• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.208-223
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of diffusive(or passive) sampler in measuring airbone organic solvents. Diffusive samplers are generally simple in construction and do not require power for operation. The efficiency of the diffusive samplers has not sufficiently been investigated in Korea. Three types of samplers were studied in this study. The sampling and analytical results by passive samplers were compared with results by charcoal tube method recommended by NIOSH(National Institute for Occupational Safty and Health). The following characteristics are identified and studied as critical to the performance passive monitors; recovery, reverse diffusion, storage stability, accuracy and precision, face velocity and humidity, n-Hexane, TCE(trichloroethylene) and toluene were used as test vapors. A dynamic vapor exposure system consisting of organic vapor generator and sampling chamber for evaluating diffusive samplers are made. The results of the study are summarized as follows. 1. NIOSH recommands that the overall accuracy of a sampling method in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 times the occupational health standard should be ${\pm}25$ percent for 95 percent confidence level. Among three types of diffusive samplers, sampler A has permeation membrane and samplers Band C have diffusive areas, samplers A and B met the criterion that overall accuracy for 95% confidence level of the samplers were within ${\pm}25$ percent of the reference value. Sampler C had overall accuracy ${\pm}9.6%$ and ${\pm}11.8%$ in hexane and TCE, respectively. The concentration of toluene was overestimated in sampler C with overall accuracy of ${\pm}43.9%$. 2. The desorption efficiencies of diffusive samplers were 96-107%. 3. There was no significant sampe loss during four weeks of storage both with and without refrigeration. 4. There was no significant reverse diffusion, when the samplers were exposure to clean air for 2 hours after sampling for 2 hours at the level of 2 TLY. 5. In case of 8 hours sampling, relative differences(RD) of concentrations between charcoal tube method and diffusive method were 15-39%, 13-46%, and 4-35% for sampler A, B and C, respectively. The performance was poor in 8 hours sampling for multiple substance monitors. 6. At high velocity(100 cm/sec), samplers B and C overestimated the concentrations of organic vapors, and sampler A with permeation membrance gave better results. 7. At 80% relative humidity, samplers showed no siginificant effect. Low humidity also did not affect the diffusive samplers.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2002년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.44-52
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• 2002

Low temperature thermal desorption (LTTD) has become one of the cornerstone technologies used for the treatment of contaminated soils and sediments in the United States. LTTD technology was first used in the mid-1980s for soil treatment on sites managed under the Comprehensive Environmental Respones, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) or Superfund. Implementation was facilitated by CERCLA regulations that require only that spplicable regulations shall be met thus avoiding the need for protracted and expensive permit applications for thermal treatment equipment. The initial equipment designs used typically came from technology transfer sources. Asphalt manufacturing plants were converted to direct-fired LTTD systems, and conventional calciners were adapted for use as indirect-fired LTTD systems. Other innovative designs included hot sand recycle technology (initially developed for synfuels production from tar sand and oil shale), recycle sweep gas, travelling belts and batch-charged vacuum chambers, among others. These systems were used to treat soil contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxin with varying degrees of success. Ultimately, performance and cost considerations established the suite of systems that are used for LTTD soil treatment applications today. This paper briefly reviews the develpoment of LTTD systems and summarizes the design, performance and cost characteristics of the equipment in use today. Designs reviewed include continuous feed direct-fired and indirect-fired equipment, batch feed systems and in-situ equipment. Performance is compared in terms of before-and-after contaminant levels in the soil and permissible emissions levels in the stack gas vented to the atmosphere. The review of air emissions standards includes a review of regulations in the U.S. and the European Union (EU). Key cost centers for the mobilization and operation of LTTD equipment are identified and compared for the different types of LTTD systems in use today. A work chart is provided for the selection of the optmum LTTD system for site-specific applications. LTTD technology continues to be a cornerstone technology for soil treatment in the U.S. and elsewhere. Examples of leading-edge LTTD technologies developed in the U.S. that are now being delivered locally in global projects are described.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 1999년도 제17회 학술발표회 논문개요집
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• pp.62-62
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• 1999

Carbon based materials have many attractive properties such as a wide band gap, a low electron affinity, and a high chemical and mechanical stability. Therefore, researches on the carbon-based materials as field emitters have been drawn extensively to enhance the field emission properties. Especially, diamond gives high current density, high current stability high thermal conductivity durable for high temperature operation, and low field emission behaviors, Among these properties understanding the origin of low field emission is a key factor for the application of diamond to a filed emitter and the verification of the emission site and its distribution of diamond is helpful to clarify the origin of low field emission from diamond There have been many investigations on the origin of low field emission behavior of diamond crystal or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond films that is intentionally doped or not. However, the origin of the low field emission behavior and the consequent field emission mechanism is still not converged and those may be different between diamond crystal and CVD diamond films as well as the diamond that is doped or not. In addition, there have been no systematic studies on the dependence of nondiamond carbon on the spatial distribution of emission sites and its uniformity. Thus, clarifying a possible mechanism for the low field emission covering the diamond with various properties might be indeed a difficult work. On the other hand, it is believed that electron emission mechanisms of diamond are closely related to the emission sites and its distributions. In this context, it will be helpful to compare the spatial distribution of emission sites and field emission properties of the diamond films prepared by systematic variations of structural property. In this study, we have focused on an understanding of the field emission variations of structural property. In this study, we have focused on an understanding of the field emission mechanism for the CVD grown undoped polycrystalline diamond films with significantly different structural properties. The structural properties of the films were systematically modified by varying the CH4/H2 ratio and/or applying positive substrate bias examined. It was confirmed from the present study that the field emission characteristics are strongly dependent on the nondiamond carbon contents of the undoped polycrystalline diamond films, and a possible field emission mechanism for the undoped polycrystalline diamond films is suggested.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.301-310
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• 2013

To suggest a standard concerning with the arrangement of bridge equipment, the authors conducted the video observations with 3CCD (charge coupled device) cameras installed on the ceil of the bridge for monitoring the working activities of two bridge teams (the skipper/mate1 and the skipper/mate2) in a Korean coastal large trawler(gross tonnage: 139) for five days from July 30th. 2010 and analyzed of the data. Work elements coded by the work activities were input on the sheet of work analysis by the time unit of 1 sec according to the time occurred. A single work element among the work activities for every 5 minutes was denoted as the number of occurrence. The frequency of equipment usage was limited only in the usage of the equipment. In the case of the navigation and the towing net two ranks were integrated and analyzed. On the other hand, in the case of the casting net and the hauling net, two processes were integrated to as one and then analyzed separately as two ranks. As the results, 15 elements of work was carried out between two bridge teams for the observation; lookout, radar, GPS plotter, fish finder, net monitor, fishing deck, RPM indicator, rudder angle indicator, compass card, for maneuver; steering, ship speed control, trawl winch operation and external communications, paper works and others. It was found that the work load of the skipper per 5 minutes accordance with the navigation, the casting net, the towing net and the hauling net are 20.5 times, 11.9 times, 38.0 times and 9.5 times respectively, the mates are 65.2 times, 66.5 times, 85.7 times and 59.1 times respectively. The radar was shown the highest frequency of the equipment usage and the next was the fish finder, the GPS plotter and the external communications in the case of the navigation. In the case of the towing net the frequency of usage was high the ranking as the radar, the net monitor, the fish finder, the GPS plotter, the steering system and the external communications. In the case of the integrated process both of the casting and hauling net the trawl winch was shown the highest frequency to the skipper and the next was the GPS plotter and the radar, and the steering system was shown the highest frequency to the mate and the next was the radar, the ship speed control system, the GPS plotter, the net monitor and the fish finder.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.24-34
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• 2017

Nail art is a kind of nail painting or decoration that adds to the beauty. Throughout making nail art, the worker was on a dusty operation with the smoothing of chemicals and nails. People working at nail shops not only use a variety of chemicals, but also experience a lot of fine powder during the process of nail trimmings. While drying the chemical adhesive, the workers often complain of eye, nose and throat discomfort. In addition, the acrylic brush is characterized by a lot of smell when washed with washing solution. Also nail art workers directly influence the worker's breathing through the work done by placing the guest's hands in a work space called a nail table. Chemical ingredients used in nail art procedures include acetone, ethyl acetic acid, toluene, butyl acetic acid, glue, and top coating of nail varnishes. Prolonged inhalation of these substances may cause dizziness, vomiting, as well as impaired respiratory system. The purpose of this study is to investigate the respiratory symptoms of nail shop workers who are likely to be affected by work in nail shop and to find out which factors have the greatest influence if they have respiratory symptoms. Therefore this study is to provide basic data on the health management system of people engaged in nail shop and to develop health education program. For this study, the data collection was collected on July 7, 2017 for the nail shop workers attending the nail art trend seminar held in Gwangju, in Korea. The data were all 236. However, except for the poor data, 208 data were used for the final analysis. The questionnaire consisted of 30 in general questions, questions about self-efficacy in 24 questions. elf-efficacy measuring tool developed by A.Y, Kim, I. Y, Park(2001). The self-efficacy questionnaire consists of 24 items and is self-reported 7-point Likert scale. The reliability of this tool was cronbach alpha = .934.The collected data were analyzed using spss 18.0. Information of Research participant performed frequency analysis. To examine the effects of personal characteristics on self-efficacy, $X^2$ analysis was conducted. And also $X^2$ analysis was conducted to analyze the coughing symptom appearance according to individual and environmental factors. A hierarchical regression analysis was used to determine which of the personal and environmental factors influenced cough symptoms.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제49권10호
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• pp.34-42
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• 2012

IP Network에서 에너지 절감에 기본이 되는 에너지 절약 power 모델에 대해 분석 하고, 에너지 절약이 가능한 한 가지 방안으로 적응적 버퍼링 기법을 적용한 버스트 패킷 구성(adaptive buffering and burst) 방식 및 그의 구현 알고리즘을 제안하고, 그 특징을 설명한다. 본 논문에서는 core IP 네트워크의 ingress router에서 buffering 기간 B를 입력 트래픽에 따라 동적으로 변경하는 적응적 버퍼링 방법과 구성 방법을 설명한다. 이 방법은 주어진 범위의 버퍼링 기간 내에서, ingress 라우터의 입력 트래픽 량이 적으면 버퍼링 주기를 길게, 입력 트래픽 량이 많으면 버퍼링 주기를 짧게 조절하는 방식이며, 이는 네트워크 내에서 입력 트래픽이 적을 때 idle/active의 transition 횟수를 줄이고, 입력 트래픽이 클 때는 중계 라우터에서 버스트의 연속성에 의해 idle/active의 transition 횟수를 줄여 네트워크의 idle 기간을 늘려 에너지 절약 효과를 높이고 있다. 본 방식은 시뮬레이션을 통해 idle period를 증가 시킬 수 있음을 보여 주고, 에너지를 절약 할 수 있음을 확인 한다. 특히 본 제안 방식은 네트워크 특성과 적절히 타협하면, 네트워크 에너지를 절약 할 수 있는 방안임을 분명히 한다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.788-801
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• 1998

유성버스트 통신방식은 1000 krn 이상의 장거리 VHF NLOS 데이터 통신 시스템을 가장 경제적인 방법으 로 구현시켜 줄 수가 있다. 그러나 이 방식은 근거리 전송에서는 버스트의 지속시간이 짧아져서 도통율이 열 화함으로 본질적으로 실용에는 부적합한 것으로 알려져 있다. 이 논문에서는 유성 버스트 전송로의 근거리 특성을 해석한 후l 송/ 수신안테나의 빔 패턴이 공간의 hot-spot을 완전히 포용할 수 있도록 함으로써 버스트 의 발생빈도를 증가시키는 동시에 안테나에 유도하는 지상 잡음 전계를 효과적으로 차단함으로서 수신기의 실효 차단전압을 낮추면 시스템의 총 도통율(duty rate)은 크게 개선될 수 있음을 밝혔다. 이 해석결과를 기 초로 하여 특히 근거리 유성 버스트 경로에 적합한 안테나로서 소개구형 공동형 안테니를 개발하였다. 이 안 테니는 지하에 매설하여 사용하는데 이렇게 함으로서 수직방향의 지향성이 개선되고 지상으로부터의 잡음 혼 입이 효과적으로 차단된다. 이 안테나는 3 dB 빔 폭이 $90^{\circ}$에 달하여 앙각 8-$90^{\circ}$로서 근거리 경로의 hot-spot 를 효과적으로 조사(퍼umir뻐tel 할 수가 있는데/ 이것은 대체로 100 krn 이하의 근거리 유성 버스트 경로에 최적합한 조건이다, 지표방향으로의 지향성은 최소로 억제되어 이 방향으로부터 인공잡음의 혼입을 효과적으 로 차단하는데 재래식의 Yagi보다 평균 3 dB 이상 억제된다. 이 안테나를 수신안테나로 사용하여 100 krn 경 로에서 시험통신을 실시한 결과 동일한 조건하에서 4 소자 Ya멍 안테나를 사용한 경우에 비하여 버스트의 발 생빈도와 지속시간이 각각 10 %와 20 % 이상 증가한 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권sup1호
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• pp.25-28
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• 2016

Phelan-McDermid syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by the terminal or interstitial deletion of the chromosome 22q13.3. Patients with this syndrome usually have global developmental delay, hypotonia, and speech delays. Several putative genes such as the SHANK3, RAB, RABL2B, and IB2 are responsible for the neurological features. This study describes the clinical features and outcomes of Korean patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Two patients showing global developmental delay, hypotonia, and speech delay were diagnosed with Phelan-McDermid syndrome via chromosome analysis, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging of Patients 1 and 2 showed delayed myelination and severe communicating hydrocephalus, respectively. Electroencephalography in patient 2 showed high amplitude spike discharges from the left frontotemporoparietal area, but neither patient developed seizures. Kidney ultrasonography of both the patients revealed multicystic kidney disease and pelviectasis, respectively. Patient 2 experienced recurrent respiratory infections, and chest computed tomography findings demonstrated laryngotracheomalacia and bronchial narrowing. He subsequently died because of heart failure after a ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation at 5 months of age. Patient 1, who is currently 20 months old, has been undergoing rehabilitation therapy. However, global developmental delay was noted, as determines using the Korean Infant and Child Development test, the Denver developmental test, and the Bayley developmental test. This report describes the clinical features, outcomes, and molecular genetic characteristics of two Korean patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.477-491
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• 2013

각 대학은 사회적 책무성에 근거하여 핵심역량을 고루 갖춘 인재양성에 주력하고 있다. 특히 세분화된 특정분야의 첨단지식의 지속시간이 짧아지는 시대적 특성을 고려하여 교양교육 과정을 개편 운영하고, 교수학습 방법을 개선하고 있다. 본 연구는 대학생들의 핵심역량 육성을 위해 적용된 Action Learning에서의 경험과정을 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 근거이론 접근방법을 사용하였다. 따라서 핵심역량 교과 영역 수강자들을 고루 포함할 수 있도록 하면서 다양한 범주, 속성 및 차원에 속하는 참여자를 모집하기 위해 이론적 표본추출을 하였다. 결과 총 15명을 연구 참여자로 선정하였고, 수집된 심층면담자료는 Strauss와 corbin의 근거이론 접근방법에 따라 분석하였다. 분석결과는 첫째, 액션러닝의 운영단계에 따라 러닝코치의 역할이 달라야 하고, 둘째, 효과적인 액션러닝 운영을 위해서 개인성찰의 기회도 충분히 가져야 한다. 셋째, 학습자들이 학습과정에서 도출되는 문제를 직접 해결해보는 것이 중요하고, 넷째, 핵심역량 교과목의 목적에 대한 숙지도 중요 한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.544-558
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• 2006

Trismus is a common problem to most people experiencing at once in his or her life and to most dental practitioners experiencing frequently. It has a number of potential causes which are single factor or complex factors. Its treatment will depend on the cause. The purpose of this study was to discuss the causes of trismus condition and the various treatments available. This study was made by reviewing of collected data from 86 patients complained of trismus among patients who were diagnosed by TMD, tumor, infection including tetanus, soft tissue anomalies, bony fracture and ankylosis from Jan 2002 to Dec 2004 on department of oral and maxillofacial surgery at Pusan National University Hospital, South Korea. The clinical reviews regarding chief complaints, clinical characteristics, diagnostic examination, treatments and the results on the patients were given as follows. 1. The etiology of trismus commonly were derived from temporomandibular joint(TMJ) disorder, TMJ ankylosis, TMJ tumor, odontogenic maxillofacial infection, mandibular condylar fracture, tetanus. 2. The chief complaints of trismus patients were progressive mouth opening limitation, TMJ pain, malocclusion, facial asymmetry, retrognathic state. 3. Especially, for the differential diagnosis between the fibrous ankylosis and true bony ankylosis, computed tomogram (CT) was useful. Surgical gap arthroplasty on bony ankylosis patients was applied and the gain of mouth opening after operation was average 35.8 mm during 19 months. 4. The tetanus, rarely, also induced the trismus with the range of mouth opening less than 10 mm. The average serum level of tetanus anti-toxin was 0.02-0.04 IU/mL. The limitation of mouth opening was improved into average 38 mm on 4 weeks after injection of 10,000 units of tetanus immune globulin. 5. In the treatment of osteochondroma, TMD, odontogenic infection and fracture, and the others inducing trismus, to obtian the maximum result and decreased inadequate time and effort, it is important to finding the causes from the exact clinical examination and diagnosis.