• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.435-447
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• 2016

Anthropogenic emissions of $PM_{2.5}$ in Chuncheon are considered to be low according to the national emissions inventory; however, the atmospheric $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations have been reported to be higher than or at least similar to those measured in metropolitan (e.g. Seoul) and/or in industrial cities (e.g. Incheon, Ulsan). In this study, the concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ and its ionic and carbonaceous compounds were measured from Jan. 2013 to Dec. 2014 in Chuncheon, Korea to identify the characteristics of high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration event. Average $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was $34.6{\mu}g/m^3$, exceeding the annual air quality standard ($25{\mu}g/m^3$). The most abundant compound was organic carbon (OC), comprising 26% of $PM_{2.5}$ mass, followed by $SO_4{^{2-}}$. Among 14 high concentration events, three events showed clearly enhanced contributions of OC, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $NH_4{^+}$ to $PM_{2.5}$ under the fog events. One event observed in summer showed high concentration of $SO_4{^{2-}}$ while the high wind speeds and the low $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratios were observed for the two high concentration events. These results indicate that the secondary aerosol formation under the fog events and high atmospheric temperature as well as the regional and/or the long-range transport were important on enhancing $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in Chuncheon. Cluster analysis based on back trajectories also suggested the significant impacts of regional transport from China and metropolitan areas of Korea on $PM_{2.5}$ in Chuncheon.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 청소 과정에서 바닥에 먼지가 실내 공기 중으로 비산되는 특성을 공기 중 미세먼지를 측정하여 분석하였다. 신발을 벗지 않고 생활하는 국내 사무실을 대상으로 하였고, 실내 청소 과정에서 발생하는 미세먼지를 측정하였다. 미세먼지($PM_{10}$)와 초미세먼지($PM_{2.5}$)와 $1{\mu}m$ 보다 작은 먼지의 무게농도($PM_{1.0}$)을 분석하였고, 청소 과정에서 발생하는 $0.3{\mu}m$ 이상의 먼지의 크기를 측정하여 분석하였다. 특히, 빗자루질과 진공청소기를 사용하는 과정에서 재비산 되는 미세먼지의 특성을 분석하였고, 입자의 크기에 따른 재비산 특성과 실내 농도 변화 특성을 확인하였다. $PM_{2.5}$와 $PM_{10}$은 청소 시작과 함께 농도가 증가하였고, 청소 이후에도 실내에 부유하여 장시간 인체에 노출될 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 반면에 $PM_{1.0}$은 상대적으로 청소과정에서 농도가 증가하는 경향을 확인할 수 없었다. 특히, $2.5{\sim}10{\mu}m$ 크기의 먼지는 바닥에 먼지가 많은 조건에서 빗자루질로 청소하는 경우, 초기 농도의 약 60배까지 높아질 수 있음을 확인하였다. 바닥에 먼지가 적은 조건에서 진공청소기를 사용하는 경우도 $2.5{\sim}10{\mu}m$ 크기의 먼지가 증가하였지만 초기 농도의 5배 이하였다. 중성능급 배기필터가 장착된 진공청소기가 가동하는 동안 CPC로 측정된 총 개수농도가 급격히 증가한 후 감소하는 특성이 나타났다. 개수로 대부분을 차지하는 먼지는 250 nm 보다 작은 크기였다. 실내 거주자의 미세먼지 노출은 외부에서 유입된 대기 미세먼지와 실내에서 발생된 실내 생성 미세먼지가 함께 영향을 준다고 알려져 있다. 그렇지만, 국내 실내 활동 중 발생되는 미세먼지에 대한 체계적인 측정과 분석 연구가 많지 않았다. 이미 진행되고 있는 다양한 대기 미세먼지 연구 뿐 아니라 앞으로는 실내의 다양한 활동에 기인한 미세먼지 생성 특성에 대한 심도 깊은 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.183-191
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• 2005

This study is designed to compare the performance of established samplers (personal air sampler and MiniVOL portable air sampler) commonly used in the air environment or work environment with that of the sampler made by remodeling the air bubble generator for aquarium fishes. Sampling method used in this study is the filter collection method for PM10 and total suspended particles (TSP), the liquid collection method for sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) and nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$), and the solid collection method for toluene, respectively. There is not a significant difference in the average concentration of TSP between the Gilian personal air sampler (1st, $0.316{\pm}0.095$; 2nd $0.191{\pm}0.090$; 3rd, $0.185{\pm}0.073mg/m^3$) and the remodeled sampler (1st, $0.317{\pm}0.106$, 2nd $0.201{\pm}0.050$; 3rd $0.189{\pm}0.081mg/m^3$). There are also not significant differences in the average concentration of PM10 among the Gilian personal air sampler ($0.058{\pm}0.006mg/m^3$), the remodeled sampler ($0.052{\pm}0.008mg/m^3$) and the MiniVOL portable air sampler ($0.054{\pm}0.007mg/m^3$). The average concentration of the SO2 by the established sampler and the remodeled one is $3.79{\pm}0.21ppb$ and $3.45{\pm}0.15ppb$, respectively. In addition, there are not sigmficant differences in the average concentration of the NO2 between the Gilian personal air sampler (1st, $0.325{\pm}0.068$; 2nd $0.341{\pm}0.206$; 3rd, $2.971{\pm}0.078{\mu}g/m^3$) and the remodeled sampler (1st, $0.300{\pm}0.062$; 2nd $0.332{\pm}0.144$, 3rd, $2.968{\pm}0.085{\mu}g/m^3$). There are not significant differences in the average concentration of toluene between the Gilian personal air sampler (1st, $0.499{\pm}0.072$; 2nd $0.598{\pm}0.112$; 3rd $2.284{\pm}0.077{\mu}g/m^3$) and the remodeled sampler (1st, $0.463{\pm}0.133$; 2nd $0.603{\pm}0.082$; 3rd $2.353{\pm}0.115{\mu}g/m^3$). From these results, we can conclude that the performance of the remodeled sampler is not different from that of established samplers. There is possibility that the remodeled sampler can be used as a alternative device for Gilian personal air sampler in area and personal air sampling.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.60-68
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• 2009

The most principal approach to improve indoor air quality(IAQ) of subway was to examine the fine particulate(PM-10) from the emission sources. Therefore, this study was carried on the investigation the fine particulate for comparison with the removal efficiency of PM-10 in divided the PSD(Platform Screen Door) and Non-PSD subway station from July, 2007 to May 2008. In the monitoring results, the range of PM-10 concentration of Non-PSD station was $44.6{\sim}116.5{\mu}g/m^3$ and the range of PM-10 concentration of PSD station was $23.9{\sim}81.1{\mu}g/m^3$. And then the range of PM-2.5 concentration of Non-PSD station was $17.4-56.6{\mu}g/m^3$, and then the range of PM-2.5 concentration of PSD station was $17.9{\sim}34.4{\mu}g/m^3$. In comparison with the results of the PSD and Non-PSD subway station, we found that the PM-10 removal efficiency of PSD was 30-40%. In conclusion, the PSD will be applied the effective facilities of decreasing PM-10 in subway station in Korea.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.318-337
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• 2023

본 연구는 시스템다이내믹스를 활용하여 미세먼지 저감 정책이 미세먼지 농도와 건강에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 시스템다이내믹스는 미세먼지 발생원, 저감 정책, 미세먼지 농도, 건강영향 간의 동태적이며 순환적인 관계의 모델링을 구축할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 연구에서는 국내의 대표적 미세먼지 저감 정책인 산업부문 미세먼지 배출규제, 디젤차 규제, 전기차 확대, 공원·녹지면적 확대를 대상으로 정책 시나리오를 작성하여 현재 추세가 유지될 때와의 2030년 기준 결과를 비교하였다. 분석 결과, 전기차 지원정책은 0.21㎍/m³의 PM₁₀ 농도 저감과 494명의 순환기계 질환자 수 감소 효과가 있었으며 전국적으로 고르게 효과가 나타났다. 산업 배출량 규제 시나리오에서는 0.22㎍/m³의 가장 높은 PM₁₀ 농도가 감소하였으나 전기차 지원보다 적은 질환자 수 감소 효과(358명)가 나타났는데 이는 해당 정책이 충북 단양군, 부산 사하구 등 일부 공업지역을 중심으로 높은 미세먼지 저감 효과를 보였기 때문이다. 이러한 결과는 지역의 배출원 특성에 맞는 정책 선정의 필요성을 제시하였다.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.555-560
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• 2002

Subway has been used one of major public transportations because of overpopulation and heavy traffic problems in the metropolitan areas. In this study, continuous date of PM-10(particles with aerodynamic diameter < 10$\mu\textrm{m}$) and heavy metal concentration measurements for autumn and winter period were analysed. These measurements have been carried out at the outdoor, concourse, platform, tunnel. The study results showed that the average seasonal concentration of PM-10 particles were 181.01$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ in autumn and 129.03$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ in winter, respectively. The concentration of Fe, Cu showed the largest peak concentrations during the respective season.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.329-341
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• 2016

Pohang is a well-known industrial city in Korea with a large steel-industrial complexes. The biggest environmental issue in the city is associated with fine particulate matter (hereinafter, $PM_{10}$). The concentration of $PM_{10}$ is generally dependent on the local emission sources and meteorological conditions. Iron and steel industrial complexes are likely serious pollution sources of $PM_{10}$ in Pohang. In this study, daily $PM_{10}$ data from a large database from the year of 2000 to 2012 were statistically analyzed, together with meteorological data. The average concentrations of $PM_{10}$ were evaluated according to the frequency of Asian dust, haze, mist, and fog. The number of days exceeding short-term standard for $PM_{10}$ were also examined, taking into consideration of weather conditions. It was found that the concentration of $PM_{10}$ was reduced about 18% to 26% because of precipitation. In addition, the effects of wind direction and wind speed on the $PM_{10}$ concentrations were investigated.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.68-73
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• 2011

머루와인의 pH는 $3.7{\pm}0.1$, 총 안토시아닌 함량은 $4.3{\pm}0.3$, 색도는 $10.2{\pm}0.8$이었으며, 총 페놀과 플라보노이드의 함량은 각각 $18.8{\pm}3.9$ mg/100 g, $0.5{\pm}0.2$ mg/100 g이었다. 무기질은 총 10종이 검출되었으며, 특히 K의 함량이 $5.3{\pm}0.2$ mg/100 g으로 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. 전자공여능을 측정한 결과, 1,000 ${\mu}L/mL$의 농도에서 $90.4{\pm}1.8%$로 가장 활성이 뛰어났으며, 환원력을 측정한 결과, 농도가 1,000 ${\mu}L/mL$일 때 환원력은 0.932를 나타내었다. 그리고 아질산염에 대한 소거능을 측정한 결과, pH 1.2의 조건일 때 1,000 ${\mu}L/mL$의 농도에서 $76.3{\pm}1.3%$로 가장 뛰어난 소거능을 보였다. 머루와인의 농도가 증가함에 따라 실험 결과는 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.380-391
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• 2015

Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess airborne particulate matter pollution and its effect on health of residents living near Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex and its vicinities. Also, this study measured and analyzed the concentration of TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and heavy metals which influences on the environmental and respiratory disease in Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex, Daegu, Korea. Methods: In this study, we analyzed various environmental pollutants such as particulate matter and heavy metals from Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex that adversely affected local residents's health. In particular, we verified the concentration distribution and characteristics of exposure for TSP, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ among particulate matters, and heavy metals(Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, Zn, and Mg). In that regard, the official test method on air pollution in Korea for analysis of particulate matter and heavy metal in atmosphere were conducted. The large capacity air sampling method by the official test method on air pollution in Korea were applied for sampling of heavy metals in atmosphere. In addition, we evaluated the concentration of seasonal environmental pollutants for each point of residence in Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex and surrounding area. The sampling measured periods for air pollutants were from August 11, 2013 to February 21, 2014. Furthermore, we measured and analyzed the seasonal concentrations(summer, autumn and winter). Results: The average concentration for TSP, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ by direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were 1.7, 1.4 and 1.9 times higher than reference region. In analysis results of seasonal concentrations for particulate matter in four direct influence and reference area, concentration levels for winter were generally somewhat higher than concentrations for summer and autumn. The average concentrations for Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, and Zn in direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were $0.0008{\pm}0.0004{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.0141{\pm}0.0163{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.0248{\pm}0.0059{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.0026{\pm}0.0011{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.0272{\pm}0.0084{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.4855{\pm}0.1862{\mu}g/Sm^3$, and $0.3068{\pm}0.0631{\mu}g/Sm^3$, respectively. In particularly, the average concentrations for Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, and Zn in direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were 1.9, 3.6, 2.1, 1.9, 1.4, 2.6, and 1.2 times higher than reference area, respectively. The continuous monitoring and management were required for some heavy metals such as Cr and Ni. Moreover, the average concentration in winter for particulate matter in direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were generally higher than concentrations in summer and autumn. Also, average concentrations for TSP, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ were from 1.5 to 2.0 times, 1.2 to 1.8 times, and 1.1 to 2.3 times higher than reference area, respectively. In results for seasonal atmospheric environment, TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and heavy metal concentrations in direct influence area were higher than reference area. Especially, the concentrations in C station were a high level in comparison with other area. Conclusions: In the results, some particulate matters and heavy metals were relatively high concentration, in order to understand the environmental pollution level and health effect in surrounding area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex. The concentration of some heavy metals emitted from direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were relatively higher than reference area. In particular, average concentration for heavy metals in this study were higher than average concentrations in air quality monitoring station for heavy metal for 7 years in Deagu metropolitan region. Especially, the residents near Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex may be exposed to the pollutants(TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and heavy metals, etc) emitted from the factories in Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.95-105
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Bacillus-fermented Scutellariae Radix acupuncture solution (SB) on interleukin(IL) production in mouse macrophage stimulatedby lipopolysaccaride(LPS). Methods : Productions of interleukins were measured y High-throughput Multiplex Bead based Assay with Bio-plex Suspension Array System based on $xMAP^{(R)}$(multi-analyte profiling beads) technology. To begin with, cell culture supernatant was obtained after treatment with LPS(1 ${\mu}g/mL$) and SB for 24 hour. Then, it was incubated with the antibody-conj${\mu}g$ated beads for 30 minutes. And detection antibody was added and incubated for 30 minutes. After incubating for 30 minutes, Strepavidin-conjugated Phycoerythrin(SAPE) was then added. Incubating for another 30 minutes, the level of SAPE fluorescence was analyzed on Bio-plex Suspension Array System. Results : The results of the experiment are as follows. SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of IL-3($9.15{\pm}0.35$ pg/mL) by $6.92{\pm}0.05,\;7.21{\pm}0.11,\;6.96{\pm}0.33,\;and\;7.45{\pm}0.74$ pg/mL at the concentration of 25, 50, 100, and 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells (p<0.05). SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of IL-5($7.30{\pm}0.48$ pg/mL) by $6.50{\pm}0.29,\;6.30{\pm}0.25,\;6.30{\pm}0.25,\;and\;5.80{\pm}0.25$ pg/mL at the concentration of 25, 50 100, and 200 ${\mg}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 cells (p<0.05). SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced productiion of IL-9($17.26{\pm}0.19$ pg/mL) by $15.01{\pm}0.43$ pg/mL at the concentration of 25 ${\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 cells(p<0.05). SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced productioh of IL-13($187.80{\pm}2.90$ pg/mL) by $152.80{\pm}4.25,\;172.80{\pm}3.97,\;162.10{\pm}6.67,\;and\;165.30{\pm}11.80$ pg/mL at the concentration fo 25, 50, 100, and 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 cells(p<0.05). SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of IL-17($18.30{\pm}0.95$ pg/mL) by $13.30{\pm}1.25,\;13.80{\pm}1.11,\;13.30{\pm}0.75,\;and\;14.00{\pm}1.08$ pg/mL at the concentration of 25, 50 100, and 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 cells(p<0.05). SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of IL-23($43.90{\pm}0.83$ pg/mL by $39.50{\pm}1.26,\;38.00{\pm}1.78,\;and\;39.60{\pm}2.49$ pg/mL at the concentration of 25, 100, and 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 cells(p<0.05). Conclusions : These results suggest that SB has anti-inflammatory activity related with its inhibition of IL-3, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-23 production in macrophages.