• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제29권8호
• /
• pp.793-800
• /
• 2020

The conventional development of multi-component electrodes is based on the researcher's experience and is based on trial and error. Therefore, there is a need for a scientific method to reduce the time and economic losses thereof and systematize the mixing of electrode components. In this study, we use design of mixture experiments (DOME)- in particular a simplex lattice design with Design Expert^Ⓡ program- to attempt to find an optimum mixing ratio for a three-component electrode for the high RNO degradation; RNO is an indictor of OH radical formation. The experiment included 12 experimental points with 2 center replicates for 3 different independent variables (with the molar ratio of Ru, Ti, Ir). As the Prob > F value of the 'Quadratic' model is 0.0026, the secondary model was found to be suitable. Applying the molar ratio of the electrode components to the corrected response model results is an RNO removal efficiency (%) = 59.89 × [Ru] + 9.78 × [Ti] + 67.03 × [Ir] + 66.38 × [Ru] × [Ir] + 132.86 × [Ti] × [Ir]. The R² value of the equation is 0.9374 after the error term is excluded. The optimized formulation of the ternary electrode for an high RNO degradation was acquired when the molar ratio of Ru 0.100, Ti 0.200, Ir 0.700 (desirability d value, 1).

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제38권8호
• /
• pp.428-434
• /
• 2016

본 연구에서는 하수 내 인 제거 시 티타늄계열 응집제의 인 제거특성을 알아보기 위해 알루미늄계열 응집제와 비교하였다. Jar-tester를 이용하여 다양한 OH/Ti 몰비(B값)의 응집제를 투여하여 실험을 진행하였다. 초기 인 농도가 증가할수록 처리 후 $PO_4-P$ 농도가 0.2 mg P/L 이하에 도달하기 위한 [Ti]/[P]는 감소하였다. T-P 제거효율은 응집제 주입량이 증가할수록 높아졌지만, 최고 제거효율에 도달한 후에는 B값에 관계없이 감소하였다. 반면에 $PO_4-P$ 제거율은 최고점에 도달한 후 B값에 상관없이 일정하게 유지하는 경향이 나타났다. 동일한 인 제거효율에서 Ti계열 응집제의 주입량은 Al계열 응집제보다 약 2배정도 높았다. 또한, Ti계열 응집제의 B값에 따라 인제거효율에 영향을 미쳤다.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2009

Fe- and V-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles consisting of spherical primary nanoparticles were synthesized from a mixed liquid precursor by using the flame spray pyrolysis. The effects of dopant concentration on the powder properties such as morphology, crystal structure, and light adsorption were analyzed by TEM, XRD, and UV-Vis spectrophotometer, respectively. As the V/Ti molar ratio increased, pure anatase particles were synthesized. On the contrary, rutile phase particles were synthesized as the Fe/Ti ratio increased. Photocatalytic property of as-prepared $TiO_2:Fe,V$ nanoparticles was investigated by measuring the removal efficiency for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under the irradiation of visible light. After 2 hrs under visible light, the removal efficiencies of benzene, p-xylene, ethylbenzene, and toluene were reached to 21.9%, 21.4%, 19.8% and 17.6% respectively.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.148-152
• /
• 2012

$TiO_2$의 물리적 특성이 메틸렌 블루 광분해 특성에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위해, $HNO_3$/TTIP가 0.1, 0.5, 1.0과 1.5인 몰비에서 아나타제와 아나타제/루틸 $TiO_2$ 시료들이 제조되었다. XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, FT-IR과 UV-vis 분광기를 사용하여 시료들의 물리적 특성을 측정하였다. 아나타제 상이 $HNO_3$/TTIP가 0.1인 시료에서 관찰되었고, 아나타제/루틸 상은 $HNO_3$/TTIP가 0.5~1.5인 시료들에서 관찰되었다. $HNO_3$/TTIP 몰 비를 증가시킴에 따라 루틸 결정상, $TiO_2$ 나노입자 사이의 메조 세공 크기와 $TiO_2$의 표면 OH 작용기는 점차 증가하였고, UV 조사 전 메틸렌 블루 잔류 농도는 78.0에서 53.3%으로 감소하였다. UV 조사 후 $HNO_3$/TTIP가 0.1, 0.5, 1.0과 1.5에서 제조된 시료들의 잔류 메틸렌 블루 농도는 각각 20, 14, 11과 23%이었고, $HNO_3$/TTIP가 1.0에서 제조된 시료가 가장 우수한 광촉매능을 나타내었다.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제14권9호
• /
• pp.627-633
• /
• 2004

Lithium titanate whiske($Li_{x}Ti_{4}O_9$) was prepared by an ion-exchange reaction. To this end, the initial material, potassium tetratitanate ($K_{2}Ti_{4}O_9{\cdot}nH_{2}O$) was prepared by calcination of a mixture of $K_{2}CO_3\;and\;TiO_2$ with a molar ratio of 2.8 at $1050^{\circ}C$ for 3 h, followed by boiling water treatment of the calcined products for 10 h. Fibrous potassium tetratitanate could be transformed into layered hydrous titanium dioxide ($H_{2}Ti_{4}O_9{\cdot}nH_{2}O$) through an exchange of $K^{+}\;with\;H^{+}$ using 0.075 M HCl. Also, lithium titanate whisker was finally prepared as $Li^{+}\;and\;H^{+}$ ions were exchanged by adding 20 mL of a mixture solution of LiOH and $LiNO_3$ to 1g whisker and stirring for $5\~15$ days. The average length and diameter of the $Li_{x}Ti_{4}O_9$ whiskers were $10\~20{\mu}m\;and\;1\~3{\mu}m$, respectively.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.301-307
• /
• 1997

응집이 없는 단분산의 $SiO_2/TiO_2$ 복합 미립자를 얻기 위하여 $TiO_2$seed가 분산되어 있는 에탄올 수용액과 TEOS (Tetraethyl Orthosilicate)를 에탄올에 녹인 용액을 혼합하여 $TiO_2$ 주위에서 TEOS가 가수분해 및 축합 반응이 일어나도록 유도하여 복합 미분말을 제조하였다. 촉매로 암모니아를 사용하였고, 반응온도는 실온이었다. 반응변수는 TEOS의 농도, 암모니아의 농도, $TiO_2$ seed의 크기 및 양이었다. 응집이 없는 복합 미립자를 얻기 위한 최적조건은 [TEOS]=0.3M, [$NH_4OH$]=0.7M, $TiO_2$ seed의 크기가 200~300 nm이었고, 이때 $0.8{\sim}0.9{\mu}m$의 입자크기를 갖는 복합입자를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전기전자재료학회 2006년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.7
• /
• pp.286-287
• /
• 2006

Barium titanate ($BaTiO_3$) glycolate particles were synthesized at temperature as low as $100^{\circ}C$ through glycothermal reaction by using $Ba(OH)_2{\cdot}8H_2O$ and amorphous titanium hydrous gel as precursors and ethylene glycol as solvent. The particle size and morphology of $BaTiO_3$ glycolate powders can be controlled by varying the reaction conditions such as the reaction temperature and Ba:Ti molar ratio of starting precursors. After glycothermal treatment at $220^{\circ}C$ for 24 h in 1.25:1(Ba:Ti), the average particle size of the $BaTiO_3$ glycolate powder was about 200-400 nm and low agglomeration. $BaTiO_3$ powders were formed by heat-treating the glycolate powder in air at $500-1000^{\circ}C$. As a result, the size of $BaTiO_3$ crystallites changed from around 50-300 nm. It is also demonstrated that the size and shape of $BaTiO_3$ particles investigated as a function of calcination temperature. The $BaTiO_3$ particles obtained from optimum synthesis condition were pressed, sintered and measured for the dielectric property. The $BaTiO_3$ ceramics sintered at $1250^{\circ}C$ for 2 h had 98 % of theoretical density. The ceramics have an average grain size of about $1\;{\mu}m$ and displays the high dielectric constant (~3100) and low dielectric loss (<0.1) at room temperature.

• Nano
• /
• 제13권11호
• /
• pp.1850129.1-1850129.10
• /
• 2018

To improve the high charge carrier recombination rate and low visible light absorption of {001} facets exposed $TiO_2$ [$TiO_2(001)$] nanosheets, few-layered $MoS_2$ nanoparticles were loaded on the surfaces of $TiO_2(001)$ nanosheets by a simple photodeposition method. The photocatalytic activities towards Rhodamine B (RhB) were investigated. The results showed that the $MoS_2-TiO_2(001)$ nanocomposites exhibited much enhanced photocatalytic activities compared with the pure $TiO_2(001)$ nanosheets. At an optimal Mo/Ti molar ratio of 25%, the $MoS_2-TiO_2(001)$ nanocomposites displayed the highest photocatalytic activity, which took only 30 min to degrade 50 mL of RhB (50 mg/L). The active species in the degradation reaction were determined to be $h^+$ and $^{\bullet}OH$ according to the free radical trapping experiments. The reduced charge carrier recombination rate, enhanced visible light utilization and increased surface areas contributed to the enhanced photocatalytic performances of the 25% $MoS_2-TiO_2(001)$ nanocomposites.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제20권12호
• /
• pp.669-675
• /
• 2010

One of the greatest challenges for our society is providing powerful electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells are among the most promising candidates in terms of energy and power density. As the starting material, $TiCl_4{\cdot}YCl_3$ solution and dispersing agent (HCP) were mixed and synthesized using ammonia as the precipitation agent, in order to prepare the nano size Y doped spherical $TiO_2$ precursor. Then, the $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$ was synthesized using solid state reaction method through the stoichiometric mixture of Y doped spherical $TiO_2$ precursor and LiOH. The Ti mole increased the concentration of the spherical particle size due to the addition of HPC with a similar particle size distribution in a well in which $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$ spherical particles could be obtained. The optimal synthesis conditions and the molar ratio of the Ti 0.05 mol reaction at $50^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes and at $850^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours heat treatment time were optimized. $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$ was prepared by the above conditions as a working electrode after generating the Coin cell; then, electrochemical properties were evaluated when the voltage range of 1.5V was flat, the initial capacity was 141 mAh/g, and cycle retention rate was 86%; also, redox reactions between 1.5 and 1.7V, which arose from the insertion and deintercalation of 0.005 mole of Y doping is not a case of doping because the C-rate characteristics were significantly better.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
• /
• 제12권5호
• /
• pp.222-225
• /
• 2011

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films were fabricated on Pt/Ti/$SiO_2$/Si substrate by the sol-gel method using a sol containing poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). PVP in alkoxide solutions can suppress the condensation reaction in gel films during heat treatment, and increase the viscosity of alkoxide solutions. Single-phase PZT films as thick as 1 ${\mu}m$ were deposited by repetitive coating with successive third-step heat treatments at 150$^{\circ}C$, 350$^{\circ}C$ and 650$^{\circ}C$. After heat treatment, the films were crack free, and optically transparent. As a result, we demonstrated a PZT film with a PVP molar ratio of 0.5, which has a permittivity of 734, a dielectric loss of 0.042, a $P_r$ of 40.5 ${\mu}C/cm^2$ and an $E_c$ of 156 kV/cm.