• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.462-467
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• 2019

Many studies in recent decades have revealed that olfactory stimulation by perfume or malodor inhalation exerts various psychological and physiological effects on humans. The most recent studies have examined the electrophysiological response of olfactory stimulation on the activity of human cortical nerve cells. The purpose of this current study is to quantitatively analyze what changes occur in the alpha activity in healthy participants (N=12) on olfactory stimulation using two types of odors (acacia and butanol). Exposure to the odor of acacia perfume was associated with a significant increase (66.7%) in alpha activity when compared with that of the no-odor background EEG. Exposure to the odor of butanol was associated with a significant reduction (33.3% to 41.7%) in EEG alpha activity when compared with that of the no-odor control. The results of this study demonstrated the potential to alter the cerebral cortex activity by olfactory stimulation. The results also suggest that olfactory perception has stimulatory effects on the function of the nervous system. In other words, it could be concluded from this study that inhalation of olfactory stimulation affected brain wave activities and mood states. Further research is needed to completely understand and describe the electrophysiological effects of different odors on the central nervous system.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.24-26
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• 2012

As benign tumor originating in Schwann cells of nerve sheath, Schwannoma can rise in any site involving cranial nerve, sympathetic nerves, peripheral nerves excepting optic nerves and olfactory nerves. Schwannoma rarely occurs in trachea, and although can appear in any part, most often seen in the lower third of the trachea. Here, we reported a case of intra-tracheal schwannoma misdiagnosed and treated as bronchial asthma, later identified and successfully excised through an external approach.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.227-234
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• 2012

In this study, the masking effect of olfactory stimulus on the awakening state due to sound stimuli while driving using Graphic Driving Simulator was observed through the response of autonomic nervous system. The test was conducted for 11 males in their twenties. The siren of ambulance car was presented to them as auditory stimulus for 30 secs while driving in a situation of high way in the condition of both peppermint and control, respectively, and LF/HF ratio of HRV (Heart Rate Variability), the activity index of sympathetic nerve, and GSR (Galvanic Skin Response) response were examined. The test was proceeded in the order of three stages, that is, sound stimuli (test 1), driving performance, and sound stimuli (test 2), and fragrance stimulus, driving performance, and sound stimuli (test 3), and the physiological signal of GSR, HRV was measured in the whole stages. As a result of test, comparing the results of before and after auditory stimulus test (1) (p < 0.01), test (2) (p < 0.05), and test (3) (p < 0.01), driving performance test (2) (p < 0.01), test (3) (p < 0.01), and olfactory stimulus test (3) (p < 0.05), respectively, GSR response increased, showing significant difference in all the tests. It indicates that when auditory stimulus was presented to the subjects, they were in the awakening state as sympathetic nervous system got activated. As a result of comparing auditory stimulus while driving before and after presenting olfactory stimulus, there was no significant difference in GSR response. The LF/HF ratio of HRV increased, showing a significant difference only in test (2) (p < 0.05), and in driving performance test (2) (p < 0.05) in auditory stimulus, however, it showed no significant difference in olfactory stimulus. As a result of comparing auditory stimulus while driving before and after presenting olfactory stimulus, there was a decrease, showing significant difference (p < 0.05) in LF/HF ratio of HRV. That is, it means that the activation of sympathetic nervous system decreased, and that parasympathetic nervous system got activated. From these results, it was observed that while driving, the awakening level due to auditory stimulus was settled with olfactory stimulus. In conclusion, it was drawn that while driving, olfactory stimulus could have the masking effect on auditory stimulus.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.43-56
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• 2001

1. All Essential oils have antibacterial properties. 2. Essential oils reduce contamination. 3. Most of essential oils acts as an antofungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, antimicrobial agent and antioxidants. 4. They contain anions, ozone, and oxygenating molecules. 5. It is belueved that they take chemicals and metallices out of the air by breaking the molecular chain. 6. In France, it was reported that various essential oils prevent a side effect of radiation. 7. The essential oils travel via the olfactory nerve stimulating a emotional and phychological response that is believed to be responsible for releasing genetic blue priting from the cells thus releasing emotional trauma.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.266-270
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• 1999

Two forms of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) are identified in the brain of adult mature spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax sp.) by immunohistochemical methods. Salmon GnRH immunoreactive (sGnRH-ir) cell bodies were distributed in the olfactory bulb, ventral telencephalon and preoptic region. Immunoreactive fibers were observed in the vicinity of the brain including the olfactory bulbs, the telencephalon, the optic nerve, the optic tectum, the cerebellum, the medulla oblongata and rostral spinal cord. In most cases, these fibers did not form well defined bundles. However, there was a clear continuum of immunoreactive fibers, extending from the olfactory bulbs to the pituitary. cGnRH-II-ir cell bodies were only found in olfactory bulbs. However, the distribution of cGnRH-II-ir fibers was basically similar to that of sGnRH-ir fibers except for the absence of their continuity between the olfactory bulbs and the pituitary. These data suggest that sGnRH and cGnRH-II are endogenous peptides and indicate the presence of multiple neuroendocrine functions in the brain of the spotted sea bass. It seems that sGnRH not only regulates GTH secretion but also functions as a neurotransmitter, whereas cGnRH-II functions only as a neurotransmitter.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.29-38
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to verify human physiological responses to emotional lighting system using LED (light emitting diode) flat lighting. Subjects were ten males in their twenties without medical history to eyes. Colors of LED lighting are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple and colorless (white). They were stimulated by LED lighting for 5 minutes. We measured body temperature, heart rate variability (HRV) and electroencephalogram (EEG) before and after color stimulus. In case of EEG analysis, relative power ${\alpha}$ wave ratio decreased in the groups of colorless, red and orange color light. Also, sympathetic nerve was more activated than parasympathetic nerve and the body temperature was increased in the groups of colorless, red, orange, yellow color light. On the other hand, relative power ${\alpha}$ wave ratio increased and parasympathetic nerve was more activated than sympathetic nerve and the body temperature was decreased in the groups of green, blue and purple color light. The results imply that the LED color lighting system in the realistic experiment environment. In the future, studies with compounded both colors and modes according to situation or auditory as nature sound or olfactory as aroma will be required.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.369-374
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• 1995

Aujeszky's disease virus(ADV) was inoculated intranasally into the Korean native goats to investigate pathological findings and pathogenesis of ADV infection by using of histological and immunohistochemical methods and in situ hybridization(ISH). Clinical signs of salvation, pyrexia, pruritus and staggering were followed by death with five days after inoculation, Pathoanatomical findings were edema of the lung and the urinary bladder with hemorrhage and congestion, petechial hemorrhages on the endo-and epicardium, renal congestion, moderate splenomegaly and cystic edema. Main microsocpic lesions observed in all infected goats were confined to the CNS and charcterized by perivascular cuffing with lymphocytes and macrophages, focal gliosis, neuronal degeneration and necrosis, and intranuclear inclusion bodies in the neurons and glial cells. Positive reactions to ADV were detected more frequently in the nuclei than in the cytoplasms of infected nerve cells in the CNS by immunohistochemistry and ISH. Frequenctly localized sites of ADV in the CNS were olfactory bulb, prietal cortex, callosal sulcus and corpus callosum. Positive reactions were also detected in the tonsillar epithelium, and alveolar macrophage and sloughed epithelium of the lung.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1999

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was originally isolated as a hypothalamic peptide that regulates reproduction by stimulating the release of gonadotropins. Using comparative animal models has led to the discovery that GnRH has a more ancient evolutionary origin. Durinq evolution GnRH peptide underwent gene duplication and structural changes to give rise to multiple molecular forms of GnRHs. Mammalian GnRH initially considered to be the sole molecular form, is now grouped as a family of peptides along with GnRH variants determined from representatives in all classes of vertebrates. Vertebrate species including primates and humanshave more than one GnRH variant in individual brains; a unique GnRH form in the forebrain and chicken IIGnRH in the midbrain. Furthermore, several species of bony fish have three molecular variants of GnRH: salmon GnRH sea-bream GnRH and chicken II GnRH. Also, it has been shown that in addition to the olfactory placodes and the midbrain, there is a third embryonic source of GnRH neurons from the basal diencephalon in birds and fish, which might be true for other vertebrates. Therefore, comparative animal models like fish with discrete sites of expression of three molecular variants of GnRH in individual brains, could provide insight into novel functions of GnRH variants, conservation of gene regulation, and mechanisms governing reproduction in vertebrates.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2009

Hydrogen sulfide is a by-product of decayed organic material and is ubiquitously found as an ingredient of manufacturing reagents or as an undesirable by-product of the manufacturing or industrial processing. Hydrogen sulfide is a chemical asphyxiant and interferes with cytochrome oxidase and aerobic metabolism. It has thus been deemed an important cause of work-related sudden death. This gas is particularly insidious due to the unpredictability of its presence and concentration and its neurotoxicity at relatively low concentrations, causing olfactory nerve paralysis and loss of the warning odor. Here, we report two cases of comatose patients presenting after accidental exposure to hydrogen sulfide gas.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.383-391
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• 1995

In order to find out the distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY) recently known as the gonadotropin (GtH) stimulation neurohormone in the brain tissues of marine teleost, detection and localization of NPY like substance in brain of two rockfish species, Sebastes oblongus and S. schlekeli were done by immunohistochemisty. Distribution of GtH cells in hypophysis were also observed by aldehyde fuchsin (AF)-fast green-orange G stain to compare with gonadal phases of the rockfish species. NPY immunoreactive cells were detected in olfactory bulb, telencephalon and mesencephalon of the brain, and NPY immunoreactive fibers were distributed not only in olfactory bulb, telencephalon and mesencephalon but also in optic nerve, hypothalamus and optic tectum. Regardless of ovarian maturation in two rockfish species, NPY immunoreactive fibers were observed in the neurohypophysis adjacent to the AF negative cells in the rostral pars distalis of hypophysis in both species. Moreover, the fibers were distributed in the rostral and proximal pars distalis near to the GtH cells of the hypophysis in both species possessing the growing or mature oocytes. Slight AF stainable GtH cells were detected in hypophysis of two species before parturition (S. oblongus) and in mature stage (S. schlegeli), but AF stainability of the cells in the proximal pars distalis after parturition was more increased than that of the cells Tn mature stage or before parturition. The size and nucleus diameter of GtH cells in S. oblongus and S. schlegeli before parturition were significantly bigger than those of GtH cells in individuals after parturiton (S. oblongus) or with resting ovary (S. schlegeli) (P<0.01).