• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.493-497
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• 2002

The polyphenol compounds of Korea ginseng radix were extracted with 60% acetone for 4 days at room temperature and purified using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, MCI gel column chromatography, Bondapak $C_{18}$, column chromatography, TLC and HPLC. As a result in three compounds were isolated from Korean ginseng. In the inhibitory activities of angiotensin converting enzyme, compound Ⅱ showed the highest value of 31.86% inhibition at 157 ppm. Compound I showed 19.4% inhibition at 157 ppm. In the inhibitory activities of xanthine oxidase, compound I, II showed complete inhibition at 666 ppm but compound III didn't have inhibitory activity. In the inhibitory activities of tyrosninase, compound III showed 6.1% inhibition at 300 ppm and 28.6% at 400 ppm.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.834-839
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• 2004

In human neuroblastoma SK-N-BE(2) cells undergoing apoptotic death induced by ginsenos-ide Rh2, a dammarane glycoside that was isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, caspase-1 and caspase-3 were activated. The expression of Bax was increased in the cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2, whereas Bcl-2 expression was not altered. Treatment with caspase-1 inhibi-tor, Ac-YVAD-CMK, or caspase-3 inhibitor, Z-DEVD-FMK, partially inhibited ginsenoside Rh2-induced cell death but almost suppressed the cleavage of the 116 kDa PARP into a 85 kDa fragment. When the levels of p53 were examined in this process, p53 accumulated rapidly in the cells treated early with ginsenoside Rh2. These results suggest that activation of caspase-1 and -3 and the up-regulation of Bax are required in order for apoptotic death of SK-N-BE(2) cells to be induced by ginsenoside Rh2, and p53 plays an important role in the pathways to promote apoptosis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.198-204
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• 2010

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) preserved in syrup, known as ginseng Jung Kwa (GJK), is a popular traditional snack in Korea. We investigated the effects of heat processing time on total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of GJK. Water extract was prepared from GJK with different heat processing times, 3 hours (GJK-3), 6 hours (GJK-6), or 12 hours (GJK-12), with sonication for 2 hours. The GJK extract contained total phenolic content in the following order: GJK-12 (2.28%)>GJK-6 (1.57%)>GJK-3 (1.29%). Both the peroxy and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity and cellular antioxidant capacity of GJK extract was significantly enhanced with increasing heat processing time. The hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity of GJK-12 extract was greater than that of the GJK-3 and GJK-6 extracts, consistent with metal chelating capacity and reducing capacity. In a cellular model, the GJK extract effectively reduced 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, $Cu^{2+}$-, and $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress, with GJK-12 and GJK-6 extracts demonstrating greater cellular antioxidant capacity than the GJK-3 extract. These results suggest that heat processing time can contribute to the antioxidant capacity of GJK and that GJK extract may have the potential to be used as an effective dietary antioxidant to prevent oxidative stress-related diseases.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.86-97
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• 2021

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer has been used as a nourishing edible herb in East Asia for thousands of years. 25-OH-PPT was first discovered as a natural rare triterpenoid saponin in ginseng stems and leaves by our group. Research found that it showed strong inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, and protected cardiocytes (H9c2) through PI3K/Akt pathway. Methods: In the research, in order to optimize the 25-OH-PPT enrichment process, optimal macroporous resins and optimal purification conditions were studied. Meanwhile, the hypoglycemic effect and mechanism of 25-OH-PPT were evaluated by using STZ to establish insulin-dependent diabetic mice and the spontaneous type 2 diabetes DB/DB mice. Results and Conclusion: Research found that 25-OH-PPT can reduce blood glucose and enhance glucose tolerance in STZ model mice. It increases insulin sensitivity by upregulating GLUT4 and AMPK in skeletal muscle, and activating insulin signaling pathways. In DB/DB mice, 25-OH-PPT achieves hypoglycemic effects mainly by activating the insulin signaling pathway. Meanwhile, through the influence of liver inflammatory factors and lipids in serum, it can be seen that 25-OH-PPT has obvious anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effects. These results provide new insights into the study of ginseng as a functional food.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.9-22
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• 2023

As a famous herbal medicine in China and Asia, ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is also known as the "King of All Herbs" and has long been used in medicine and healthcare. In addition to the obvious biological activities of ginsenosides, ginseng polysaccharides (GPs) exhibit excellent antitumor, antioxidant stress, and immunomodulatory effects. In particular, GPs can exert an antitumor effect and is a potential immunomodulator. However, due to the complexity and diversity in the structures and components of GPs, their specific physicochemical properties, and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this article, we have summarized the factors influencing the antitumor activity of GPs and their mechanism of action, including the stimulation of the immune system, regulation of the gut microbiota, and direct action on tumor cells

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.234-239
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• 2009

This study aims to establish the directions for the optimal nutrient contents determined by soil and leaf analyses. The study is to be used as a source for basic information in investigating the effects of nutritional environment on ginseng growth at the fields of Ansung region in Gyeonggi province. The physical property of soil porosity is closely related to ginseng growth, with more than 50% of good growth in the field. The optimal range of chemical properties in soil was analyzed as 0.20-0.28% T-N, 500-900 mg/kg Av.P$_2$O$_5$, and 2.3-3.5 cmol$^+$/kg Exch.Ca. The optimal range of inorganic nutrient contents in leaves was also analyzed. P value was less than 0.25%, and Mg was more than 0.22%. Other elements were not found clearly. The ratios of N/P, N/Mg, K/Mg, and Ca/P of leaves with good growth in the field showed 10<, 10-13, <14, 1<, respectively. In addition, the Ca:Mg:K ratio of the Exch.cation (cmol$^+$/kg) may be useful as an indicator in the assessment of plant growth in ginseng.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.97-100
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• 2014

To explore the possibility of using pyroligneous acid for environmentally friendly ginseng farming, this study observed samples of ginseng whose shoots were treated with pyroligneous acid sprays beginning in mid June, which is after foliation stage. The spongy tissue structure got thickened from triple layers to quadruple layers with the pyroligneous acid regardless of the concentration. The upper and lower epidermis cell of the leaves as well as the leaf mesopyll cells also became thicker. Compared to the no-treatment group, the overall growth and development of ginseng roots treated with pyroligneous acid were excellent. Accordingly, it is believed that pyroligneous acid can be an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional agro-chemicals applied to ginseng that can be used to facilitate the growth and development of ginseng.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.371-374
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• 2005

The compositions and antioxidant activities of tree and hydrolyzed phenolic acids, which are aglycones of esterified phenolic acids, in wild ginseng leaves were investigated. The contents of tree and hydrolyzed phenolic acids in the wild ginseng leaves were $422.4\;{\pm}\;3.5$ and $319.6\;{\pm}\;5.7\;mg/100\;g$, respectively, as gallic acid equivalents. Free phenolic acids were composed of 55.3% benzoic acid derivatives and 44.6% phenylpropanoids. The major constituents of free phenolic acids in the ginseng leaves were syringic (139.4 mg/l00 g) and sinapic (131.2 mg/100 g) acids. On the other hand, hydrolyzed phenolic acids in the ginseng leaves were mainly composed of caffeic (59.4 mg/100 g), ferulic (49.5 mg/100 g), and p-coumaric (33.8 mg/100g) acids. Phenylpropanoid content was higher (82.7%) than benzoic acid derivatives (17.3%). $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH radical scavenging activity were $10.2\;{\mu}g/mL$ for tree phenolic acids and 8.0 mg/mL for hydrolyzed phenolic acids, as gallic acid equivalents. Hydrolyzed phenolic acids also exhibited higher hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging activities than free phenolic acids did. These results indicated that the antioxidant activities of the wild ginseng leaves were correlated more closely with phenylpropanoid contents than with total amount of phenolics.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.09a
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• pp.320-321
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• 2011

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.234-235
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• 2011