• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate mother's parenting stress with her infant and social support and parenting efficacy. The object of the study were 234 mothers who commit their infant to 10 child-care facilities in U metropolitan city. The method of research was questionnaire method. Followings are the summary of it ; The mother's parenting efficacy was generally high. Regression analysis was carried out to investigate the relative influence of the factors related to the mother's parenting efficacy. The variables that influence the mother's parenting efficacy were the social support, the parenting stress, the mother's age, the mother's academic background, income and the order of birth etc.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.231-239
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to investigate differences in maternal role confidence and parenting stress according to the infant's feeding method. Method: The participants were 257 mothers of infants aged 5$\sim$7 months. 145 breast-feeding mothers and 112 bottle-feeding mothers participated. The Maternal Role Confidence Scale and Parenting Stress Index(PSI) were used. Results: The score of maternal role confidence of breast-feeding mothers (3.28) was significantly higher than that of bottle-feeding mothers(2.84). In addition, the parenting stress level of breast-feeding mothers(1.80) was lower than that of bottle-feeding mothers(2.97). However, the scores of maternal role confidence and the parenting stress level were not different according to the mother's and infant's personality characteristics. There was a significant negative correlation between the score of maternal role confidence and parenting stress levels(r=-.55, p<.001). Conclusion: Breast feeding mothers had more confidence of their maternal role, and a lower parenting stress level. Therefore, nurses must encourage infant mothers to breast feed since it is the best option for mothers as well as infants.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.299-313
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• 2020

This study investigated the relationship among fathers' parenting involvement, mothers' parenting competence, and young children's self-control. Participants consisted of 325 mothers and young children (169 boys and 153 girls) from the Seoul area who completed questionnaires on fathers' parenting involvement, mothers' parenting competence, and young children's self-control. Data were statistically analyzed using basic descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Baron and Kenny's method was examined. Subsequently, the Sobel test was performed to check the mediating model's significance and was adapted to SPSS version 21.0 for Windows. The major findings were as follows. First, fathers' parenting involvement was positively correlated with young children's self-control and mothers' parenting competence. Second, mothers' parenting competence was positively correlated with young children's self-control. The mothers' parenting competence indicated a tendency to play a perfectly/partially play a mediating role between fathers' parenting involvement and young children's self-control; consequently, a fathers' parenting involvement had a direct effect as well as an indirect effect through the mothers' parenting competence on young children's self-control. The results indicated that a mothers' parenting competence plays a crucial role in the relationship between a fathers' parenting involvement and the young children's self-control.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1-19
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of parenting efficacy measured at 6 months of infancy, and on parenting stress at 9-months of infancy through a short-term longitudinal approach. Participants were 116 couples living in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, whose first born children were in infancy. The results of the 116 couples were analyzed through the APIM analysis method. The results of the APIM showed that mothers' and fathers' actor effect was significant, which meant that parenting efficacy at 6 months of infancy could predict the existence of parenting stress at 9 months of infancy. However, the partner effect of both mothers and fathers was insignificant. This research demonstrates the significance of parenting efficacy at early infancy, which in turn affects parenting stress as well as factors that need to be considered in pre-parental education.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.46-60
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore married immigrant women's child-rearing experiences including parenting stress and parenting efficacy using parallel/simultaneous mixed method design. Method: Participants of this quantitative study were 53 immigrant women in G City. Data was collected from May 1 to July 31 and analyzed using the SPSS 14 program. Qualitative data was collected from 8 immigrant women through focus group discussions from April, 22 to August 5, 2008 in G City and G Province. The data was analyzed using a content analysis method. Results: The mean score of parenting stress scale and parenting efficacy were 63.49 and 43.11 respectively. Significant differences were found in parenting stress according to nationality, length of stay, religion, economic status, education level, Korean language skill, number of children, and program participation. Significant differences were found in the Parenting efficacy according to the nation, length of stay, economic status, education level, Korean language skill, children's health status, and program participation. Three themes emerged through this analysis: 1) Isolation from the maternal parent, 2) Insufficient support system, 3) Conflicts and Compromise of child-rearing practices. Conclusion: Married immigrant women experience double burdens of mothering. There is a need to develop educational and support programs for them.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.344-354
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine types of parenting among fathers. The characteristics of parenting each type in early childhood were identified by systematically analyzing and classifying father's perceptions of parenting using the Q-methodology, which places importance on the perspective of the performer. Methods: The Q-method, which is effective for measuring individual subjectivity was used. The subjects in this study were 50 fathers with young children (2~36 months). Results: Four parenting types were identified analyzing the subjective perceptions of fathers with young children about parenting. One type was centered on character development. Another was centered on social development. A third was centered on physical health and development. The fourth was centered on building values. Conclusion: Parenting education programs should be developed based on type-specific characteristics and further research should investigate the effects of father's parenting type.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.246-262
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• 2012

This study analyzed the trend of researches regarding parenting involvement of fathers with early childhood children in terms of research period, research content and research method. Forty master's thesis and doctoral dissertation and 22 articles were selected for final analysis. Collected data were analyzed using frequency and percentage ratio. The results of this study showed that research on the parenting involvement of fathers has been rapidly increased since 2005. From the perspective of research content, studies dealing with parenting involvement of fathers as an independent variable focused on early children and social and emotional variables. Most of studies dealing with parenting involvement of fathers as an dependent variable consistently dealt with demographic variables. From the perspective of research method, most researches were quantitative and non-experimental. No research was done using qualitative method and all researches except one were done using non-experimental method. The number of participants in most researches were over 100 and less than 400. Most researches used participants from one particular district. Research instruments validated in Korea were used in most researches. These results were discussed with suggestions for further study.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.270-277
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• 2008

Purpose: Although Hemophilia is a relatively rare hereditary disease, and is treatable with blood products, the parenting stress and guilt of hemophilic patients and their mothers are always high. This study was done to assess the extent of parenting stress, guilt, parenting attitude and parenting satisfaction of mothers with a hemophilic child. Method: The participants in this study were 119 mothers with a hemophilic child who were registered members of the Korea Hemophilia Foundation, and 287 mothers with a healthy child. In order to measure the dimensions related to parenting stress, guilt, parenting attitude and parenting satisfaction, the Questionnaire on Parenting Stress Index, Maternal Guilt Scale, Parenting Attitude Scale & Parenting Satisfaction Scale were administered. We analysed the differences between mothers with a hemophilic child and a healthy child in the questionnaire scores using the SPSS program. Result: Parenting stress and guilt of mothers with a hemophilic child were higher than with a healthy child. Parenting attitude and parenting satisfaction of mothers with a hemophilic child were lower than with a healthy child. Conclusion: The results may help medical professionals understand mothers with a hemophilic child and give basic assistance to develop a nursing intervention by exploring possible ways to alleviate such parenting stress and guilt.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.377-390
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• 2018

This study examined the double mediating effects of work-family conflict and parenting guilt on the relationship between perfectionism and parenting behavior for working mothers. The survey was conducted on 340 working mothers with 3 to 5 year-old children, who lived in Daegu and Kyungpook Province, Korea. Data were collected through questionnaires on perfectionism, work-family conflict, parenting guilt, and parenting behavior. To analyze the collected data, descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and analysis of variance were conducted by using SPSS 22.0 and Model 6 in PROCESS macro, with bootstrapping method. Work-family conflict and parenting guilt were used as mediators. Children's birth order and household income were controlled throughout the analysis. The major findings of this study were as follows. First, work-family conflict and parenting guilt had inconsistent double mediating effects on the relationship between adaptive perfectionism and positive parenting behavior. Second, work-family conflict and parenting guilt had complete double mediating effects on the relationship between adaptive perfectionism and negative parenting behavior. Third, work-family conflict and parenting guilt did not have double mediating effects on the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and positive parenting behavior. Finally, work-family conflict and parenting guilt had partial double mediating effects on the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and negative parenting behavior. The findings provide a better understanding of the relationship between perfectionism and parenting behavior. The results also have implications for providing education for and counseling working mothers with children.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2007

Purpose: As a result of dramatic advances in the medical and surgical management of congenital heart disease (CHD), many babies born with cardiac anomalies today can expect to reach adulthood. The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between parenting stress and personal resources of mothers of children with CHD. Method: Fifty-one mothers of children with CHD were recruited at the pediatric cardiac outpatient clinic from July 14th to September 25th 2006. Abidin's parenting stress index/short form (PSI/SF) and Brandt and Weinert's personal resource questionnaire (PRQ) were used. PSI has 3 sub-concepts; parental role distress, dysfunctional parent-child interaction, and difficult child. PRQ has 4 sub-concepts; intimacy, social integration, worth, and assistance. Data were analyzed using SPSS 13.0 version. Results: Correlation analysis showed that parenting stress was significantly related to 'intimacy', 'social integration', and 'worth' of mothers. Multiple regression analysis showed that parenting stress was significantly related to personal resource of mother and information by internet. Conclusion: Mothers who felt they had supportive friends and family, high self esteem, and social integration reported lower parenting stress. Also, internet may be an effective method to provide information and share experience for mothers of children with CHD.