• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.45-63
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• 1981

This study was done to determine the relationship between the anxiety levels of hospitalized psychiatric patients and various influencing variables. The purpose of this study was to determine factors that may help hospitalized psychiatric patients to experience lower levels of anxiety in relation to changing situations and provide the basic data for a dynamic approach which is important in the field of modern psychiatric nursing that understands and analyses the meaning of patients behavior. The anxiety may produce stress, which is a common experience among all human beings. Patients may merely feel uncomfortable in the state of mild anxiety, however, the severe state could be an obstacle to treatment and recovery from disease. The anxiety of the psychiatric patient is a factor which greatly influencing the patient's behavior, so his disorderd behavior is an expression of defence or pathologically fixed behavior. According the psychiatric patient's anxiety at the time of admission is the concern of the health team. The nurse's special concern has to do with understanding and supporting the patient and meeting his individual needs by frequent close contact during the entire hospitalization period, compared to other teamembers the nurse's responsibility in this regard is greated. So this study emphasizes the necessity of creating conditions these, but above all the psychiatric nurse should create a therapeutic environment by not only regarding the patient's behavior or symptoms but understanding the meaning of them. The subjects of this study were 57 psychiatric patients selected from the K neuropsychiatric hospital located in Kunsan city. Data were collected twice from the same patients within a 24 hour period after admission and 10 days after admission. (September 18th to November 8th, 1980). The data collected method was through direct interview, and the interview time was 20 minutes for each patient. Data analysis included Item Analysis & Internal Consistency Reliability Tests, Percentages, t-test, analysis of variance and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The findings of this study were as follows. A. Test of Hypothesis a. Hypothesis 1 :“The anxiety level of psychiatric patients within 24 hours after admission will be higher than those of the same patients 10 days after admission,”was accepted. (t = 3. 15 ; p < 0.005) b. Hypothesi 2:“The more the number of admissions the higher the level of anxiety related to two categories”, was accepted. (affective anxiety: F = 5.50, p < 0.005, Somatic anxiety: F = 9.12, p <.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.194-204
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• 1999

The objectives of this study were to assess the current practices of implementing selective menus and to identify the perception of foodservice manager and customer on selective menus for hospital foodservice would be fulfilled. Two types of questionnaires for hospital foodservice managers as well as customers were developed. Questionnaires were distributed to managers of 8 hospital foodservice department and 317 customers of patient meal service, and 6 managers and 139 customers were responded. The data were analyzed using frequency and t-test. The results of this study can be summarized as follows : 1. In hospital foodservice operations, the selective menu pattern was first introduced by L hospital on June 1994 in Seoul and recently 8 hospitals were currently implementing selective menus. But using rate of selective menus by patients were relatively low(23.2%), ranging from 15% to 32%. 2. Customers' needs for selective menus were rated significantly higher in the group of patients(4.24/5) who chose the selective menus than their counterpart(3.88/5). 3. The main reason not choosing selective menus was identified by patients as 'not knowing the implementation of selective menus'(52.6%), inconvenient factors in using selective menus for customer were also identified as orders : 'lack of nutrition information on menu item'(38.6%), 'complexity in procedure'(29.8%), and 'lack of menu variety'(26.3%). However managers considered 'managerial burden' and 'limited human resource' as main obstacle to implement the selective menu pattern. 4. Customers indicated 'variety of menu', 'active public relations' as effective methods to enhance using rate of selective menus, however, foodservice manager indicated 'variety of menu'(50%), 'improvement of quality'(16.7%), and 'simplicity in procedure'(16.7%). Based on the results of this study, following recommendations have been suggested : Managers in patient meal service should recognize customer needs for implementing selective menus and pay more attention in implementing selective menus and activating this program. For more effective implementation of activating selective menu program, the foodservice department should establish action plan on 'active publicity work', 'simplicity in procedures', 'variety of menu' and 'improvement of quality'. Especially nutrition informations on meals should be provided for customers in order to elevate participation rate.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.133-159
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze related studies and domestic/international online reference cases, extract obstructive factors present in online reference services, and reveal whether or not there are differences in perception between the university librarian and the users. The results with respect to the failure of the resources revealed that while the user considers the quantitative / qualitative shortage of content as the greatest obstacle in the online reference service, librarians see the lack of human resources (Specialist Librarian / trained staff) in this light. Users think this is the least of the problems. In addition, other obstacles that are the most highly evaluated by librarians are, in order, the limitation of service because of copyright issues, the difficulty of information retrieval and complexity of methods of use, and a general lack of information in the reference services menu and missing information in the main menu. For the users the other most important obstacles were similar with the limitation of service because of copyright issues being highest, followed by the difficulty of access because of the confusion over service names, and the general lack of information in the reference services menu and missing information in the main menu.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.167-175
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• 2002

Busan Port which is the representative social overhead capital facilities for international trade of goods has need the driving force for economic development in Korea. Therefore, the central government should play the major role in building a rear road to Busan Port in order that it may function as a moor port of Northeastern Asia through the systemization of mutual assistance among connected facilities, completely equipped with port-related facilities befitting to the principal port of imports and exports. In this study, the validity of container tax is being examined, analyzing container tax which is considered as an obstacle to the development of Busan Port and its purpose, and grasping the present conditions by the realistic speculation on container tax issues and its abolition. First, the port rear road as a social overhead capital facilities, which connects port and expressway, should be considered as part of port, and port is social overhead capital invested by government. Second, the Busan City imposes taxes on container. As a result, a shipper and a shipping company are paying a double charge by paying container tax with port dues. Third, Empty container and Tranship container are the factor of Busan city traffic jam but their was excluded from container tax. This is deviate from equilibrium of the tax object. Forth, it has bad influence upon the competitiveness of Busan Port as Northeastern logistics base, as other ports who are competing with Busan Port like china, Taiwan, Japan's port make their competitiveness strong by decreasing the cost of port dues.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.584-597
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• 2015

A considerable amount of literature has been published on pedestrian LOS. So far, however, there is a limitation that LOS analysis methodologies has concentrated on quantitative variables such as pedestrian flow rate, speed and space. This paper intended to suggest the accessibility variable which can not be considered on previous study. The factor was defined and quantified using public transport attributes in particular. This study was carried out in three phases: 1. defined accessibility employing public mode location and service information. 2. investigated the relationship between accessibility and pedestrian flow rate 3. developed the model to establish the factors affected to pedestrian LOS. The results showed that accessibility, walkway attribute and land use type affected the pedestrian LOS. Especially, accessibility and commercial area ratio had negative relationship with LOS. Futhermore, pedestrian LOS declined when obstacle of bus station located on the walkway. On the contrary, LOS was upgraded when sufficient effective width or residential area was secured. These results can receive considerable critical attentions related to determination of pedestrian LOS or effective walkway width.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.234-253
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• 2021

The Quercus mongolica has a high utilization value in industrial economic sector. The species is distributed throughout Korea, however, the damage caused by deterioration such as discoloration and decay is severe. For this reason, the deterioration of Q. mongolica is an obstacle to its use as wood, but research on deterioration factors is insufficient. In this study, we focused on fungi as a factor influencing the deterioration of Q. mongolica, and isolated and identified the fungi from the deteriorated Q. mongolica. In additions, in order to confirm whether the identified fungi actually affects wood deterioration, enzyme activities of the identified fungi were evaluated and related mass loss of wood treated with the fungi was measured by wood decay test. As a result of sequencing analysis using the ITS region of the genomic DNA of the fungi isolated from Q. mongolica, Mucor circinelloides, Cunninghamella elegans, and Umbelopsis isabellina 3 species belonging to Mucoromycota phylum, and Ophiostoma piceae and Aureobasidium melanogenum 2 species belonging to Ascomycota phylum were identified. These five fungi had enzyme (i.e. cellulase, laccase) activities related to wood decay and reduced the mass of heartwood and sapwood of Q. mongolica in practice. In particular, O. piceae and A. melanogenum, which have both cellulase and laccase activities, showed 6.9% and 1.5% mass loss, respectively. These results indicated that five fungi identified in this study influence the deterioration of Q. mongolica and are wood decaying fungi for Q. mongolica potentially.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.68
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• pp.113-140
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• 2021

In today's family, it can be said that children's faith education is in a very difficult time. Moreover, faith education at home is urgently required during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, as society changes rapidly, families are also changing rapidly. As the current society became diversified and personalized, the family lost its educational function. In other words, it can be immediately said that faith education in Christian families has collapsed. The reason is that the problem of faith education in today's family lies in poor communication. Communication problems are becoming difficult for parents and children due to changes in values caused by individualism and capitalism, and as the difference between values and the generation of children widens. In addition, disconnection of dialogue at home due to the disconnection of culture between generations is an obstacle to faith education. It is urgent to restore the educational function of Christian families. When parents provide Christian faith education to their children, their children can grow up properly. Communication with children is desperately needed to restore the purpose and function of faith education at home. Communication between parents and children is an important factor influencing children's motivation for religious education. Parents and children's communication must be open and positive parenting attitudes need to be sufficiently motivated for faith education. In order to solve the immediate problem of the absence of faith education at home, an alternative will be proposed to restore faith education through communication between parents and children. First, the necessity of faith education at home will be discussed. Then communication at the beginning of faith education will be considered. And third, communication and methods at home to implement faith education will be presented. This study will serve as an opportunity to provide clues to restore and implement faith education in Christian families.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.21-40
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• 2008

This study was intended to validate and develop the driving stress scale. In a preliminary investigation, literature studies on the stress and open questionnaire were administered and examined in four regions in Korea. As a result, 121 items driving stress questionnaire were developed. In the study, this driving stress questionnaire was examined to 450 drivers located seven regions in Korea. The factors analysis revealed 5 meaningful factors[(Progress Obstacle: PO), (Traffic Circumstance: TC), (Accident & Regulation: AR), (Regulation Observance: RO), (Time Pressure: TP)] with 38 items. When internal consistency for each 5 factor was calculated, all sub-scale revealed a satisfactory level of Cronbach's α. Also, correlations with Driving Behaviour Inventory-General Driver Stress(DBI-GEN) and risk driving behaviors(speed driving, drunken driving, offence accident, defence accident) supported consistently validity of the Driving Stress Scale(DSS). Finally the result were discussed and implications are suggested for future studies.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.218-239
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• 2013

This study aims to understand the status of mandatory military service planning and career barrier recognition as well as to analyze the difference between how students perceive mandatory military service as a potential barrier to their future careers(career barrier recognition) and career preparation behavior by the mandatory military service planning level among male college students. For the purpose, inquiries for the subject were set up as follows. 1. What are the levels of mandatory military service planning and career barrier recognition? 2. Is there a difference in career barrier recognition depending on the level of mandatory military service planning? 3. Is there a difference in career preparation behaviour depending on the level of mandatory military service planning? This study found out the level of mandatory military service, military barrier recognition and career preparation behavior of 284 male students from 4 universities in Daejeon and Chungnam area. Along with that, descriptive statistic, correlation analysis and t-test were conducted with SPSS 17.0 program The results of this study are as follows: First, 79.2% of male students have higher mandatory military service planning than the average value. Meanwhile, considering 3 sub-factors of mandatory military service planning, the ratio of those with high scores in practicality is lower than importance and concreteness. Based on this, it is assumable that they have a low perception for practical and concrete behaviors such as data collection in mandatory military service planning, which indicates their awareness has not developed into concrete behaviors even though they recognize the importance of planning. Also 73.9% of male students responded higher career barrier recognition than the average value shows that they recognize mandatory military service as a barrier relatively highly. Especially, those who answered "Very much" (7 scores) for every inquiry in career barrier recognition accounted for 16.9%, which forms the biggest group. and considering the response by each inquiry, it is ascertained that they consider the absence by mandatory military service time or military service as the biggest difficulty. Second, the difference in career barrier recognition between the top 30% and bottom 30% of mandatory military service planning is not statistically significant. However, in terms of importance and the sub-factor of mandatory military service planning, a significant inter-group difference in career barrier recognition is shown. In other words, to join the military is recognized as an obstacle in their career barrier recognition regardless of the mandatory military service planning level. Also, a group which considers the importance of the mandatory military service planning highly recognizes the military as the bigger obstacle compared to the other groups which are not considered in this way. Third, the difference in career barrier recognition between the top 30% and the bottom 30% of the mandatory military service planning is statistically significant. The need of mandatory military service planning is marked by the fact that those with a high level of mandatory military service planning show stronger career barrier recognition than those without plans. Through the study, the need of mandatory military service planning is suggested to both male students and career consultants considering the mandatory military service from a perspective of career based on Korean reality. Also, as precedent studies on pre-inducted men can be hardly found currently, this study is significant in accumulating empirical data about mandatory military service, a unique characteristic of the Korean career development process.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.185-197
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• 2007

Objective : This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Hwangryunhaedok-Tang and Geongangbuja-Tang on the change of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) level induced by LPS I.C.V. injection in mice. Method : We devided group into 6 mice and 6 mice were assingned to each group. In the normal group only saline was administered intragastrically, and in the control group LPS was injected intracerebroventricularly 1 hr after intragastric administration of saline. In the experiment groups Hwangryunhaedok-Tang(0.5g/kg, 1.0g/kg, 3.0g/kg) was administered intragastrically to mice 1 hr prior to LPS(100mg/mouse) I.C.V. injection.. Also Geongangbuja-Tang (0.5g/kg, 1.0g/kg, 3.0g/kg) was administered intragastrically to mice 1 hr prior to LPS(100mg/mouse) I.C.V. injection. To measure the plasma IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ level of mice, their blood samples were collected from retro-orbital plexus, immediately centrifuged at $4^{\circ}C$, and plasma was removed and stored frozen at $-83^{\circ}C$ for later determination of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$. The level of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the plasma. Result : Regarding IL-6 level, The 0.5g/kg and the 1g/kg groups of Geongangbuja-Tang decreased IL-6 level. Especially the 3g/kg control group decreased IL-6 level significantly than the normal group(p<0.01). Regarding $TNF-{\alpha}$ level, the 3g/kg group of Geongangbuja-Tang decreased it significantly(p<0.05). Conclusion : These data revealed that Hwangryunhaedok-Tang might not have the anti imflammatory effect and Geongangbuja-Tang(3g/kg)might have the anti imflammatory effect by reducing the plasma IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ level in mice LPS Injection.EIM (Eighteen Incompatible Medicaments) is an important component in Oriental pharmacology and is directly related to clinical prescriptions. Medical practitioners argued that the definite cause and meaning of EIM was ambiguous and therefore debated the issue of clinical application of the EIM. This study conducted an in-depth literary research on the origin, meaning and contents of EIM with the purpose to contribute in its efforts to be used clinically. Even after thousands of years have past since establishment of Oriental medicine, EIM is still tabooed and was an obstacle that hindered ideologies. Modern herbal medicine texts claim that the use of EIM can reduce treatment effects and promote poisoning and side effects. However, since long ago, there has been medical practitioners who reject this as false. Recently, poisoning caused by EIM has been claimed to be from the toxicity of the drug itself, rather than the result of interaction between the drugs, and therefore they suggest that EIM is not a forbidden domain. In addition, EIM showed a difference in number depending on the era. However, this can be understood not as a definite number, but instead as a warning to be careful during combination of drugs for use as clinical medicine. Historically, there were very few cases in which EIM was used for clinical tests and thus, the clinical value is not, while others applied EIM directly to their bodies, which showed signs for the usefulness and potential of EIM for us. A more concrete and in-depth study must be made on EIM.