• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.279-304
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• 2022

This paper quantitatively analyzes the current status of North Korean consumer payment instruments through a questionnaire survey of 292 North Korean defectors. In the 2010s, it was found that the payment experience ratio of domestic currency cash and grain decreased, while the payment experience ratio of foreign currency cash increased. The use of foreign currency reached a stage where it was spread not only as a store of value but also as a medium of exchange. However, the most frequently used payment instrument by North Korean consumers was still domestic currency cash. By region, in inland urban areas both domestic currency cash and U.S. dollars are used and in the North Korea-China border region both domestic currency cash and Chinese yuan are used, while in inland rural areas dollarization does not occur because both domestic currency cash and grain are used. Meanwhile, despite the stable price trend during 2013-2019, the dollarization hysteresis effect is appearing, and both the purchasing power risk theory and the network externality theory are considered to have explanatory power for the cause. The results of this paper suggest that as dollarization is intensifying, it is expected that more costs such as shortages of commodities will be incurred than in the past if North Korea's de-dollarization policy is reimplemented. Also, in the case of domestic currency cards, which the North Korean authorities introduced in 2015 as part of a means of financial reform, this paper suggests that it may continue to be difficult for domestic currency cards to normalize official finance under the dollarization hysteresis.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.45-64
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• 2024

In international transactions, a demand guarantee is commonly used as a so-called independent bank guarantee to protect against the other party's default under, or breach of, contract). However, there is a risk that the independence and the documentary character of the demand guarantee may be abused by the beneficiary of the guarantee, who may fall into the temptation to demand or call for payment under the guarantee by preparing documents that appear to constitute a complying demand for payment, even though the demand has no conceivable basis. In Korea, through case law, a legal rule has been developed to prevent such abusive calls for payment. This paper examines how such rule that prohibits abuse of rights is applying in the context of counter-guarantees. To this end, this paper first considers the concepts of a demand guarantee and a counter-guarantee and the basic legal principles applicable thereto. And then this paper considers abusive calls under the guarantees, that exceptionally works as grounds for refusal of payment by guarantors and counter-guarantors, further looking at some situations in which the calls amount to be abusive under counter-guarantees in particular.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.271-276
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• 2021

본 연구는 중국의 모바일 결제에서 사용자 경험에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구이다. 최근 5G 네트워크의 발전과 스마트폰의 보급은 모바일 결제 발전에 기초를 제공해서 모바일 결제 기술 발전이 빠른 상승세를 보인다. 모바일 결제는 간편성과 이동성 등 다양한 특징이 있어서 사람들에게 특히 젊은 층에 어필하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 중국의 20-30대 모바일 결제 사용자를 대상으로 설문 조사를 실시하여 사용자 경험에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 회귀분석을 통해 확인하였다. 이 연구는 모바일 결제 기술에 관한 선행 연구와 사용자의 사용 경험에 초점을 두고 사용자 경험에 영향을 미치는 요인은 파악하였으며, 중국 모바일 결제 발전에 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2019

Offshore trap fishery managers have payed in advance to attract excellent fishing crew in the minium grantee lay system. This practice can intensify competition among fishery management bodies and increase the burden of fishery manager about income tax and four social insurance programs. The purpose of this study is to identify the problems of advance payment practice in terms of fishery manager in offshore trap fishery. The main results of this study are as follows. First, under the TYPE 1 model, which is the current wage payment manner, there is a risk that fishery manager will not able to return the prepayment paid in advance when the income of fishery management bodies decrease. Second, the TYPE 2 or the TYPE 3 model which reduces or abolishes advance payment can alleviate the burden of fishery manager relative to the deduction of redemption amount, incentive to induce artificial expenses, income tax and four social insurance programs. In conclusion, advance payment practice in offshore trap fishery is placing a heavy burden on the fishery manager. In order to solve these problems in the future, we need to find solutions through similar case studies.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.319-325
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• 2016

핀테크의 활성화로 모바일 결제를 위한 다양한 기반 서비스들이 개발되고 있다. 각종 결제 방식이 개발되고, 결제의 신뢰성을 향상시키기 위한 인증 방식이 개발되고 있다. 그러나, 모바일 간편 결제 서비스 시, 전화번호에 의해 인증이 이루어지므로 누출 가능성이 있어 보안이 취약하다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 전화번호 기반의 인증과정을 개선하기 위해 모바일 디바이스의 고유한 식별자인 디바이스 ID를 활용하여 인증 과정의 신뢰성을 높이기 위한 방안을 제안한다. 핵심 연구 내용은 모바일 디바이스 ID를 기반으로 모바일 결제 인증을 위한 아키텍쳐와 인증 프로세스이다. 모바일 결제 아키텍쳐는 모바일 디바이스, 인증 서비스, 그리고 모바일 결제 어플리케이션으로 구성된다. 모바일 디바이스는 모바일 디바이스 ID와 전화번호로 구성하며, 인증 서버는 인증 모듈과 암호화 모듈로 구성된다. 모바일 결제 서비스는 사전 인증 모듈과 복호화 모듈로 구성된다. 모바일 결제 서비스의 프로세스는 모바일 디바이스, 인증 서버, 그리고 모바일 결제 어플리케이션 간에 암호화된 인증 정보(디바이스 ID, 전화번호, 인증 번호)에 의해 처리된다. 모바일 디바이스는 전화번호와 디바이스 ID를 인증 서버로 전달하며, 인증 서버는 인증 과정과 암호화 과정을 통해 사용자를 인증한다. 모바일 결제 어플리케이션은 전달받은 인증 번호에 대해 복호화를 통해 사전 인증 과정을 수행한다. 본 논문의 인증 서버의 인증 과정과 모바일 결제 서비스의 사전 인증 과정을 통해 기존 결제 서비스의 인증 번호 누출에 의한 위험을 예방할 수 있는 차별성을 제공할 것이다.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제14권
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• pp.151-180
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• 2004

Owing to the digital revolution, Internet Commerce and Electronic commerce, revolutionize the way of doing business and making payment. The entrance of the Internet has a prominent for spread of Electronic Commerce and those phenomenons will result in paperless trading and cashless trade. By virtue of Internet, an increasing share of business transactions occurs online. Electronic payment is essential for the smooth progress of the electronic commerce as electronic payment plays the important role in the electronic commerce, that is, the value transfer restyling from the electronic commerce. Traditionally international settlement systems such as letters of credits, remittance and documentary collections operated as important and poplar method of payment, Now, information technology has made it possible to pay for the sale of goods and services over the internet. In international trade, there are service providers (bolero, TradeCard, BeXcom) to settle payment electronically through the Internet. The purpose of this study is to Conduct comparative analysis with approach manner functional respect systematic respect, role. It is shown which the Electronic payment system is better. In this study, the author attempts to find the problems is (bolero, TradeCard, BeXcom) and solutions in switching from the documentary payment system to the electronic one. This conclusion of this study can be summarized as followings. In resoect of the law, bolero should seek to prevert the users from being treated unfairly due to multilateral agreement on Rulebook. TradeCard, BeXcom do not have the proper law that users are governed. so far as the practice problems concerned, stability of computer's operation and security of message interchange should be warranted and improved continuously. Through the standardization of the electronic document and the development of software, the examination of the shipping occuments must be done automatically. Bolero should induce more banks to take part in Bolero, and make the carrier the cost and time in managing the traditional document which will be used for the time being. In respect of information technology and security, to deduce the risk in the electronic settlement system and positively uses the global authentication guideline(Identrus).

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.303-312
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• 2018

본 연구는 신기술을 활용한 간편 결제서비스를 통합기술수용모델(UTAUT)의 변수인 사회적영향, 촉진조건, 그리고 간편 결제서비스 특성변수인 보안과 편리성 변수를 기반으로 신뢰와 사용자 만족을 매개변수로 하여 연구모델을 설계하고 간편 결제서비스의 재사용의도에 미치는 요인을 규명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 실증분석 결과 보안이 사용자 만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것이다의 가설과 신뢰는 사용자 만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것이다의 가설은 기각 되었다. 이 같은 결과는 사회적영향과 편리성으로 인해 신뢰감을 느낀다고 해서 간편 결제서비스라는 금융서비스에서 인지된 위험의 노출과 보안의 취약성이 예상된다면 사용자 만족에 부정적일 수밖에 없다는 것이다. 본 연구결과는 간편결제서비스 활성화 및 간편결제서비스 분야의 이론적 토대를 정립하였다는 점에서 학술적으로 의의가 있으며, 아울러 다양한 실무적인 시사점을 제공하였다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제45권
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• pp.85-109
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• 2010

L/C provides the exporter and the importer with safe assurance in the exchange of goods for payment in international trade. It involves a number of parties. Although the parties may have confidence in their client, bad faith or ignorance of international banking practice by any of these parties could cause the failure of transaction, which makes international trade a risky business. Most of the risks are found in transport document, which can cause disputes. There are many factors in the risk of transport documents under L/C transaction. One most common risk factor for the beneficiary in all transport documents is even if there is no discrepancy in document, the issuing bank or the applicant refuses to pay or delay payment insisting there is a discrepancy. In some very rare cases, the beneficiary may not get paid due to unfair injunction of the local court of the applicant. For the applicant, most common risk factors are fake bill and fraud. Risks classified according to the sorts of transport documents are as follows. 1. In B/L, payment can be refused because it is regarded as charter party B/L, although there is no real charter party contract. And the applicant can bear the potential risk of the loss or deterioration of cargo through transhipment of the cargo loaded on board in container if transhipment is prohibited without excluding of UCP 600 article 20 (c). 2. In charter party B/L, the applicant may take delivery without paying when charter party B/L is signed by charterer, which can result in a big loss for the beneficiary and the negotiating bank. And risks may arise when cargo is seized because the charterer does not pay the hire. The applicant and the issuing bank are also vulnerable to a risk - Against whom should they file a suit when cargo gets damaged during transportation? 3. In multimodal transport document, which is subject to a conflict because there is a big difference in viewpoints between transport industry and banks, conflicts may also arise when L/C requires ocean B/L and accepts multimodal transport document at the same time, but does not specify the details. 4. In air waybill, where the consignee is not the issuing bank but the applicant, risks may take place to the beneficiary when the applicant takes delivery but refuses to pay asserting minor discrepancies in document. The applicant may also bear the risk when cargo may not be loaded because air waybill is a received bill. Another risk may arise when although the applicant prohibits transhipment without excluding UCP 600 article 23 (c), the cargo may be transhipped, provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same air waybill.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제37권
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• pp.187-216
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• 2008

Risk regarding the possibility of loss can be especially problematic. If a loss is certain to occur, it may be planned for in advance and treated as a definite, known expense. It is when there is uncertainty about the occurrence of a loss that risk becomes an important problem. The word risk is often used in connection with insurance. No one generally accepted definition of risk exists, however. Of the many definitions, two distinctive ones are commonly used. One defines risk as the variation in possible outcomes of an event based on chance. That is, the greater the number of different outcomes that may occur, the greater the risk. Another way of expressing this concept is to state: The greater the variation around an average expected loss, the greater the risk. The second definition of risk is the uncertainty concerning a possible loss. The definition of risk as a useful one because it focuses attention on the degree of risk in given situations. The degree of risk is a measure of the accuracy with which the outcome of an event based on chance can be predicted. For now, it will serve our purpose to note the more accurate the prediction of the outcome of an event based on chance, the lower the degree of risk. After sources of risks are identified and measured, a decision can be made as to how the risk should be handled. A pure risk that is not identified does not disappear, the business merely loses the opportunity to consciously decide on the best technique for dealing with that risk. The process used to systematically manage risk exposures is known as risk management. Some persons use the term risk management only in connection with businesses, and often the term refers only to the management of pure risks. In this sense, the traditional risk management goal has been to minimize the cost of pure risk to the company. But as firms broaden the ways that they view and manage many different types of risk, the need for new terminology has become apparent. The terms integrated risk management and enterprise risk management reflect the intent to manage all forms of risk, regardless of type. International trade transaction is called between countries has features of globalism, cultural gap, long distance and long terms for the transaction. It is riskier than domestic transaction has its specific risks, such as foreign exchange risk and political risk, and requires various active risk management skills. Risks in relation to the international trade transaction are the contract risk, transit risk and payment risk, etc. The risk management in relation to the international trade transaction is to identify and measure these risks. The purpose of this study is to analyse the practical problems and its solution plan by analyzing various cases related to the risk management of bill of lading in the international trade transaction.

• 디지털산업정보학회논문지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.111-123
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• 2016

Recently, mobile devices have been widely used. Therefore, the service users want that are not constrained by time and space. Among them, electronic payment services, mobile finance service is enjoying a tremendous popularity. The FinTech is the result of the fusion of finance and ICT(Information & Communication Technology). Security experts is pointed the FinTech security risk. New technology and Innovative FinTech services are even available, Insecure FinTech services is insignificant. In this paper we were surveyed market and product trends of FinTech and analyzed the threats about FinTech. Also, we analyzed the security considerations for FinTech using a questionnaire. As a result, users considers secure payment process and privacy. Therefore, we proposed security considerations for each vulnerability. So, we must be resolved of security technology and policy issues. If establishing a secure payment process and the unclear legal issue is resolved, FinTech service will provide a secure financial services to the user.