TOC was significantly correlated with 5 variables including BOD (biological oxygen demand), discharge, SS (suspended solids), Chl-a (chlorophyll a) and TP (total phosphorus) of p<0.01. As a result of PCA (principal component analysis) and FA (factor analysis), COD, TOC, SS, discharge, BOD and TP have been classified as a first factor. TOCe concentration was estimated using the model developed as an independent variable $BOD_5$ and $COD_{Mn}$. R squared value between TOC and measurement TOC is 0.745 and 0.822, respectively. The independent variable were added step by step while removing lower importance variable. Based on the developed optimal model, R squared value between measurement value and estimation value for TOC was 0.852. It was found that multiple independent variables might be a better the estimation of TOC concentration using the regression model equation(in a given sites).

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.148-162
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to analyze lower body types of women and provide information of body improvement of Korean adult female clothing product to ready-made clothes companies. As for the method of this study, it was conducted to measure the parts of the lower body of adult women at the age from 19 to 24 years, to analyze their characteristics and to categorize body types. For study, it was measured 150 female women in Seoul. Data was analyzed by used SPSS/WIN 19.0 Program. The results of this study are as follows. The means of the subjects in their early 20s are 159.8cm in height, 67.0cm in waist circumference, 91.6cm in hip and 52.0kg in weight. As a result of comparison with the $5^{th}$ Korean's human body size on measurement data, 20 items out of 33 items showed significant difference. Factor analysis was executed for 66 body measure and calculation items to draw the body construction factors of the women's lower body in their early 20s and principal component analysis was performed by orthogonal varimax rotation to clarify the measurement of factors and to derive explanatory factors. As result of Cluster analysis, body types' characteristics divide into 3 types. Type1 has tall and fat body form, type2 has shortest and curvy body form and type3 has average height and the most skinny body form.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.73-77
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• 2021

Objective : The Hoarding Rating Scale-Self-Report (HRS-SR) is a five-item scale that simply assesses the hoarding symptoms. We evaluated the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Korean version of the HRS-SR (HRS-SR-K). Methods : A total of 144 individuals completed the self-administered questionnaires including HRS-SR-K, Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised-Korean version (OCI-R-K), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Psychometric properties of the HRS-SR-K were analyzed. Results : The Cronbach's α value for internal consistency of the HRS-SR-K was excellent (Cronbach's α=0.84). The construct validity was analyzed on the basis of principal component analysis and one-factor structure of the original scale was maintained. The HRS-SR-K total score and each item scores were more strongly correlated with the hoarding subscale score in OCI-R-K (convergent validity, r=0.71, p<0.01) than the corresponding scores of nonspecific depression or anxiety measures (discriminant validity). Conclusion : The HRS-SR-K is a simple and reliable self-report scale for examining the severity of hoarding symptoms.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.170-180
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the facial skeletal patterns and the shape of the mandibular symphysis in adults with malocclusion by using a structural equation model (SEM). Methods: Ninety adults who had malocclusion and had records of facial skeletal measurements performed using cone-beam computed tomography were selected for this study. The skeletal measurements were classified into three groups (vertical, anteroposterior, and transverse). Cross-sectional images of the mandibular symphysis were analyzed using generalized Procrustes and principal component (PC) analyses. A SEM was constructed after the factors were extracted via factor analysis. Results: Two factors were extracted from the transverse, vertical, and anteroposterior skeletal measurements. Latent variables were extracted for each factor. PC1, PC2, and PC3 were selected to analyze the variations of the mandibular symphyseal shape. The SEM was constructed using the skeletal variables, PCs, and latent variables. The SEM showed that the vertical latent variable exerted the most influence on the mandibular symphyseal shape. Conclusions: The relationship between the skeletal pattern and the mandibular symphysis was analyzed using a SEM, which showed that the vertical facial skeletal pattern had the highest effect on the shape of the mandibular symphysis.