• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.69-83
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• 2022

Objective : This study aimed to confirm the possibility of the clinical application of oral motor facilitation technique (OMFT) protocol and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in patients with Wallenberg syndrome. Methods : One patient with Wallenberg syndrome was treated with OMFT and NMES applied 40 times each, 5 days a week, twice a day for 4 weeks. The Comprehensive Oral-Facial Function Scale (COFFS), Korean-Mann Swallowing Ability Assessment (K-MASA), and Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) were used to compare the changes before and after the intervention. Data analysis was used to compare the score changes before and after the intervention. Results : Orofacial function and swallowing ability improved after the intervention in the individual who participated in this study. Among oral motor functions, relatively greater functional improvement was observed in tongue movement compared to other functions, which was evaluated to the extent that pharyngeal swallowing was possible. Conclusions : Early swallowing rehabilitation using systematic OMFT and NMES of exercise intensity confirmed the possibility of improving oral motor function and dysphagia. In the future, complementary studies on the effects of interventions applying the OMFT and NMES will be needed.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.67-79
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• 2008

This study was conducted to find out biological response of bivalves exposed to tributyltin chloride(TBTCl). The results of the study confirmed that TBTCl induce the reduction of oxygen consumption rateand histopathological feature in the gill structure of equilateral venus, Gomphina veneriformis. The experi-mental groups consisted of a control and 3 TBTCl exposure groups (0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 yg TBTCl L') and theexperimental period was 36 weeks. For histological analysis, gill tissues were fixed in Bouin's fluid andthen stained H-E stain, AB-PAS (PH 2.5) reaction and Masson's trichrome stain after having serially sec-tioned the tissue by paraffin method at thickness of 4-6 (an. The oxygen consumption rate was not signifi-cantly different between the control and exposure groups at 4 weeks, but in all exposure groups at 28 weeks,it was significantly different to the control. Gill of G. veneriformis had demibranch that attached two sheetsof lamellae and a lamella was composed of numerous filaments, numbering 25 on average. The frontal fila-ment zone had three types of cilia; frontal, latero-frontal and lateral depending on locations while the lateralcilia were the longest and largest in number. The mucous cells observed in filaments were more abundant in(542c) in AB-PAS (PH 2.5) reaction. Gill exposed to TBTCl was extended hemolymph sinus and increased hemocytes at 4 weeks, and then it showed increases of mucous cells and partially disappearance of frontalcilia. In the group of 0.8 yg TBTCl L' at 12 weeks, hypertrophy of frontal and latero-frontal epithelia wasobserved. Also it observed m decrease of mucous cell containing weekly acid mucosubstance and appearedpartially destruction muscle fiber bundle, In the groups of 0.4 and 0.6 ug TBTCl L' at 36 weeks, it appearedpartially modification of epithelia and in 0.8 us TBTCl L' group, observed filaments that come out chiti-nous rod from disappearance of frontal and latero-frontal epithelia.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.294-312
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• 2023

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of GGX on an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma mice model. Methods: Balb/c mice were challenged with OVA and then treated with three concentrations of GGX (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). After sacrifice, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or lungs of the mice were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, ELISA, real-time PCR, H&E, Masson's trichrome, PAS and AB-PAS staining, and immunohistofluorescence staining. Results: GGX significantly inhibited the increase of total cells, immune cells (lymphocyte, neutrophils, macrophage, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+CD69+, CD62L-CD44high+, Gr-1+SiglecF-), and the expression of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IFN-γ) in BALF. It also significantly inhibited the increase of total cells, immune cells (lymphocyte, neutrophils, eosinophil/macrophage, CD3+, CD19+, CD3+CD193+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+CD69+, CD62L-CD44high+, and Gr-1+SiglecF-), and the expression of IL-13, TARC, and MCP-1 in lung tissue. GGX decreased the severity of histological lung injury and the expressions of STAT3 and GATA3. Conclusion: This study suggests the probability of using GGX for the treatment of asthma by inhibiting inflammatory immune response.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.14-23
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• 1978

This survey was conducted on a total 672 pulmonary tuberculosis patients who were registered at certain health center in Busan, during the period from July 15th to August 31st, 1977, based on Modified Cornell Medical Index(CMI) consisting of 70 questions. Number of 'Yes' response of an individual patients was collected by each large section of Modified CMI. The each number of 'Yes' response was standardized by mean of Z scoring. Z score was obtained by following formula. Z=50+10(Xi-m)/s M : means of 'Yes' response by each section for all subjects s : standard deviation of the mean Xi : number of 'Yes' response by each section in an individual patients The results of obtained were as follows: 1. The number of investigated cases were 672 (459 males and 213 females). The most prevalent group was 20-24 years old group as 18.4% by age, moderate advanced group as 50.8% by radiological diagnosis, INH+PAS+SM group as 34.7% by antituberculotics and unemployed group as 59.9% by occupation. By bacteriological examination of sputum, the rate of negative group was 60.5% and positive group was 39.5%. 2. Z score of complaints by sex was higher in female as 52.4 than in male as 48.9 in general. By radiological diagnosis, there was decreasing tendency with age in male but increasing tendency with age in female. 3. By age group, Z score of complaints was increasing tendency with age in male but there was non-significant differences in female. 4. By bacteriological examination of sputum, the Z score of complaints was increasing tendency with the more discharged bacteria in both sex generally. 5. By antituberculotics, INH group was revealed the highest Z score of complaints as 50.4 in male and INH+PAS group was the highest as 51.21 in female. 6. By occupation, agricultural and fisherman group was the highest as 53.5 and the next group was professional, technical and related workers, unemployed and sales workers in that order.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.438-449
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• 1996

Development of alimentary tract and nutrient absorption in embryo of the viviparous teleost surfperch, Ditrema temmincki were investigated with histochemical methods. Just after hatching mouth of the embryo was opened, and the end part of alimentary tract was opened in TL 4.0 mm. Mucosal folds in the alimentary tract appeared at posterior region from TL 5.0 mm. In TL 30.0 mm, the alimentary tract of the embryo could be distinguished into pharynx, esophagus, anterior intestine, mid intestine, posterior intestine, rectum and anus. From over TL 50.0 mm, the internal histological patterns of the alimentary tract showed similar structures as seen in the adult. The mucous cells in the pharynx were positively reacted to PAS in TL 7.0 mm. PAS positive goblet cell appeared in the intestine from 25.0 mm, from TL 30.0 mm in the rectum, from TL 40.0 mm in the anus and from 50.0 mm in the esophagus. Yolky materials were absorbed completely in TL 6.0 mm. PAS positive polysaccharide absorptive cells began to appear at the posterior parts of the intestine in TL 7.0 mm and appeared in TL 13.0 mm at the rectum, in TL 15.0 mm at the anterior intestine and in TL 40.0 mm at the anterior part of anus. During the gestation period, nutrient absorptive type of the embryo within the maternal body is a placental analogues type of metrotrophy.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 1995

Classification of peripheral leucocytes in Korean catfish (Silurus asotus) were performed. The leucocytes were classified on the basis of their morphological, cytochemieal and phagocytic characteristics. Four types of leucocytes were observed in the peripheral blood. Neutrophils were round and 12 - $15{\mu}m$ in diameter with round, oval or 2 - 3 segmented neuclei. Their cytoplam was stained whitish or grey. Lymphocytes were round and 5.5 - $8{\mu}m$ in diameter with large round neuclei which occupied most of the cells. Monocytes were round or irregular cells and 12 - $15{\mu}m$ in diameter with bean - shaped or irreular neuclei. Thrombocytes were oval or spindle - shaped cells with oval or spindle - neucle. The cells with greyish cytoplasm ranged 7.2 to $14.4{\mu}m$ in length and 5.8 to $7.2{\mu}m$ in width. Only neutrophils showed positive reaction in peroxidase and PAS. Neutrophils and monocytes showed active phagocytosis. As the results it is concluded that peripheral leucocytes of Koran catfish could be classified as lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and thrombocytes.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.203-220
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• 1989

Ever since the expression of new tumor-specific antigens was reported during malignant transformation, studies on separation, purification and characterization of these proteins have been so activated recently. Following experiment was performed to observe tumor-specific antigens by implanting DMBA pellet into submaxillary gland of rat for inducing salivary gland tumor. After dividing 280 rats into 2 groups, in control group, sham operation was performed on right submaxillary gland and, in experimental group, DMBA pellet (5mg) was implanted into right submaxillary gland. Then proteins from excised submaxillary gland by killing 10 rats every two weeks for 28 weeks were extracted with 3M KCl, and SDS-PAGE and PAS-staining were carried out for biochemical examination. The obtained results were summarized as follows; 1) At 12th week since implantation of DMBA pellet, tumor mass formation was inspected. And dysplasia at 6th week and invasive epidermoid carcinoma at 10th week were observed by microscope. 2) In control group, the weight ratio of both submaxillary glands had no any change, however, in experimental group, the ratio was increased remarkably. And at 28th week after DMBA implantation, there was more than 15 times of differences in weight between control and experimental group. 3) There was no DMBA remnant after 22nd experimental week. 4) In the SDS-PAGE, high molecular protein bands (more than 100 kd) were appeared much, and new prominent protein bands (66, 48, 41.5, 39, 37, 37.5 kd) were appeared after 4th week since DMBA implantation. However, 38, 27, 22kd protein bands were disappeared. 5) In PAS-staining, high molecular proteins were proteins were all glycoproteins and 37.5kd protein was proved as to be glycoprotein. And 38kd glycoprotein was disappeared after 4th week since DMBA implantation.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.29
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• pp.3.1-3.7
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• 2014

Objectives This study was conducted to determine the depositional characteristics of several tree barks, including Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Pine (Pinus densiflora), Platanus (Platanus), and Metasequoia (Metasequoia glyptostroboides). These were used as passive air sampler (PAS) of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Methods Tree barks were sampled from the same site. PBDEs were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometer, and the lipid content was measured using the gravimetric method by n-hexane extraction. Results Gingko contained the highest lipid content (7.82 mg/g dry), whereas pine (4.85 mg/g dry), Platanus (3.61 mg/g dry), and Metasequoia (0.97 mg/g dry) had relatively lower content. The highest total PBDEs concentration was observed in Metasequoia (83,159.0 pg/g dry), followed by Ginkgo (53,538.4 pg/g dry), Pine (20,266.4 pg/g dry), and Platanus (12,572.0 pg/g dry). There were poor correlations between lipid content and total PBDE concentrations in tree barks ($R^2$=0.1011, p =0.682). Among the PBDE congeners, BDE 206, 207 and 209 were highly brominated PBDEs that are sorbed to particulates in ambient air, which accounted for 90.5% (84.3-95.6%) of the concentration and were therefore identified as the main PBDE congener. The concentrations of particulate PBDEs deposited on tree barks were dependent on morphological characteristics such as surface area or roughness of barks. Conclusions Therefore, when using the tree barks as the PAS of the atmospheric PBDEs, samples belonging to same tree species should be collected to reduce errors and to obtain reliable data.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Fermentation of dietary fiber results in production of various short chain fatty acids in the colon. In particular, butyrate is reported to regulate the physical and functional integrity of the normal colonic mucosa by altering mucin gene expression or the number of goblet cells. The objective of this study was to investigate whether butyrate modulates mucin secretion in LS174T human colorectal cells, thereby influencing the adhesion of probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains and subsequently inhibiting pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli. In addition, possible signaling pathways involved in mucin gene regulation induced by butyrate treatment were also investigated. MATERIALS/METHODS: Mucin protein content assay and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining were performed in LS174T cells treated with butyrate at various concentrations. Effects of butyrate on the ability of probiotics to adhere to LS174T cells and their competition with E. coli strains were examined. Real time polymerase chain reaction for mucin gene expression and Taqman array 96-well fast plate-based pathway analysis were performed on butyrate-treated LS174T cells. RESULTS: Treatment with butyrate resulted in a dose-dependent increase in mucin protein contents in LS174T cells with peak effects at 6 or 9 mM, which was further confirmed by PAS staining. Increase in mucin protein contents resulted in elevated adherence of probiotics, which subsequently reduced the adherent ability of E. coli. Treatment with butyrate also increased transcriptional levels of MUC3, MUC4, and MUC12, which was accompanied by higher gene expressions of signaling kinases and transcription factors involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, butyrate is an effective regulator of modulation of mucin protein production at the transcriptional and translational levels, resulting in changes in the adherence of gut microflora. Butyrate potentially stimulates the MAPK signaling pathway in intestinal cells, which is positively correlated with gut defense.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.311-316
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• 2008

A 7-year-old female Shih Tzu dog with lots of masses in the whole mammary gland was presented to the surgery department of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital in the Cheju National University. After surgical excision, all mammary samples were referred to Pathology Department of Veterinary Medicine. Grossly, masses were measuring up to $6.5{\times}4{\times}1cm$ and on cut surface of masses in right 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th and left 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th mammary masses were well delineated and firm, sulphur yellow, solid round to oval shape. Microscopically, most neoplastic sweat glands were severely proliferated in dermis and subcutis. Most tubules were lined by round to oval shaped epithelium with eosinophilic cytoplasm, hyperchromatic nuclei with high mitotic figures and severe central necrosis. The neoplastic epithelium also had PAS-positive diastase-resistant cytoplasmic granules, but negative with Perls iron stain. The left 2nd mass was well delineated, and had several dark brown areas and yellowish white glittered areas. Mass was well circumscribed with dense connective tissue. Neoplastic areas contained irregular sized mammary gland with papillary grown luminal epithelial cells in single or double cells layer with mitotic figures and small amounts of proliferated myoepithelial cells. Proliferated myoepithelial cells also produced slightly basophilic mucinous materials. Based on the gross, histopathologic and special staining characteristics, this dog was diagnosed as 90% of apocrine sweat gland aenocarcinoma and 10% mammary. complex adenomas in mammary masses. In our best knowledge, this is the first report for concurrent occurrence of apocrine sweat gland adenocarcinoma and mammary gland complex adenoma in mammary masses of the same dog.