• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.367-380
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• 2011

This paper has focused on deriving a GPS based geodetic network adjustment strategy to continuously determine coordinate sets of the national geodetic control points. After domestic literature review on the topic and overseas case studies about countries that recently reformed their geodetic infrastructure have been carried out, a simplified geodetic network consisting of two layers, namely GPS active and passive network, has been proposed to maximize effectiveness of the network adjustment through reducing the number of the passive points. Furthermore, a GPS data processing and network adjustment procedure has been derived to support the continuous management scheme. While a scheme for the active layer adopts a sequential least squares adjustment based on a multi-baseline, that of the passive layer employs a multi-session adjustment technique with respect to 3-dimensional baseline vectors. Finally, experimental adjustment against a network comprising 24 active and 6,900 passive stations has been performed to demonstrate the efficiency and the effectiveness of the proposed method.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.103-123
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• 2014

Export performance has been a core topic in export marketing research. This study aims to investigate the relationship between adaptation/standardization strategies and export performance obtained after implementing each of these strategies to marketing mix variables. It is expected that the study results will help companies better understand an efficient marketing mix and applicability of adaptation/standardization approaches in their export ventures. New Zealand exporting firms which actively seek for export markets in Korea are selected for empirical analysis of this study. Adaptation and standardization are concepts that signify the level of intensity in each strategy; both have advantages and weaknesses. In the case of adaptation approach, it is shown that the difference in export performance between satisfactory and non satisfactory export ventures is statistically significant in marketing mix variables such as price, place and promotion. However, product variables affect statistical significance on export performance between satisfactory and non satisfactory export ventures in standardization approach. This study implies that when a company exports its product overseas, standardization effort is more important for product variables whereas much effort needed in adapting marketing variables such as price, place, and promotion to get satisfactory export performance.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.355-386
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• 2006

This paper analyses recent regional development policies being carried out in Japan and the U.S. Such policies are formed on the sustainability principle aiming at the realization of circula-flow economy and zero waste society. The study here illuminates Japan's Eco-town project and three cases of eco-industrial developments in Minnesota. Such projects have gone from improving industry competitiveness through constructing clean production systems on the company level to improving national competitiveness through constructing a 'circular society' on the government level. Japan included the realization of a 'circular society' as its government's top agenda because it recognized that environmental pollution stems from the inefficient use of natural resources. Eco-town project is a regional development policy specifically reflecting such recognition. The eco-efficiency based city development approaches in Minnesota are but small examples of the new wave in regional development in the developed countries. We need to go beyond emphasizing eco-friendly and ethical management to just the companies. The government itself needs to design national policies based on environmental sustainability.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.177-186
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• 2013

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study theoretically reviews vertical grade deriving process in super high speed environment and compares overseas design criteria with Domestic Standardization also draws suitable vertical grade design criteria of high standard for Domestic Circumstances in Korea. METHODS : By researching domestic vehicle registration status, calculating typical vehicle, using Vissim which is traffic simulation program, Speed-distance curve of the vehicle is derived under each design speed condition. Through Speed-distance curve, estimating critical length of grade and considering critical length of grade, maximum longitudinal incline is proposed. RESULTS : The result of domestic vehicle registration status, the typical vehicle for deriving vertical grade is calculated based on gravity horsepower ratio 200 lb/hp. For calculating critical length of grade, according to change speed of uphill entry, speed-distance curve is derived by using Vissim. Critical length of grade is calculated based on design speed 20 km/h criteria which is point of retardation. Estimated critical length of grade is 808 m and based on this result, maximum longitudinal incline was confirmed in the design speed between 130km/h to 140km/h. CONCLUSIONS: The case of the typical vehicle(truck) which is gravity horsepower ratio 200 lb/hp, maximum longitudinal incline 2% is desirable at the super high speed environment in the design speed between 130km/h to 140km/h.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.57-85
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• 2015

This paper is a study on export support system that a small company can make the export performance early in the overseas market and also can enhance international marketing capabilities. The model is solved to operational problems of the conventional export support program, and it contained a further support action to complement the weakness of the program. We want to create a Smart-Platform(Export Power Double Plus-Platform: EPDP)that we can improve the export capability of SMEs in the short term. The model will be very useful to export support agencies as an integrated support platform that supports the international marketing of the korean SMEs. And added some case studies of SMEs in Daejeon city.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.122-134
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• 2020

To improve traffic congestion, reduce fuel consumption, and improve the stability of truck operations, truck platooning, in which several trucks are organized in a single platoon, is being actively researched globally. Compared to the operation of a single truck, the operation of a truck platoon requires more caution before the actual operation because an accident of one vehicle in the platoon can lead to an accident with all the vehicles in the platoon. Therefore, this study examined the types of trucks and cargo suitable for truck platooning to prevent safety accidents. The review showed that a closed-van-type truck is appropriate for truck platooning to prevent falling objects during driving. In the case of cargo types, it is necessary to exclude liquids and dangerous goods defined in related laws from truck platooning.

• Journal of Sport and Applied Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.23-29
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to review the current states of new sports imported from foreign countries and to discuss strategic insights for promoting new sports which has been invented in Korea. Research design, data, and methodology: This study employed the qualitative approach, in which reviewed a related literature. First, the study selected flying disc, sports stacking, and T-ball as sample cases. This is because these new sports were recognized the prominent sports frequently played in physical education classes in Korea. Second, the study reviewed prior studies in the field of distribution and marketing in order to determine the criteria of analysis and variables that frequently examined in distribution and marketing studies. Finally, the study confirmed such terminologies as research variables including new sport name, organization name, background of the invented sports, distributional channel, promotional activities and so forth. To collect data, the study search literature via academic search engine including DBpia, KISS, RISS, ScienceDirect, SAGE Journals, SpringerLink, and Taylor & Francis. Results: It was found that all of the imported new sports organized association and its nationwide branches to deliver their sprots to local schools and recreational markets. second, they targeted schools and sought to broaden their markets to recreational communities. Conclusions: In order to promote new sport invented in Korea, associations need to be systematically organized and mission should be clearly stated. In addition, creative methods for promotion need to be developed. Future directions were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2021

Objectives The present study examined the recent domestic and international trends of non-surgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). Methods The studies on non-surgical treatment of LSS were investigated via searching Korean web databases and PubMed. As a result, 39 studies were analyzed according to the authors, the types of study, the relationship to surgical treatment and the method of treatment. Results The first authors' occupations were identified as 17 doctors, 12 Korean medicine doctors, six physiotherapists, three chiropractic doctors and one doctor of science. The most common type of study in Korea was the case report and most of the studies were retrospective. Overseas, there were many prospective or experimental studies including randomized controlled trials (RCT). In Korea, non-surgical treatment was performed independently of surgical treatment in most cases. Among non-surgical treatments, the most researched treatment was traditional Korean medicine (TKM), followed by injection therapy, exercise therapy, and physical therapy. Conclusions Through this review, we can determine the effectiveness of TKM and its research direction. TKM should be studied experimentally including RCT and it should be conducted not only on acupuncture, but also on other treatment methods such as acupotomy, chuna, and herbal medicine. It is also necessary to conduct studies on TKM before and after surgery to compare the effects of surgery and TKM together, as well the effects on non-surgical treatments.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.57-73
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• 2022

The process and change of convergence in the economy and industry with the development of digital technology and combining with new technologies is called Digital Transformation. Specifically, it refers to innovating existing businesses and services by utilizing information and communication technologies such as big data analysis, Internet of Things, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence. Digital transformation is changing the shape of business and has a wide impact on businesses and consumers in all industries. Among them, the big data and analytics market is emerging as one of the most important growth drivers of digital transformation. Integrating intelligent data into an existing business is one of the key tasks of digital transformation, and it is important to collect and monitor data and learn from the collected data in order to efficiently operate a data-based business. In developed countries overseas, research on new business models using various data accumulated at the level of government and private companies is being actively conducted. However, although the trade and import/export data collected in the domestic public sector is being accumulated in various types and ranges, the establishment of an analysis and utilization model is still in its infancy. Currently, we are living in an era of massive amounts of big data. We intend to discuss the value of trade big data possessed from the past to the present, and suggest a strategy to activate trade big data for trade digital transformation and a new direction for future trade big data research.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.58
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• pp.215-236
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• 2013

It is quite true that the more Korean contractors receive overseas contracts, the more they need guarantees. The top market for them is the Middle East countries, consisting of more than the half of the total amount awarded last year and the trend is increasing as well. The problem, however, is that employers in these countries are reluctant to use international rules for guarantee such as URDG or ISP98 and easily make unfair callings. However, Korean contractors(applicants), especially small and medium sized enterprises(SMEs) tend to hurriedly enter a contract without looking into its contents as well as guarantees. They do not realize the importance of the guarantees until they receive callings from the employers(beneficiaries). Being independent from the underlying contracts, guarantee is the equivalent to cash in that it usually does not require any proof of demand when calling and the guarantor should make a payment within usually 5 business days after the request. It is often observed these days that several Korean SMEs go bankrupt due to liquidity risks after receiving unfair callings from employers in the Middle East countries. In retrospect, some cases could be obviated if contractors were a little more careful in checking the contents of a guarantee at the time of concluding a contract. For example, there is one case where the underlying contract includes a reduction clause in the Advance Payment bond and the guarantee does not have that clause. In the end, the Korean contractor had to take the whole burden of the bond amount though it had finished 81% of the project. Nobody could argue that contractors should take a full responsibility if they fail in their obligations. However, the employer's wrongful callings need to be prevented in the first place, if possible. As there shouldn't be a case where one party is at a disadvantage against the other like the case mentioned above, useful insight is being sought to minimize unfair calling risks for the benefit of the applicant. First, the applicant should carefully look into every detail of the potential guarantee before signing a contract, heeding especially that there is a reduction clause in the AP bond. Second, the governing principles for guarantee should be the ones that are internally used such as URDG758 that is objective in terms of callings given that, for example, it specifies that the requirement for a supporting statement when making a demand is a default rule. It is also recommended that the form of guarantees be the standard demand guarantee. Third, parties involved in issuing guarantees are advised to understand international rules for guarantee like URDG758 and ISP98 and to play a key role in guiding SME contractors in Korea so that they can protect themselves from possible wrongful callings, particularly from employers in the Middle East countries. I hope this study would give a wake-up call for Korean SMEs wishing to do business in the Middle East countries and remind them of the importance of guarantee itself and its governing principles.