• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1988

Inhibitory effect of L. leptolepis fallen leaf extracts on the germination of Pinus densiflora, ${\times}$ Pinus rigitaeda, Pinus rigida, Pinus thunbergii and Larix leptolepis was investigated. Germination of those seeds in culture room and in pot at field showed the highly significant inhibitory effects by the aqueous extracts from L. leptolepis fallen leaves. Among them L. leptolepis was the most severely inhibited by the aqueous extracts used. To identify allelopathic substances, thin-layer chromatography was employed. Gallic, ferulic, t-cinnamic and vanillic acids were identified from fallen leaves of L. leptolepis. From the results, it is assumed that autotoxicity of L. leptolepis may act as inhibitory factors on germination of the species in natural stands.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.150-154
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• 2007

This study was carried out to increase germination by classifying seeds as seed coat colors of three species of genus Pinus. As result, the seeds classified as colors showed a difference. In seed length, Pinus densiflora (Pd) and P. thunbergii (Pt) had no difference while P. rigitaeda (Pr) had a difference between light yellow seeds and dark brown seeds (p<0.05). Only Pt was different in seed width. And in 1,000 seeds weight the three species showed a great difference while were not significantly different in seed moisture contents. In percent germination, all of the three species had a difference, especially that of Pr was very wide. Pd and Pt were not different in mean germination time but Pr showed a difference between light yellow seeds and dark brown seeds.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.426-436
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate actual vegetation, the structure of plant community, and ecological succession sere of coastal forest ecosystem in warm temperate climate zone, Taejongdae, Busan City, Korea to provide the basic data for planning of the forest management. As a result of analysis of actual vegetation, vegetation types divided into 35 types, and the area of survey site was $1,750,461m^2$. The ratio of vegetation type dominated by Pinus thunbergii was 80.7%, dominated by Quercus spp. was just 5.0%, and dominated by Carpinus tschonoskii was just 0.4%. Eighteen plots(size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up and the results analyzed by DCA which is one of the ordination technique showed that the plant communities were divided into four groups which are community I(P. thunbergii community), community II(P. thunbergii-Quercus serrata community), community III(Q. serrata-P. thunbergii community), and community IV(Carpinus tschonoskii-P. thunbergii community). The age of community I was from 38 to 59 years old, that of community II was from 35 to 71 years old, that of community III was from 37 to 53 years old, that of community IV was from 50 to 72 years old, thus we supposed that the age of the study site is about from 38 to 72 years old. We supposed that the successional sere of the study site is in the early stage of ecological succession in the warm temperate climate zone. The dominant species will be changed from P. thunbergii to Q. serrata or Carpinus tschonoskii in the canopy layer, on the other hand, Eurya japonica will be dominant species in the understory layer, and E. japonica and Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermediumwill be dominant species in the shrub layer for a while. According to the index of Shnnon's diversity(unit: $400m^2$), community I ranged from 0.8640 to 1.3986, community II was from 0.1731 to 1.1885, community III was from 0.8250 to 1.0042, and community IV was from 0.3436 to 0.6986.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.376-380
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• 2012

A survey of bacterial species associated with Korean isolates of pine wood nematode (PWN) was performed. A total of 110 bacterial isolates were obtained from the PWN isolates that were previously isolated from Pinus densiflora and P. koraiensis. Among the bacterial isolates, Cedecea neteri was most frequent (64 isolates) followed by Ewingella americana (21 isolates), Pseudomonas sp. (15 isolates), Flavobacterium sp. (8 isolates) and Rahnella aquatilis (2 isolates). Both E. americana and Pseudomonas sp. which are assumed to be closely associated with PWN were examined for their phytotoxicity to P. thunbergii seedlings. Ethyl acetate extracts of Psuedomonas sp. (Ba2 strain) cultures were found to induce wilting and mortality in the tested seedlings. The three bacterial species, Pseudomonas sp. (Ba2 strain), E. ameircana (Ba4 strain) and C. neteri (Ba10 strain) were examined in vitro for their sensitivity to 21 kinds of antibiotics. All of the strains were highly susceptible to carbenicillin, doxcycline and tetracycline.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.469-475
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• 1993

In order to elucidate the metabolism of the systemic insecticide, phosphamidon(2-chloro-2-diethylcarbamoyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate), treated to pine trees against pine leaf gall midges (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye), $[vinyl,\;carbonyl-^{14}C]$phosphamidon was implanted into the trunks of 10-year-old Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) and Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.), respectively. This chemical was degraded very quickly in pine trees after implanting, as confirmed by TLC/autoradiography of the extracts of pine needles. Phosphamidon metabolites in phosphate buffer extracts of pine needles include the major metabolite, ${\alpha}-chloroacetoacetic$ acid diethyl-amide, ${\alpha}-chloroacetoacetic$ acid ethylamide, 3-hydroxy-N,N-d iethylbutanamide, acetoacetamide, and trimethyl phosphate. The metabolism within pine trees is expected to be similar to this. Based on these findings, it is believed that the major pathway leading to the metabolites would be related to the P-O-vinyl hydrolysis of the chemical structure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.453-461
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• 2005

Structural characteristics and successional trends of actual forest vegetation in Youngil soil erosion control district, South Korea, were studied and described by the phytosociological investigations and diameter measurement. And also the incremental growth pattern of the major trees for erosion control analyzed using increment core. Sixty-eight releves were sampled with $100m^2$ plots. Two main vegetation types (Lespedeza bicolor-Miscanthus sinensis-type and Alnus firma-Styrax japonica-type) have been distinguished and typified nine vegetation units. Constancy classes diagram showed that the higher species (${\geq}IV$) have only 2.6% and that most species occurred were rare and had low abundances. The successional trends of the actual forest vegetation would be mostly changed as Quercus serrata forest. Annual diameter growth was 3.0~3.4 mm in case of conifer (Pinus rigida and Pinus thunbergii), and the broad-leaved trees (Alnus firma, Robinia pseudo-acacia, and Alnus hirsuta) showed 4.3~4.9 mm. The incremental growth patterns showed to be decreased rapidly since twenty to twenty-five years regardless of the species of trees.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.226-236
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• 2023

As climate change intensifies, the importance of studying plant phenology has increased, leading to a surge in research employing automated video recording devices like Phenocams. In this study, using the Phenocams operated by the National Institute of Ecology, we examined the trends in plant phenological changes across diverse ecosystem types in South Korea and analyzed their correlations with climate factors. The patterns of plant phenological changes varied by region and tree species. Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora typically show an overall increase in their growth period, positively correlating with temperatures and precipitation during winter. However, uniquely, for Abies koreana on Hallasan Mt., a higher amount of precipitation in August leads to an earlier end of season (eos), and the correlation analysis with the recent phenomenon of dying A. Koreana seems necessary. beyond the analysis, solutions for handling missing data issues during the data collection process were proposed. Furthermore, to expand future research scope and encompass diverse ecosystem types, a suggestion to combine Phenocam research with satellite observations was presented.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2022.09a
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• pp.60-60
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• 2022

우리나라에 분포하는 팥꽃나무과(Thymelaeaceae) 산닥나무속(Wikstroemia) 식물은 산닥나무[Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino], 거문도닥나무[W. ganpi (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim.] 2종이 분포하고 있다. 산닥나무는 낮은 산지의 그늘진 계곡에서 주로 자생하며, 거문도닥나무는 임연부에서 주로 자생하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 현재 우리나라에 남아있는 자생지는 기후변화, 남획 등을 이유로 과거에 비하여 축소되어 유전자원의 현지 내·외 보전이 적극적으로 권장된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 삼지닥나무, 산닥나무, 거문도닥나무의 생육환경 특성을 파악하여 보존 및 증식을 위한 기초자료로 활용하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 연구 결과, 확인된 자생지는 3지역 7개소로 산닥나무는 순천지역, 영암지역, 거문도닥나무는 고흥지역에 자생하는 것으로 확인되었다. 산닥나무는 해발고도 72-248 m, 사면 방위는 북사면, 동사면, 경사는 30-55°의 급경사지에서 주로 자생하는 것으로 확인되었으며, 방형구(10×10 m) 내 개체수는 8-20 개체가 확인되었다. 거문도닥나무는 해발고도 65-76 m, 사면방위는 동사면, 경사는 20-60°, 개체수는 15-25 개체가 확인되었다. 군집분석은 지표종 분석을 통해 가장 유의한 2개 군집으로 나뉘었으며, 산닥나무는 소나무 군집(Pinus densiflora Sieblod & Zucc.), 거문도닥나무는 곰솔(Pinus thunbergii Parl.) 군집으로 확인되었다. 군집의 안전성, 다양성을 나타내는 척도인 종다양성, 최대종다양도, 균재도 및 우점도지수는 소나무 군집 1.2303, 1.2788, 0.9621, 0.0389, 곰솔 군집이 1.1821, 1.2359, 0.9552, 0.0448로 확인되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2005

The vegetation of Bijin and Yongcho Islets was investigated from February 1, 2000 to March 30, 2002, and forest structure was constructed. Vascular plants of this area consisted of 12 forms, 59 varieties, 476 species, 352 genera, 112 families and 37 orders. Among them, 37 species (6.8% out of the total 547 taxa) of evergreen broad leaved trees, 36 species (6.6% out of the total 547 taxa and 19.7% out of the total naturalized plants in Korea) of naturalized plants, 6 species of endemic plants and 41 species of cultivated plants were observed. Rare and endangered plants include 1 taxa: Crypsinus hastatus ('98-4). The vegetation in this study area was classified into 9 communities (Pinus thunbergii, Castanopsis cuspidata var thunbergii Camellia japonica, Neolitsea sericea, Machilus thunbergii, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus coreana, Platycarya strobilacea, Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens) and 1 afforestation (Alnus firma).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.327-357
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• 2011

This study compared the species composition and distribution of the forest communities between Korea and Japan using vegetation releve database. The study included the eastern and southern Korean Peninsula, Is. Jeju, Is. Ulreung, northern Kyushu, central part of Japan and Is. Tsushima and divided in fourteen region with major mountain as the center. Seventy-nine forest communities were classified by tabular comparison with the total of 1844 releves. In the composition table, fifty-four groups of plant species were listed. Some grew in one area exclusively, while others were present in multiple locations. This study showed the similarity and heterogeneity of species composition among study areas. We grouped fourteen types showing similar physiognomy for forest communities. The physiognomical features of the vertical vegetation zones in the study area were similar, however, dominant species and species composition were different between the regions. In the lowland zone, Castanopsis-Type dominated by Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii or Castanopsis cuspidata were distributed in the study area except for northern part of the Korean Peninsula and Is. Ulreung. Additionally, Persea thunbergii-Type was distributed widely in the lowest part of the study area, however, it showed the simplification of the species composition in the Korean Peninsula and Is. Ulreung. In the hilly zone, evergreen forest composed by Abies firma-Type distributed in northern Kyushuand Is. Tsushima, but it was absent in the other study region. The difference in forest community was conspicuous, especially in the montane zone. Deciduous broadleaved forests composed Quercus(D)-Type and Fagus-Type widely distributed in the montane of study area. However, forest community dominated by Quercus mongolica and Fagus multinervis flourished in Korea. On the otherhand, forest community dominated by Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata, Fagus crenata and F. japonica distributed in Japan. In the sub-alpine zone, evergreen coniferous forest composed Abies-Quercus(D)-Type, Abies koreana-Type, and Pinus pumila-Type were distributed in the Korean Peninsula and Is. Jeju. Forests composed Taxus cuspidata var. nana-Type, Abies mariesii-Type, and Pinus pumila-Type distributed in the central part of Japan. As a result of DCA ordination, evergreen broadleaved forests of the whole study area showed the lower scores along the first axis, while deciduous and coniferous forests showed the higher scores. The forest types of western part of Japan were located the higer scores, forest types of the Korean Peninsula were located the lower scores, and forest types of Is. Jeju located in the middle. Warmth index (WI) and Annual range of temperature in climate factor were highly correlated on the first axis. The first axis reflected the gradient from oceanic climatic to continental one. The higher the altitude and further geographically, the lower the similarity among communities and the peculiarity of community appeared stronger. The historical background reflecting local flora has strongly influenced on development of community.