• 분석과 대안
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.44-64
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• 2017

From the field survey of the main ethnic minority areas in the south China, it is found that political, economic, cultural and natural environmental changes are the main reasons leading to the change of customary law. The power mechanism of the customary law change include the three aspects, such as the promotion of country elite, the dominance of grassroots government, and the daily demands of the villagers, which promote the change of customary law alone or together. Through the application of customary law, the country elites can adjust and refine the rules of customary law in order to make out the new customary law and promote its development. In the current pattern of rural governance, grassroots self-government is actually the "official supervision of people's autonomy". The executive power of the grassroots government often intervene the practice of customary law and other informal rules. This is another mechanism of customary law change. Customary law arises from the practice of the daily life of the villagers. If the villagers think that the norms of customary law cannot meet the actual needs of daily life practice, the customary law will be promoted in the form of collective consultation. This is the most important dynamic practice mechanism of customary law change. Transformation and abandonment are the two ways to change customary law. No matter what kind of change does not lead to the demise of the customary law system, the demise of the customary law is only an outdated result, which is made by the universality, nature and objectivity of customary law. The procedure of customary law change is the process of continuation and rebirth about customary law. The result of the change is to produce the new customary law of keeping pace with the times, and the customary law will be presented with new content and form after the change. The continuation of customary law means the inheritance of traditional customary law, but it is based on the transformation of traditional customary law. The rebirth of customary law means that the traditional customary law is completely discarded. But it will produce new customary law rules and be based on the needs of social life practice. Customary law occupies a pivotal position in the normative system and the national law cannot be replaced. The purpose of customary law change will let the customary rules better adapt to the development of modern society, adjust the social relations more reasonably and better meet people's needs of production and life, which is decided by the character of customary law.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.525-535
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• 2023

본 연구는 2003년부터 2022년까지 동해 남서부 해역에서 초미소(0.2-2 ㎛) 식물플랑크톤의 군집, 표층 수온 상승, 그리고 무기 영양염 간의 복잡한 상호작용을 다루었다. 동해에서 관측된 표층 수온의 상승 추세는 전 지구규모의 수온 상승과 일치하며, 여름에는 최대 온도가 나타나지만 봄에는 최소 온도를 보여 일반적인 온대해역의 계절적 수온 변동과는 다른 양상을 보였다. 표층 무기 영양염의 농도는 겨울에 증가하며 봄을 거치면서 서서히 감소하는 계절적 변동성을 나타냈다. 식물플랑크톤의 생물량을 대표하는 표층 총 chlorophyll-a 농도는 온대 해역의 전형적인 쌍봉분포(bimodal distribution) 양상을 보였다. 연구 기간 동안 초미소 식물플랑크톤의 기여도는 연평균 0.5%씩 지속적으로 증가하였으나, 총 chlorophyll-a 농도는 약한 감소 추세를 보였다. 초미소 식물플랑크톤의 기여도와 영양염 간에는 강한 상관관계가 나타났으며, 이는 이러한 변동이 식물플랑크톤의 크기별 영양염의 가용성과 밀접하게 연관되어 있음을 의미한다. 이러한 분석 결과는 해양 생태계의 변화 조건에서 식물플랑크톤이 어떻게 반응할는지 예측 가능하게 하므로, 생태학적으로 중요한 의미를 갖는다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.358-364
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• 2024

선박 건조 과정에서 블록이나 장비를 지지하는 A형 캐리어 구조는 하중 변경과 시간이 지남에 따라 점차 변형이 증가하며, 이에 따라 블록과 접촉하는 면적이 감소하고 분산된 하중에서 집중된 하중으로 패턴이 변화한다. 이러한 현상은 실제 사용 하중을 오판할 가능성이 있다. 특히 A형 캐리어는 영세한 제조 업체에서 자주 사용하고 있으며, 별도의 엔지니어링 기능이 없는 상황이 대부분이라서 손쉽게 캐리어의 안전사용하중을 계산하는 방법의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구는 A형 캐리어가 장기적으로 안전하게 사용할 수 있는 하중을 신속하게 평가하는 방법을 제안함으로써, 하중 분포의 변화에 따른 소성 변형과 그로 인한 안전 문제를 예측하고 대응할 수 있다. 제안된 방법은 캐리어의 중앙 집중하중과 전체 분포하중 조건에 대해서 유한요소해석(빔, 쉘 모델링)을 통한 결과를 기반으로 빔-이론을 수정하여 제안되었다. 빔 모델링에서 집중하중 조건은 보정계수 0.73, 분포하중에서는 0.69를 이론값에 곱해서 안전사용하중이 가능하다. 쉘 모델링의 경우, 집중하중은 0.75와 분포하중은 0.69를 사용할 수 있다. 본 연구는 선박 건조 작업 현장의 안전을 개선하고, 실제 작업 환경에서의 안전 사용 하중 판단에 신속하고 효과적인 결정을 내릴 수 있는 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1981

2000년대 Broiler육종기술의 전망은 개량 역사로 보아 비교적 짧은 기간의 예측이라고 할 수 있다. Broiler의 본격적인 육종은 1945년경부터 시작되었는데 지금까지의 개량진도는 놀랄 만큼 향상되었다. 앞으로의 개량방향과 기대효과는 지금까지의 개량진도를 고찰하고 앞으로 개발될 육종기술의 추찰에 따라 추정될 것이다. 1. Broiler육종의 개량진도 (1) 성장률은 매年 4 -5%외 개량효과를 가져왔으며 (2) 사료효율도 매년 약1%의 향상을 가져왔다. (3) 부로일라의 복부지방 축적에 대한 개선이 요구되고 있으며 (4) 소비성향으로 보아 부분육 해체판매가 유망시되어 살부침이 양호한 닭으로 개량되어야할 것이다. (5) 다수수, 밀사의 환경조건에 알맞는 강건하고 온순한 체질로 개량되어야 하며 이로 인하여 사료효율 향상도 도모할 수 있을 것이다. (6) 모계통 육종에 있어서 산육능력라 기타 경제형질은 대부분 부의 유전상관을 가지고 있음이 밝혀졌으며 (7) 모계통의 산묘능력(연산묘수160개)과 부화율은 상당 수준의 개량을 가져왔다. (8) 부계통의 육종은 앞으로 더욱 성장률이 빠르고 산육능력이 높은 대형종으로 개량될 것으로 추측된다. 2. 앞으로 육종개발될 방향과 전망 : 앞으로의 육종기술의 개발은 추측에 지나지 않으나 선진국에서 연구하고 있는 방향을 소개하면 다음과 같다. (1) 칠면조와 닭과의 교배와 같이 앞으로 종간교배종이 이루어질 가능성이 엿보이며 (2) 생화학의 발달로 혈액형의 구명이 육종진도를 가속화 할 수 있을 것이다. (3) 방사성 동위원소와 화학물질의 이용으로 돌연변이를 일으켜 지금까지 없던 새로운 인자를 작출할 수 있을 것이며 (4) 나체성, 주익우 흠제인자 등을 이용하여 우모로 전환되는 영양소의 절감으로 사료효율를 향상시킬 수도 있을 것이다. (5) 사양환경의 개선이 또한 Broiler의 발육속도와 사료효율 등을 개량할 것으로 추측된다.e의 pattern을 paper chromatography로 확인한 바 2개의 효소단백질 Band는 동일한 작용 pattern을 나타내었다. 5. Soluble starch로부터 생성되는 유일한 초기 가수분해산물은 maltohexaose이었다. system 내의 주요 subsystem의 하나로서 활발히 움직이고 있다. 그러나 만약 기업의 외부환경에서 초래되는 stress, 즉 주민의 소득저하, 타 recreation 산업이 쇠퇴하게 되면 이 공업 또한 쇠퇴될 것이다. 요컨대 담수 지향성과 관련된 입지상의 특색을 제외하고는 연구지역의 소규모 boat 공업은 타 소규모 공업과 동일한 입지상의 특색을 가지고 있다.및 성안 등이 비교적 낮았고 기타 품종은 중정도였으며, 대체로 단백질함량이 높았던 품종들이 지방함량이 낮은 경향이었다. 7. 단백질과 지방함량기간의 상관은 5월 25일 파종에서 고도의 부의 상관(r=-0.5914)이나 6월10일과 6월 25일 상관에서 각각 r=-0.3038과 -0.2975로 부의 상관경향만을 보여 파종기에 따란 상관의 정도가 약간 달랐다. 8. 10a당 종실수량은 6월10일 파종(100%)에 비해 5월 25일 파종에서 104%로 그 착 적었으나, 6월 25일 파종에서는 76%로 만파에 의한 감수정도가 컸다. 품종별 수량은 5월 25일 파종에서 동산7003, Hill 및 Williams, 6월 10일 파종에서 동산 6001, 동산 7003, Williams 및 Hill 등이 대비품종인 광교에 비해 유의증수하였고, 6월 25일 파종에서는 동산 7003만이 증수하였다. 조생종서천백묘, H-25)은 어느 파종기에서나 가장 낮은 수량이였다. 9. 만파(6월 25일 파종)에 의한 감수정도를 기준하여 내만식성정도를 분류하면 광교, 수원8003, 동산69호, 성안, H-25 및 Harosoy 등은 컸고 수원8006, 수원9003, 서천백묘, 강림, 동산 7003,

• 가정∙방문간호학회지
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• 제3권
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• pp.53-66
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• 1996

Home Health Care is one part of the total health care system. It includes health care services that link the hospital to the community. While it is important for early discharge patients, home care is also important for people with chronic illnesses or handicapping conditions. In 1989 the Korean government passed a law that opened the way for formal development of home health care services beginning with education programs to certify nurses for home care, and then demonstration home care services. Part of the mandate of the demonstration projects was evaluation of home care services. This study was done in order to provide basic data that would contribute to the development of records that could be used for evaluation through a retrospective audit and to examine the care that had been given in Home Care at Wonju Christian Hospital over a twenty year period from 1974 to 1994. The purposes of the study were : to identify to characteristics of the clients who had received home care, to identify the reasons for client referrals, to identify the nursing problems of these clients, to identify the nursing care provided to these clients, and to identify differences in these areas over the twenty year period. The study was a descriptive study involving a retrospective audit of the client records. Demographic data on all clients were included : 4,171 clients from 2,564 families. Data on referrals, nursing diagnosis and nursing interventions were from even numbered records which had a patient problem list included in the record, 2,801 clients, Frequencies and ANOVA were used in the analysis. The results of the study showed that the majority of the clients were from Wonju city /county. There were more women than men related to the high number of postpartum clients(1,300). The high number of postparttum clients and newborns was also evident in the age distribution. An the number of maternal-child clients decreased over the 20 years, the mean age of the clients increased significantly. Other factors also contributed to this change ; as increasing number of clients with brain injuries or with cancer, and fewer children with burns, osteomyelitis and tuberculosis. There was a decrease in the mean number of visits and mean length of coverage, reflecting a movement towards a short term acute care model. The number of new clents dropped sharply after 1985. The reasons for this are : the development of other treatment alternatives for clients, the establishment of an active wellbaby clinic, many more options plus a decreasing number of new cases of Hansen's Disase, and insurance that allows people with burns to be kept in hospital until skin grafts are healed. Socioeconomic changes have resulted in an increase in the number of cases of cancer, stroke, head injuries following car accidents, and of diabetes. Of the 2,801 client records, 2,541(60.9%) contained a written referral but for 1,802 it contained only the medical diagnosis. The number of records with a referral requesting specific nursing care was 739(29.1%). Many family members who were identified as in need of nursing care had no written referral. Analysis of the patient problem list showed that 41.9% of the enteries were nursing diagnoses. Others incuded medical diagnosis, symptoms, and plans. The most frequently used diagnoses were alteration in nutrition, less than body requirements(115 entries), alteration in skin integrity(114), knowledge deficit(111), pain(78), self-care deficit(66), and alteration in pattern of urinary elimination(50). These are reflected in the NANDA categories for which the highest number of diagnosis was in the Exchanging pattern(446), followed by Moving(178), Feeling(136) and Knowing (115). Analysis of the frequency of interventions showed that exercise and teaching about exercise was the most frequent intervention, followed by teaching concering the need for follow-up care, checking vital signs, managing nutritional problems, managing catheters, giving emotional support, changing dressings, teaching about medication, teaching (subject not specified), teaching about diet, IM and IV medications or fluid, and skin care, in that order. Recommendations included: development of a record that would allow for efficient recording of frequently used nursing diagnoses and nursing interventions: expansion of the catchment area for Home Care at Wonju Christian Hospital ; expansion of the service to provide complication prevention, rehabilitation services, and support to increase the health maintenance /health promotion of the people being served as well as providing client dentered care ; and development of a clinical record that will allow efficient data collection from records, even though the recording is done by a variety of health care providers.

• 한국인구학
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.1-21
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• 1989

For the analysis of mortality differentials by socioeconomic factors based on death registration data, we have considered four variables : place of residence, educational attainment, marital status and occupation. The age range adopted were 5 to 64 years of age for place of residence, and 25 to 64 years of age for the other factors. The mortality differentials by socioeconomic variables were clear and in the expected direction: mortality levels among urban residents, better educated groups, and non- agricultural workers were lower than among the other sub- groups. The average mortality level in rural areas is much higher than in urban areas : the rural mortality levels were at least double the urban levels at ages below 40 years, but became smaller after age 40, and no clear differentials by urban I rural residence increased until 1974~76 for the both sexes, but since the then differentials have declined slowley for both sexes. This changing pattern of mortality differentials by place of residence can be explained by historical socioeconomic development : the development generally started in urban areas, and rural areas followed : in the course of socioeconomic development the differences between the death rates in the two areas became smaller and finally the mortality levels in the two areas became nearly the same, as is found in the developed countries nowadays. The inverse relationships between mortality and educational level became stronger between the periods 1970~72 and 1984~86, but showed the same atterns of mortality differentials in both period : larger differences among the younger age groups, and for males, than among the older age groups, and for females. The increasing mortality differentials in the fourteen-year period between 1970~72 and 1984~86 were caused by inadequate living standards of the non- educated, whose proportion in the total population, however, dropped sharply during that period. Also, the much lower proportions of low - educated groups or of persons with no formal education among males than females helped to establish the clearly pronounced differentials. The mortality differentials by marital status in Korea showed the usual pattern : the mortality rates of the married in each age and sex group were clearly lower than those of others during the fourteen-year period between 1970~72 and 1984~86. In Korean society which remotes universal marriage, the never married recorded especially high death rates, presumably mainly because of ill - health, but also possibly because of the stigma attached to celibacy. However, the mortality differentials by marital status changed with the changes in the proportionate distribution by marital status during the period : the differences between the death rates of the married and never married groups became smaller, the proportion of the never married group increased : in contrast, the differences between mortalities of the married and widowed / divorced / separated groups widened, with the decrease in the proportion of the later group ; this tendency was perticularly marked for females. Occupational groups also showed clear mortality differences : among four occupational groups mortality of males was highest among agricultural workers and lowest among 'professional, admi-nistrative and clerical workers, However, when the death rates were standardized by educational level, the death rates by occupation in age group 45~64 years were nearly the same (excet for the mixed group consisting of unemployed, students, military servicemen and unknown). Therefore, the clear mortality dfferentials by occupation in Korea resulted mainly from the differences in educational level between different occupation groups. Since socioeconomic characteristics are related to each other, the net effect of each variable was examined. Each of the three variables - ducational level, marital status and urban / rural residence affected significantly Korean adult mortality when the effects of the other variables were controlled. Among the three variables educational level was the most important factor for the determination of the adult mortality level. When male's occupation was added to the above three variables, the effects of occupation on adult mortality were notably smaller after control for the effects of the other three variables while the net effects of these three variables were nearly the same irrespectively whether occupation was included or not. Thus, the differences in educational level (mainly), place of residence and marital status bring out the clear differences in observed mortality levels by occupation.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.146-154
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• 2011

포도당 20%와 효모엑기스가 함유된 배지에서 $40^{\circ}C$에서 48시간에 걸친 에탄올발효 과정 중에 일어나는 고온성 알코올 발효 효모균주 Saccharomyces cerevisiae KNU5377의 세포 내에서 일어나는 생리적 변화를 살펴보고자 했다. 그 결과, 이 발효 효모균주는 $40^{\circ}C$ 48시간의 발효로써 11.4% alcohol을 생성하여, 고온발효인데도 불구하고 우수한 발효능을 가진 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 12시간 발효과정동안 배지의 pH가 시작단계의 pH 6.0이 4.1로 내려갔으며, 이후 에탄올발효가 완성될 때까지 거의 변화하지 않고 이 값으로 유지되었다. 발효 12시간이 지나면서 세포막의 지방산의 조성은 불포화지방산인 $C_{16:1}$ (palmitoleic acid)가 포화지방산인 $C_{16:0}$ (palmitic acid)보다 1.5배나 증가하였으며, $C_{18:1}$보다는 2배 가까이 증가하여 구성되어 있었다. 48시간 배양한 세포의 2차 전기영동(2-D)을 통한 세포내 단백질의 발현정도를 proteomics분석법으로 살펴본 바, phosphoglycerate kinase가 가장 크게 발현했음을 Mass Spectrometry를 통해 알 수 있었다. 그 뒤를 이어 adenylate kinase, Cys3p, Tdh3p, translational elongation factor 등이 크게 발현된 것을 알게 되었다. 이들은 직간접적으로 해당과정에 관여하는 인자들 이어서, 고온 장시간에 걸친 에탄올발효를 하는 이 발효 효모균주의 세포에게는 생존과 에탄올발효를 위하여 해당과정 관여 인자가 중요한 역할을 하고 있다는 것을 강력히 시사하였다.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.68-92
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• 1995

소매업은 경제, 사회, 문화, 정치를 배경으로 소비자의 요구에 부응하며 발전해 가 기 때문에 지역구조의 이해라는 측면에서 증요한 연구 주제이다. 또한 소매업은 일상생활을 영위하기 위한 기본적인 기능이므로, 이에 대한 이해는 삶의 질 향상이라는 측면에서도 중 요하다. 최근, 우리나라는 주민소득의 향상과 그에 따른 수요의 다양화, 개성화, 그리고 정보 화 사회로의 이행, 대기업 및 외국유통업의 참여, 정부의 유통산업 근대화 작업 등 소매업 환경의 변화와 함께 소매업이 크게 변화하고 있다. 따라서 미래의 변화 예측과 바람직한 발 전 방향이 제시되어야 함에도 불구하고, 이에 대한 연구가 미흡하다. 이에 광주시를 연구대 상지역으로 선정하여, 소매업의 입지와 그에 대한 주민의 이용 행태, 그리고 주민의 바람직 한 이용방안을 분석하였다. 이는 입지행태라는 순수한 학문적기여 뿐 아니라, 지역의 효율성 과 평등성의 실현이라는 응용면에서도 중요한 의의를 지닌다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.27-41
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• 2000

The meridian system is the most essential and basic connecting structure that maintains the vital activities of viscera and bowels by connecting them with each part of body's surface. Doctors can understand the healthy condition, and the region and deficiency-excessiveness of disease by observing the condition of Qi flowing. Deficiency and excessiveness could be differentiated by various symptoms expressed in meridian system. Especially there could be several clues like pain, heat-cold, protuberance-depression, change of color and shine in the line of channel leads to the judgment of deficiency-excessiveness The diagnosis of deficiency and excessiveness can be generalized by quantification of elastic status in skin surface along the meridian system. By comparing data from measurement of elastic condition with those from traditional deficiency and excessiveness, it could be utilized for the development of oriental medicine. All biological activities in the human body are based on meridian system according to the oriental medicine. Also the meridian system is viewed as basic and essential structure connecting internal viscera and each part of body. The areas of expressed channel phenomena are muscle to bone, muscle to muscle and bone to bone. These areas are called depression where meridian system is present and any changing state on those points can be measured. It could be difficult in diagnosing the reaction of meridian system because doctor can depend on his own judgment. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify and indexate channel reactions. To quantify the channel reactions, specially manufactured instrument was used to quantify the protuberance and depression to differentiate the deficiency and excessiveness. The results follow as below; 1. The elastic index measurement by the equipment proved a pattern of agreement showing the values that ranged within standard deviation 0.05kgf/cm throughout the experiment except few cases' measurement in CV-17. 2. To evaluate the state of deficiency & excessiveness of elastic index measurements in frontal point, elastic index measurements in the front paint were compared to the elastic index measured surrounding the point within 2.5 cm. Such result of indexing procedure was closely matched to the concept of palpitation. 3. If the elastic index values in the surrounding front point closely located to the elastic index values in the front point, the judgement on the state of deficiency and excessiveness was delayed. Otherwise, it was judged as deficiency or excessiveness. 4. Out of total 12 cases of comparing the elastic index values to the elastic index values in the surrounding front point, Three to nine front points were judged as either in the state of deficiency or excessiveness. 5. Among the nine front points judged as either in the state of deficiency or excessiveness, Four cases were matched to the electric index measured by EAV that evaluating the internal organs by five different phases. If more clinical cases are accumulated, it is expected to systematically theorize and improve the concept of deficiency and excessiveness in the internal organs using the front point.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.5-9
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• 2014

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the applicability and effectiveness of both teukyakmeip contracts of Korea and consignment contracts of the United State to demonstrate the effectiveness and practicability of teukyakmeip in Korea. These are popular contract agreements between large retailers and their suppliers and vendors. In recent years, teukyakmeip was critically examined and scrutinized by the politicians, the media, and the public of Korea. Consequently, this paper focusesheavily on identifying and analyzing different types of contract agreements between large retailers and their suppliers that currently exist in Korea and compares and contrasts those analyzed contract agreements with teukyakmeip. The article also comparesand contrasts teukyakmeip with the consignment agreements of the United States to identify similarities and differences. Research design, data, and methodology - This study is a descriptive study and has used personal interviews to collect and analyze the data. This study also fits the definition of the case study wherein it is entirely focused on investigating a real-life event: analyzing and examining contract agreements in the distribution industry. Both randomly selected management and vendor representatives from the three major department stores, Lotte, Hyundai, and Shinsegae, in Korea were interviewed between July and September 2013. The analysis of the consignment agreement was conducted based on existing secondary data. Results - Although the evidence of the abuse of teukyakmeip and consignment by large retailers from both countries clearly exists, the findings suggestthat both contract agreements would remain as the most relevant and effective legal contracts between large retailers and their suppliers. Based on the comparisonanalysis of teukyakmeip and consignment, both contracts indicated that suppliers are fully responsible for inventory and inventory management. If sales person is necessary for promoting special product, then suppliers are responsible for providing a sales person and their wages under both contracts. However, American department stores, those located outside urban area, tend to use their own employees to perform special product and sales promotion. The retailersare fully responsible for any interior or floor design or redesign of the retail store to accommodate the products from vendors under consignment; however, both suppliers and retailers share the cost of designing and redesigning the interior to accommodate vendors'products under teukyakmeip. Suppliers are responsible for pricing and supplying the quantity of the products under both agreements. Both contracts allow special sales commission as long as vendors agreed. Vendors use this special commissionto introduce their new products or apply market penetration strategy. Conclusions -The findings of this study showed the changing pattern of contract agreements between large retailers and their suppliers from both countries. Furthermore, this study evidently generated policy implications of teukyakmeip which recently became the major social issue in Korea and attracted many policymakers to gain political points by criticizing the teukyakmeip system and the large retailers. The findings of the study would be valuable to policy makers in making appropriate decisions and to large retailers and vendors in making beneficial agreements. The major implication of this study is that teukyakmeip and consignment agreements include very similar or almost identical characteristics, and they are popular among department stores and suppliers. The issue of abolishing teukyakmeip in Korea needs to be examined cautiously because teukyakmeip is the best one available at the moment, and the study suggests that no one benefits from abolishing this system.