• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.854-863
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• 2017

Purpose: The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study of cause-and-effect relationship, which used the $7^{th}$ year data of the Panel Study on Korean Children, to investigate the effects of parenting stress, depression, and family interactions of the parents of early school-age children on children's subjective happiness. Methods: The present study included data of 1419 pairs of parents who participated in the mother and father survey of the Panel Study on Korean Children. The effects of parenting stress, depression, and parental family interactions on children's subjective happiness were analyzed as actor and partner effects using path analysis. Results: Parenting stress had an actor effect on depression; maternal parenting stress (${\beta}=-.21$, p<.001) and depression (${\beta}=-.30$, p<.001) had an actor effect on maternal family interaction; and paternal parenting stress (${\beta}=-.18$, p<.001) and depression (${\beta}=-.17$, p<.001) had a partner effect on maternal family interaction. Paternal parenting stress was found to have an actor effect on paternal family interaction (${\beta}=-.30$, p<.001), and parental depression was found to have actor effect (${\beta}=-.23$, p<.001) and maternal depression had a partner effect on paternal family interactions (${\beta}=-.22$, p<.001). Children's subjective happiness was found to have a statistically significant relationship with maternal family interaction (${\beta}=.40$, p<.001). Conclusion: The significance of the study is in its provision of basic data for adjusting parents' family interactions that are closely related to the growth and development of children by confirming the effect of parents' parenting stress, depression, and family interaction on children's subjective happiness.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.221-238
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between parental childreating behaviors and parental personality, and children’s emotional intelligence. The subjects included 223 children from kindergarten to 6th grade and their parents. The results were as follows: Firstly, children’s Emotional Intelligence(EI) showed sex difference and age difference between two grade-groups(kindergarten~3rd grade, 4th~6th grade). the age-differences being more distinct in other-related EI than in the self-related : Secondly, parental personality explained parental childrearing behaviors better in higher-grade groups than in lower-grade groups, maternal personality predicting maternal childreating behaviors better than paternal personality predicting the paternal childreaing behaviors; Thirdly, childrearing behaviors explained childern’s self-relate EI better than the other-related : Finally, parental personality revealed greater predictive power of children’s EI in higher-grade groups than in lower-grade groups, better explaining sel-related EI than the other-related. Several suggestions were made concerning future EI studies.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.145-156
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• 2022

The effect of paternal telomere length on reproductive performance, relationship between paternal and offspring telomere length, and association between paternal telomere length and offspring production performance were investigated in Korean native chickens. Using 22 paternal chickens and 329 offspring, the paternal reproductive performance such as fertility, embryo mortality, and hatchability, as well as the offspring production performance such as survival rate, body weight, and weight gain were analyzed. Telomere length was analyzed through quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization using lymphocytes. No significant differences were observed in fertility, embryo mortality, and hatchability between paternal chicken telomere lengths (P<0.05). These results indicate that paternal telomere length had a weak negative correlation with fertility and embryonic death rate but a weak positive correlation with hatchability. The correlation coefficient between paternal telomere length and offspring survival rate was r=0.17 (P>0.05). The group of offspring with long paternal telomeres showed relatively poor growth performance. Moreover, a significant negative correlation was estimated between paternal telomere length and offspring growth performance (P<0.05). The correlation coefficient between paternal and offspring telomere lengths was r=0.075 (P>0.05). In conclusion, there was a weak association between paternal telomere length and reproductive performance, offspring survival rate, and offspring telomere length, respectively. However, paternal telomere length and offspring growth performance showed a negative relationship. Such results could be due to the re-extension of telomere length by telomere reprogramming in the early embryonic stage and the different degree of telomere shortening between individuals with increasing age after birth.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1-16
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• 2013

This study examined the effects of paternal smoking on the developmental levels of children younger than 3 years of age. For this purpose, the paper made use of data from the Panel Study on Korean Children which has been released in 3 waves - 2008, 2009, and 2010. The main findings are as follows. First, the smoking characteristics of parents (e.g., the amount of smoking in the morning, the time starting the first cigarette of the day) rather than the duration of smoking or whether the father smoked or not revealed significant relationships with developmental levels. Second, children whose fathers preferred smoking in the morning exhibited lower activity levels or more areas with developmental delays than did their counterparts. Third, children whose fathers smoked more than 11 cigarettes a day were more likely to show problematic developmental levels, especially among those whose fathers responded so only for 1 year out of 3 years. Based on these findings, this study suggests that future research may be conducted, relating to the mechanisms through which morning smoking affects children and possible interventions for such morning smokers.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.617-632
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• 2015

This study examines the effects of paternal parenting behaviors, child-rearing involvement, and father-child communication perceived by children on their leadership. A total of 197 children selected from three elementary schools and their fathers participated in this study. Data were collected using a parenting behavior index, a child-rearing involvement inventory, a father-child communication inventory, and a children's leadership index and statistically analyzed using the t-test, a one-way ANOVA ($Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test), and a multiple regression analysis. The results show significant differences in children's leadership according to the father's education level, family income, the father's warmth/acceptance, the father's family activity involvement, and open/problematic communication between the father and the child. The child's age, the father's education level, family income, the father's warmth/acceptance, open communication, and problematic communication were significant predictors of the child's leadership. These results suggest that a child's leadership may be strengthened if the father is warmer and more accepting and has open communication with the child.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6501-6505
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• 2013

To obtain a screening and early detection reference for individuals who have a family history of cancer on the paternal side, we collected and analyzed data from 240 pairs in which both fathers and their children were diagnosed with cancer. Disease categories of fathers and sons were similar to that of the general population of China, whereas daughters were different from general female population with high incidence of breast cancer and gynecological cancer. Sons were more likely than daughters to have the same type of cancer, or to have cancer in the same organ system as their fathers (P < 0.0001). Sons and daughters developed malignant diseases 11 and 16 years earlier than their fathers, respectively (P < 0.0001 for both sons and daughters). Daughters developed malignant diseases 5 years earlier than sons (P < 0.0001). Men with a family history of malignant tumors on the paternal side should be screened for malignancies from the age of 45 years, or 11 years earlier than the age of their fathers' diagnosis, and women should be screened from the age of 40 years, or 16 years earlier than the age at which their fathers were diagnosed with cancer. Lung cancer should be investigated in both men and women, whilst screening should focus on cancer of the digestive system in men and on breast and gynecological cancer (ovary, uterine and cervical cancer) in women.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.169-184
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parental forgiveness and parent-child communication on school-age children's forgiveness in late childhood. Methods: A total of 231 fifth and sixth graders (122 boys and 109 girls) living in Daegu participated in the study. They responded to questionnaires regarding parental forgiveness, parent-child communication and children's forgiveness. The data were analyzed by t-tests, Pearson's correlations, and SEM using SPSS 18.0 and LISREL 9.1. Results: First, paternal forgiveness had a direct effect on children's forgiveness. Second, parental forgiveness had an indirect effect on children's forgiveness through parent-child communication. Finally, multigroup analyses revealed that paternal forgiveness had a direct effect and an indirect effect through father-child communication on boys' forgiveness, whereas maternal forgiveness had an indirect effect on girls' forgiveness through mother-child communication. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the gender of parents and children needs to be considered to explain school-age children's forgiveness. In addition, these findings have implications for future research and practice by highlighting the importance of parental forgiveness and parent-child communication in forgiveness education programs for children and parent education programs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.614-620
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• 1997

Pedigree data were used to predict the performance of 1,166 imported Americas Brahman breeder cattle, composed of 104 bulls and 1,062 heifers with an average age of 24.4 months (range of 17 to 40 months). A total of 13 full sib, 10 maternal half sib, and 228 paternal half sib groups were identified, each with average group size of 2.08, 2.00, and 4.49, respectively. Only 758 (64.9% of total) imported cattle were found to have at least one ancestor with expected progeny differences (EPDs) reported in the Spring 1995 Brahman Sire Summary. Moderate average accuracy values of .71, .69, .52, and .52 for birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, and maternal milk, respectively, were noted for EPDs of the ancestors. Prediction equations were derived by multiple regression analysis of available EPDs of sire, paternal grand sire, and maternal grand sire. Based on pedigree indexes that involve various combinations of available ancestral information, the average predicted EPDs (lbs) for imported cattle were $1.76{\pm}0.54$, $14.93{\pm}4.86$, $25.10{\pm}9.50$, and $5.86{\pm}2.08$ for birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, and maternal milk, respectively. Significant correlations (p < .05) were also found between sire and son EPDs (+.27) for yearling weight; and between sire and paternal grand sire EPDs for birth weight (+.34), weaning weight (+.51), yearling weight (+.49), and maternal milk (+.55).

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.101-120
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• 2024

This study aimed to examine the effect of adolescents' perceived parental blame (criticism) on learned helplessness and to examine whether maladaptive metacognitive beliefs and rumination sequentially mediate the relationship between parental blame and learned helplessness. The participants were 316 adolescents (Mean age=16.7, SD=0.75; 137 male, 179 female) attending grades 1st and 2nd in high school in South Korea. The participants were selected using a snowball sampling method, while the data was collected via an online self-report questionnaire. This survey was completed by the participants and analyzed using SPSS 28.0, Amos 26.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY), and PROCESS macro version 4.2 (Model 6; Hayes, 2022). The main results are summarized as follows. Firstly, the adolescents' perceived paternal and maternal blame indicated significant direct effects on learned helplessness. Secondly, rumination mediated the effect of paternal and maternal blame on learned helplessness. Lastly, paternal and maternal blame significantly affected learned helplessness through the sequential mediating effects of maladaptive metacognitive beliefs and rumination. This study elucidates the causal structure among the various factors influencing learned helplessness in adolescents, focusing on parental blame, maladaptive metacognitive beliefs, and rumination. Furthermore, considering the verified sequential mediating effects of maladaptive metacognitive beliefs and rumination in the relationship between adolescents' perceived parental blame and learned helplessness, these findings suggest that modifying maladaptive metacognitive beliefs may help to reduce learned helplessness among adolescents who perceive high levels of parental blame.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.19-39
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• 2016

The present study examined differences in children's behavior problems and peer interaction, and parental factors including self-esteem, depression and childrearing stress between atopic dermatitis(AD) and normal(non-AD) children in each gender, and analyzed the effects of the parental factors on the two variables of AD children. 165 AD and 1176 non-AD children of age 5 were selected from the 6th year data of the Panel Study on Korean Children. The results from t-test and multiple regression are as follows. First, only AD boys showed a higher level of behavior problems than non-AD boys, but peer interaction showed no difference between AD and non-AD groups. Compared with non-AD children's parents, mothers of AD children showed a higher stress level and mothers of AD boys had a higher depression level. But there were no differences in maternal self-esteem and paternal factors between the groups. Second, AD boys' behavior problems were related to maternal factors and paternal stress, and some characteristics of AD girls' behavior problems were related with some parental variables. But peer interaction of AD children had no relation with parental factors. Third, behavior problems were influenced by maternal stress in AD boys and influenced by maternal depression and parental self-esteem in AD girls.