Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology

The Korean Society of Environmental Health and Toxicology (환경독성보건학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Depositional characteristics of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers on tree barks

  • Chun, Man Young (Department of Environmental Engineering, Hankyong National University)
  • Received : 2014.04.11
  • Accepted : 2014.06.04
  • Published : 2014.01.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives This study was conducted to determine the depositional characteristics of several tree barks, including Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Pine (Pinus densiflora), Platanus (Platanus), and Metasequoia (Metasequoia glyptostroboides). These were used as passive air sampler (PAS) of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Methods Tree barks were sampled from the same site. PBDEs were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometer, and the lipid content was measured using the gravimetric method by n-hexane extraction. Results Gingko contained the highest lipid content (7.82 mg/g dry), whereas pine (4.85 mg/g dry), Platanus (3.61 mg/g dry), and Metasequoia (0.97 mg/g dry) had relatively lower content. The highest total PBDEs concentration was observed in Metasequoia (83,159.0 pg/g dry), followed by Ginkgo (53,538.4 pg/g dry), Pine (20,266.4 pg/g dry), and Platanus (12,572.0 pg/g dry). There were poor correlations between lipid content and total PBDE concentrations in tree barks ($R^2$=0.1011, p =0.682). Among the PBDE congeners, BDE 206, 207 and 209 were highly brominated PBDEs that are sorbed to particulates in ambient air, which accounted for 90.5% (84.3-95.6%) of the concentration and were therefore identified as the main PBDE congener. The concentrations of particulate PBDEs deposited on tree barks were dependent on morphological characteristics such as surface area or roughness of barks. Conclusions Therefore, when using the tree barks as the PAS of the atmospheric PBDEs, samples belonging to same tree species should be collected to reduce errors and to obtain reliable data.

Keywords

References

  1. Covaci A, Harrad S, Abdallah MA, Ali N, Law RJ, Herzke D, et al. Novel brominated flame retardants: a review of their analysis, environmental fate and behaviour. Environ Int 2011;37(2):532-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.007
  2. Wania F, Dugani CB. Assessing the long-range transport potential of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: a comparison of four multimedia models. Environ Toxicol Chem 2003;22(6):1252-1261. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620220610
  3. Hites RA. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: a meta-analysis of concentrations. Environ Sci Technol 2004;38(4):945-956. https://doi.org/10.1021/es035082g
  4. Yeo HG, Cho KC, Chun MY. Concentration and characteristic of PBDEs in pine needle and soil of Ansung-city. Korean J Environ Health 2006;32(2):111-117 (Korean).
  5. Yeo HG, Cho KC, Chun MY. Composition, source, and regional concentration of PBDEs in pine needles. J Korean Soc Environ Eng 2006;28(8):829-835 (Korean).
  6. Kim KK. Contents characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor household dust. Anal Sci Technol 2013; 26(2):113-119 (Korean). https://doi.org/10.5806/AST.2013.26.2.113
  7. Eitzer BD, Hites RA. Atmospheric transport and deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ Sci Technol 1989;23(11):1396-1401. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00069a011
  8. Thomas G, Sweetman AJ, Ockenden WA, Mackay D, Jones KC. Air-pasture transfer of PCBs. Environ Sci Technol 1998;32(7): 936-942. https://doi.org/10.1021/es970761a
  9. Bacci E, Cerejeira MJ, Gaggi C, Chemello G, Calamari D, Vighi M. Chlorinated dioxins: volatilization from soils and bioconcentration in plant leaves. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1992;48(3):401-408.
  10. Yeo HG, Choi MK, Chun MY, Kim TW, Sunwoo Y. Temperature dependence of PCBs in urban area of Seoul City. J Korean Soc Atmos Environ 2002;18(3):193-204 (Korean).
  11. Hayakawa K, Takatsuki H, Watanabe I, Sakai S. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and monobromo-polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (MoBPXDD/Fs) in the atmosphere and bulk deposition in Kyoto, Japan. Chemosphere 2004; 57(5):343-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.06.038
  12. Mandalakis M, Besis A, Stephanou EG. Particle-size distribution and gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban areas of Greece. Environ Pollut 2009; 157(4):1227-1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.12.010
  13. Ministry of Environment. Korean Official Test of POPs. Notification No. 2011-125. Gwacheon: Ministry of Environment; 2011, p.1728-1789 (Korean).
  14. US Environmental Protection Agency. Method 1614: brominated diphenyl ethers in water, soil, sediment, and tissue by HRGC/HRMS; 2007 [cited 2014 Apr 14]. Available from: http://water. epa.gov/scitech/methods/cwa/bioindicators/upload/2007_09_ 11_methods_method_1614.pdf.
  15. Shoeib M, Harner T. Characterization and comparison of three passive air samplers for persistent organic pollutants. Environ Sci Technol 2002;36 (19):4142-4151. https://doi.org/10.1021/es020635t
  16. Chun MY. A study on the deposition of PCBs in air on coniferous needles. J Korean Soc Environ Eng 1998;20(10):1377-1383 (Korean).
  17. Chun MY. Sampling rate evaluation of atmospheric PAHs to pine needles for passive air sampler. J Korea Soc Environ Anal 2011; 14(2):83-88 (Korean).
  18. Chun MY. Estimation of PCBs concentrations in ambient air using pine needles as a passive air sampler (PAS). J Environ Health Sci 2012;38(4):360-368 (Korean).
  19. Cetin B, Odabasi M. Atmospheric concentrations and phase partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Izmir, Turkey. Chemosphere 2008;71(6):1067-1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.052
  20. Wang ZY, Zeng XL, Zhai ZC. Prediction of supercooled liquid vapor pressures and n-octanol/air partition coefficients for polybrominated diphenyl ethers by means of molecular descriptors from DFT method. Sci Total Environ 2008;389(2-3):296-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.023
  21. Heo JW, Kim DG, Song IS, Lee G. Concentration and gas-particle partition of PCDDs/Fs and dl-PCBs in the ambient air of Ansan area. J Korean Soc Atmos Environ 2010;26(5):517-532 (Korean). https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2010.26.5.517
  22. Chun MY. Depositional characteristics of atmospheric PCBs on tree barks. J Korea Soc Environ Anal 2013;16(2):92-98 (Korean).
  23. Chun MY. Characteristics of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) deposited on tree leaves. J Korea Soc Environ Anal 2014;17(1):1-8 (Korean).
  24. Welsch-Pausch K, McLachlan MS, Umlauf G. Determination of the Principal Pathways of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans to Lolium multiflorum (Welsh Ray Grass). Environ Sci Technol 1995;29(4):1090-1098. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00004a031
  25. Hinds WC. Aerosol technology: properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1982, p. 127-132.