• Title/Summary/Keyword: Observation-recommendation

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An Exploration on the Creative Disposition, Creative Thinking Power, Multiple Intelligences and Morality of Gifted Children (유소년영재의 창의적 성향.창의적사고력.다중지능.도덕성에 관한 탐색)

  • Ryu, Bong-Sun;Lee, Gyoung-Eun;Hong, Seong-Yong
    • Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.979-992
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    • 2011
  • Gifted children cultivate their many talents through experience. For the purpose of revealing the talents or abilities of gifted children, it is necessary to provide them with various types of environment for their exploration from the early stage of their school age. In addition, knowing their concern, aptitude and interest from the early stage of their school age will be much helpful for them to grow, advance and search for their future career path. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the definitional and cognitive characteristics of gifted children through tests on the creative disposition, creative thinking power, multiple intelligences and morality of gifted children at the early stage of their school age in order to provide basic information on the gifted children studies. Accordingly, 90 gifted children were selected as the participants of this study through observation and recommendation. The result showed much difference between the second grade and the third grade in their creative disposition, creative thinking power, multiple intelligences and morality according to school year. As for the difference according to gender, the second grade female students showed meaningful differences in the sub-domain of creative disposition, multiple intelligences and morality and the third grade showed no differences. Such study result shows that students in upper school year clearly have their own sense of purpose.

Mouse Single Oral Dose Toxicity Test of Chongmyung-tang Aqueous Extracts (총명탕(聰明湯) 열수(熱水) 추출물의 마우스 단회 경구투여 독성 실험)

  • Hwang, Ha-Yeon;Jang, Woo-Seok;Baek, Kyung-Min
    • The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.37-49
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    • 2014
  • Objectives & Methods : The objective of this study was to evaluate the single oral dose toxicity of Chongmyung-tang (CMT) in ICR mice. Korean traditional herbal prescription CMT has traditionally been used as a neuroprotective for treatment of learning disability and memory improvement. CMT, lyophilized aqueous extracts (yield=9.7%) were administered to female and male mice with oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) Guidelines. Animals were monitored for mortality, changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after administration upon necropsy; organ weight and histopathology of 14 principle organs were examined. Results : We could not find any CMT extracts treatment related mortalities, clinical signs, changes in body and organ weight, or gross and histopathological observations against 14 principle organs up to 2,000 mg/kg in both female and male mice, except for some accidental sporadic findings which did not show any obvious dose-relations and most of which also demonstrated in both the female and male vehicle control mice in this experiments. Conclusions : Based on the results of this experiment, the 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) and approximate lethal dose (ALD) of CMT extracts after single oral treatment in female and male mice can be considered to be over 2,000 mg/kg, and is likely to be safe in humans.

The Risk of Cervical Spine Injuries among Submersion Patients in River (강에서 발생한 익수 환자의 경추손상 위험도)

  • Kim, Suk Hwan;Choi, Kyung Ho;Choi, Se Min;Oh, Young Min;Seo, Jin Sook;Lee, Mi Jin;Park, Kyu Nam;Lee, Won Jae
    • Journal of Trauma and Injury
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.47-53
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    • 2006
  • Purpose: Recently, the American Heart Association recommended that routine cervical spine protection in submerged patients was not necessary, except in high-energy injury situations. However, until now, this recommendation has few supportive studies and literatures. This retrospective study was performed to demonstrate the risk of cervical spine injury in patients who had been submerged in a river. Methods: Seventy-nine submerged patients who visited St. Mary's Hospital between January 2000 and December 2005 were included in this retrospective study. We investigated and analyzed the victim's age, sex, activity on submersion, mental status and level of severity at admission, prognosis at discharge, associated injuries, and risk group by using the medical records and cervical spine lateral images. According to the activity on submersion, victims were classified into three groups: high risk, low risk, and unknown risk. The reports of radiologic studies were classified into unstable fracture, stable fracture, sprain, degenerative change, and normal. Results: The patients' mean age was 36.8 yrs, and 54% were males. Of the 79 patients, adult and adolescent populations (80%) were dominant. Jumping from a high bridge (48%) was the most common activity on submersion and accounted for 52% of the high-risk group. The Glasgow coma scale at admission and the cerebral performance scale at discharge showed bimodal patterns. The results of the radiologic studies showed one stable fracture, one suspicious stable fracture, and 18 sprains. The incidence of cervical spine fracture in submerged patients was 2.5% in our study. The incidence of cervical spine injury was higher in the high-risk group than it was in the low-risk group, especially in the jumping-from-high-bridge subgroup; however this observation was not statistically significant. No other factors had any significant effect on the incidence of cervical spine injury. Conclusion: Our study showed that even submerged patients in the high risk group had a low incidence of cervical spine fracture and that the prognosis of a patient did not seem to be influenced by the cervical spine fracture itself.

Mouse Single Oral Dose Toxicity Test of Taraxaci Herba Aqueous Extracts (포공영(蒲公英) 추출물의 마우스 단회 경구투여 독성 실험)

  • Gu, Ja-Hwan;Kim, Se-Ran;Lee, Jin-Won;Park, Mee-Yeon;Choi, Hae-Yun;Kim, Jong-Dae
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.650-657
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    • 2011
  • The object of this study was to obtain acute information (single oral dose toxicity) of Taraxaci Herba (Dried total parts of Taraxacum platycarpum. H.Dahlstedt (Compositae)), has been traditionally used in Korean medicine for treating various inflammatory diseases. In order to observe the 50% lethal dose (LD 50), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, test articles were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 mg/kg according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration Guidelines. The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored during 14 days after single oral treatment of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts according to KFDA Guidelines with organ weights and histopathological observations of 12 types of principle organs. After single oral treatment of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts, we could not find any mortality and toxicological evidences up to 2,000 mg/kg treated group, the limited dosages in rodents at body and organ weights, clinical signs, gross and histopathological observations. Except for slight soft feces, which were detected in male mice treated with 2,000 mg/kg of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts at 1 day after end of treatment. The results obtained in this study suggest that the LD 50 and ALD of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts in both female and male mice after single oral treatment were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2000 mg/kg that was the highest dose recommended by KFDA and OECD. However, it also observed that the possibility of digestive disorders, like diarrhea when administered over 2,000 mg/kg of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts in the present study, but these possibilities of digestive disorders can be disregard in clinical use because they ate transient in the highest dosages male only.

Single Oral Dose Toxicity Test of Persicae Semen Aqueous Extracts in Mice

  • Cho, Hun-Bum;Park, Ji-Ha;Seo, Bu-Il;Cho, Su-Yeon;Park, Kyu-Ryul;Choi, Seung-Hoon;Han, Chang-Kyun;Song, Chang-Hyun;Park, Soo-Jin;Ku, Sae-Kwang
    • The Korea Journal of Herbology
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.17-24
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    • 2013
  • Objectives : This study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Persicae Semen (PS) in ICR mice. Methods : Aqueous extracts of PS (Yield = 18.60%) were administered as an oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) guidelines (2009-116, 2009). Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy; organ weight and histopathology of 12 principle organs were examined. Results : Amygdalin contents in PS aqueous extracts were detected as $32.50{\pm}5.96{\mu}g/ml$. We could not find any PS extracts treatment related mortalities, clinical signs, changes on the body and organ weights, gross and histopathological observations up to 2,000 mg/kg in both female and male mice, except for transient and slight loss of locomotion detected in female and male mice treated with 2,000 mg/kg. In addition, pharmacological immunomodulatory effects related findings were also demonstrated in 2,000mg/kg treated female and male mice as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of lymphoid cells in the submandibular lymph nodes. Conclusions : Based on the results of this experiment, the approximate lethal dose (ALD) of PS extracts after single oral treatment in female and male mice were considered above 2,000 mg/kg, respectively. It should be carefully used in clinics because the possibilities of respiratory or neurological disorders were observed when administered over 2,000 mg/kg of PS extract related to amygdalin.

A Case Study on the Use of Female Human Resources in the Canadian Military and Its Implications (캐나다군 여성인력 활용사례와 그 시사점)

  • In-Chan Kim;Jong-Hoon Kim;Jun-Hak Sim;Kang-Hee Lee;Myung-Sook Hong;Sang-Hyuk Park
    • The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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    • v.9 no.6
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    • pp.795-799
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    • 2023
  • The Canadian military participated in World War I and felt the limitations of the recruitment system through the continuous shortage of troops caused by the prolonged war, therefore expanded the role and scope of female manpower. The use of female manpower, which began with medical support for the first time, increased its necessity and importance as medical support personnel were dispatched overseas and women's manpower was expanded to combat support missions for the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Since then, the proportion of female manpower has been limited to 1.5% of the total number of employees at the end of the Second World War and the reduction of troops and the dismantling of the women's unit. In this situation, the Austrian Defence Force gradually accepts the recommendation of the Royal Canadian Women's Status Committee to improve the service conditions of women, marking a turning point in expanding the role of women in the Canadian military. The the Austrian Defence Force conducted long-term combat experiments to increase the proportion and role of female manpower, increasing reliability through observation and analysis to prove whether female manpower is suitable for combat troops. Korea also wants to draw implications for the future direction by comparing the history and current appearance of the Canadian military's use of female manpower with the Korean military at a time when the problem of a shortage of troops is emerging due to the recent decline in fertility and low birth rates.

Strategic Direction and Road Map of Expanding Prevention of Winter Disease in the Summer (동병하치 확산을 위한 전략적 방향과 이행방안)

  • Song, Ho-Sueb
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.147-157
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    • 2010
  • Objectives : The purpose of this study was to propose appropriate strategic directions and road maps for successful achievement of programs preventing winter disease in the summer. Methods : Details on programs preventing winter disease in the summer such as clear concept, theoretical basis, current status, intervention or available prescriptions and indication/contraindication/caution were prepared through the related journal review, upon which an observational study was devised and done for simulation to find out even a trivial problem and to guarantee the safety beforehand. The experimental group was divided into 5 groups by the size of pill and the way ginger is treated; 1cm pill with ginger group, 3cm pill group without ginger, 3cm pill group dipped into ginger, 3cm pill group applying ginger to acupoints and 3cm pill group with ginger Results 1. program preventing winter disease in the summer was defined as representative winter diseases such as common cold, influenza, chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, emphysema, chronic gastritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and preventive care in the summer, reinforcing deficient yang qi of five viscera by using exuberant yang qi from summer heat. 2. It was based upon historically established theories which is 'nourishing yang qi in the spring and summer', 'long summer, namely rainy spell in the summer overwhelms the winter, because of earth winning water according to the five phases theory' and 'To replenish yang qi is major principle to treat winter diseases, which can be most appropriately and timely applied to the patient with deficient yang qi of five viscera inherently, especially in the three dog days of the summer, because of exuberant exterior yang qi and deficient interior yang qi in the five viscera'. 3. In the adjacent China and Taiwan, acupoint applying method in the three dog days named 'San Fu Tie' have been stirring a boom throughout the nation, in which Xiaochuan Gao was used as a basic prescription and it mainly was applied at bilateral $BL_{13}$, $_{15}$ and $_{17}$ for about 4 hours. As far as domestic current status, the necessity of adopting the above method prior to Herbal formula was also recognised, because not a few koreans have apprehension for the safety of it including medicinal herbs and are reluctant to take it any more due to negative advertisement of narrow minded doctors' association. 4. Indication of acupoint applying method in the three dog days included most of winter diseases such as common cold, influenza, chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, emphysema, chronic gastritis. contraindication was pregnant woman and the weak such as infants and the old. More attention was paid to grasp firmly the normal reaction following the treatment for preventing side effect and teasing blister. recommendation was also given to abstain from food inducing phlegm and dampness such as meat, shrimp and crab as well as cold drinks and foods 5. In the simulation observational study based upon the above findings following review the related articles, no blister was shown on the acupoints icluding bilateral $BL_{13}$, $_{15}$ and $_{17}$ in every experimental group during 24hr observation following the acupoint applying treatment with pills made by modified and devised prescription. At 4 hr, the effectiveness of it reached a peak showing redness and mild tenderness and there is little difference between groups 3cm pills groups regardless of the way ginger was treated. abdominal distention and growling was found in all the volunteers during the treatment at CV 8. Strategic directions and road maps : Through successful fulfillment of the program preventing winter disease in the summer, Korean traditional medicine should be integrated into mainstream national health care services. Cultural access was thought to be as important as Scientific EBM approach. First of all, To evoke potential cultural homogeneity from campaigns and press advertisement was needed for promoting public awareness about preventing winter disease in the summer by enhancing immunity via acupoint applying treatment in the three dog days, and then indigenous name as Sambokcheop, protocol, Clinical Research Form for data collection of it should be developed and prepared. Once the first step was taken this summer, through a thorough data collection and scrutinized scientific evaluation, drawbacks should be compensted for and the efficacy and safety should be substantiated.

Exploring the Meaning of Church Lifelong Education Participation Experience through Coaching of Middle-Aged female lay Ministers (중년여성 평신도 사역자의 코칭을 통한 교회평생교육 참여경험 의미탐색)

  • Eunyoung Jeong
    • Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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    • v.77
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    • pp.29-46
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    • 2024
  • Research Purpose : This study originated from a request for education and counseling to reassess the role of middle-aged lay women in the church. The research purpose is to analyze the significance, transformation, and impact of learning participation by investigating how individuals' needs are addressed through a lifelong education program designed as a pilot course. The study aims to examine how middle-aged women who have actively participated in church activities, reflect on their faith, ministry, and life through the church's lifelong education program. Research content and method : The study examines the process in which middle-aged women who have actively collaborated in church activities reflect on their faith, ministry, and lives through church lifelong education programs. The research method involves qualitative research focused on observation journals and interviews. Participants are selected through preliminary interviews based on having over 13 years of church ministry experience and an interest in lifelong education. Data is collected primarily through stories experienced in ministry. The research results are categorized into motivation for participation, learning experiences, and the meaning of participation. Firstly, the motivation for participation was seeking better self through identity restoration and challenges. Secondly, learning experiences were moments of healing and restoration in redesigning oneself. Thirdly, the meaning of participation was relational restoration and expansion. Ultimately, it was found that coaching through church lifelong education facilitated the recovery and transformation of participants' faith and ministry. Conclusion and Recommendation : Church lifelong education through coaching restored and brought about change in the faith and ministry of the research participants. To summarize the meaning of the experience of participating in lifelong learning, it involves: first, 'recognizing the meaning and possibility of one's own development,' second, 'healing and restoration of self-esteem,' third, 'restoration and expansion of relationships,' and finally, 'the discovery of one's true self.' Middle-aged women who have lived a role-centered life rather than focusing on individual faith have a strong desire to live as their complete selves. Therefore, a program should be developed that provides time for individuals to reflect on and diagnose their lives, while also seeking new visions. Therefore, we propose follow-up research with the hope that a variety of coaching-related church lifelong education will be developed and provide practical assistance to numerous lay ministers.

A Morphological Study of Bamboos by Vascular Bundle Sheath (대나무류(類)의 유관속초(維管束鞘)에 의(依)한 형태학적(形態學的) 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, Jai Saing
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.13-47
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    • 1975
  • Among the many species of bamboo, it is well known that the dwarf-type is widely distributed in the tropical regions, and the slender type in temperated zone. In the temperated zone the trees have extensively differentiated into one hundred species in 50 genera. In many oriental countries, the bamboo wood is being used as a material for construction and for the manufacture of technical instruments. The bamboo shoot is also regarded as a good and delicious edible resource. Moreover, recent medical investigation verifies that the sap of certain species of the bamboo is an antibiotic effect against cancer. Fortunately, it is very easy to propagate the bamboo trees by using cutting from southeastern Asian countries. This important resource can further be used as a significant source of pulp, which is becoming increasingly important. The classification system of this significant resource has not been completely established to date, even though its importance has been emphasized. Initiated by Canlevon Linne in the 18th century, a classification method concerning the morphological characteristics of flowers was the first step in developing a classification. But it was not an easy task to accomplish, because this type of classification system is based on the sexual organs in bamboo trees. Because the bamboo has a long life cycle of 60-120 years and classification according to this method was very difficult as the materials for the classification are not abundant and some species have changed, even though many references related to the morphological classification of bamboo trees are available nowadays. So, the certification of bamboo trees according to the morphological classification system is not reasonable for us. Consequently, the classification system of bamboo trees on the basis of endomorphological characteristics was initiated by Chinese-born Liese. And classification method based on the morphological characteristics of the vascular bundle was developed by Grosser. These classification methods are fundamentally related to Holltum's classification method, which stressed the morphology of the ovary. The author investigated to re-establish a new classification method based on the vascular sheath. Twenty-six species in 11 genera which originated from Formosa where used in the study. The results obtained from the investigation were somewhat coordinated with those of Crosser. Many difficulties were found in distinguishing the species of Bambusa and Dendrocalamus. These two species were critically differentiated under the new classification system, which is based on the existence of a separated vascular bundle sheath in the bamboo. According to these results, it is recommended that Babusa divided into two groups by placing it into either subspecies or the lower categories. This recommendation is supported by the observation that the evolutional pattern of the bamboo thunk which is from outward to inward. It is also supported by the viewpoint that the fundamental hypothesis in evolution is from simple to complex. There remained many problems to be solved through more critical examination by comparing the results to those of the classification based on the sexual organs method. The author observed the figure of the cross-sectional area of vascular trunk of bamboo tree and compared the results with those of Grosser and Liese, i.e. A, $B_1$, $B_2$, C, and D groups in classification. Group A and $B_2$ were in accordance with the results of those scholars, while group D showed many differences, Grosser and Liese divided bamboo into "g" type and "h" type according to the vascular bundle type; and they included Dendrocalamus and Bambusa in Group D without considering the type of vascular bundle sheath. However, the results obtained by the author showed that Dendrocalamus and Bambusa are differentiated from each other. By considering another group, "i" identified according to the existence of separated vascular bundle sheath. Bambusa showed to have a separated vascular bundle sheath while Dendrocalamus does not have a separated vascular bundle sheath. Moreover, Bambusa showed peculiar characteristics in the figure of vascular development, i.e., one with an inward vascular bundle sheath and the other with a bivascular bundle sheath (inward and outward). In conclusion, the bamboo species used in this experiment were classified in group D, without any separated vascular bundle sheath, and in group E, with a vascular bundle sheath. Group E was divided into two groups, i.e., and group $E_1$, with bivascular sheath, and group $E_2$, with only an inward vascular sheath. Therefore, the Bambusa in group D as described by Grosser and Liese was included in group E. Dendrocalamus seemed to be the middle group between group $E_l$ and group $E_2$ under this classification system which is summarized as follows: Phyllostachys-type: Group A - Phyllostachys, Chymonobambus, Arundinaria, Pseudosasa, Pleioblastus, Yashania Pome-type: Group $B_2$ - Schizostachyum, Melocanna Hemp-type: Group D - Dendrocalamu Bambu-type: Group $E_1$ - Bambusa ghi.

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