• KSBB Journal
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.291-295
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• 2015

The limited productivity of natural shell matrix proteins has hampered the investigation of their biochemical properties and practical applications, although biominerals in nature obtained by organic-inorganic assemblies have attractive mechanical and biological properties. Here, we prepared a vector for the expression of a fusion protein of a shell matrix protein from Pinctada fucata (named as GRP_BA) with the GRGDSP residue. The fusion protein of BA-RGD was simply produced in E. coli and purified through sequential steps including the treatment with $CaCl_2$ and EDTA solution for cell membrane washing, mechanical cell disruption and the application of non-ionic surfactant of Triton X-100 for BA-RGD inclusion body washing. The production yield was approximately 60 mg/L, any other protein band was not observed in SDS-PAGE and it was estimated that above 97% endotoxin was removed compared to the endotoxin level of whole cell. This study showed this simple and easy purification approach could be applied to the purification of BA-RGD fusion protein. It is expected that the protein could be utilized for the preparation of biominerals in practical aspects.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.2637-2642
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• 2011

A new ultrasonic-assisted micellar extraction and cloud-point pre-concentration method was developed for the determination of major saikosaponins, namely saikosaponins -A, -C and -D, in Radix Bupleuri by high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD). The non-ionic surfactant Genapol X-080 (oligoethylene glycol monoalkyl ether) was chosen as the extraction additive and parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized. The highest yield was obtained with 10% (w/v) Genapol X-080, a liquid/solid ratio of 200:1 (mL/g) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction for 40 min. In addition, the optimum cloud-point pre-concentration was reached with 10% sodium sulfate and equilibration at $60^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Separation was achieved on an Ascentis Express C18 column (100 ${\times}$ 4.6 mm i.d., 2.7 ${\mu}M$) using a binary mobile phase composed of 0.1% acetic acid and acetonitrile. Saikosaponins were detected by ELSD, which was operated at a $50^{\circ}C$ drift tube temperature and 3.0 bar nebulizer gas ($N_2$) pressure. The water-based solvent modified with Genapol X-080 showed better extraction efficiency compared to that of the conventional solvent methanol. Recovery of saikosaponins ranged from 93.1 to 101.9%. An environmentally-friendly extraction method was successfully applied to extract and enrich major saikosaponins in Radix Bupleuri.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.229-236
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• 2018

A customized cleaning agent was investigated for improving the performance decreased by the pollution of collecting plates in an electric fume collector (EFC) which was developed and applied for the purification of effluent gas including oil mist from the textile industry. The pollutants on the surface of collecting plates were blackened by the condensation of oil mist for a long time and difficult to remove by general cleaning agents. The composition of an optimized cleaning agent consisted of alkali, alcohol, glycol and non-ionic surfactant sources was determined by considering the pollutant properties and effect on the damage of the basic metal of collecting plate and so on. The developed cleaning agent solution diluted by 9.1% was applied to the field test, and also the pollutants strongly adhered on collecting plate surfaces were successfully removed by a simple spraying method. The effluent gas purification efficiency of EFC increased significantly by cleaning of collecting plates.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.171-176
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• 2004

Nonyphenol (NP) used actively as non-ionic surfactant is classified as one of most potent endocrine disrupting chemicals. Effects of NP on mixed function oxygenase (MFO) system in rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) were investigated for seven days after intraperitoneal injection (10 and 25 mg $kg^{-1}$). Hepatosomatic index (BSI) of fishes exposed to NP of 25 mg $kg^{-1}$ was significantly reduced compared to those in control group. NP exposure enhanced cytochrome P450 levels in the fish liver, while 7 ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was inhibited. NP exposure levels in this study were much higher than those found in the coastal environment of Korea. Effects on HSI and liver MFO system, which is involved in steroid hormone metabolism, imply that W may influence on reproduction of fish by not only hormone receptor mediated response but also through effects on the MFO system.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.97-104
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• 2004

Water-sludge bacteria were screened to find a lipase enantioselectively hydrolyzing itraconazole precursor, which is well known as the starting material of antifungal drug agents. A bacterial strain was isolated and identified as Acinetobacter junii SY-01. After the strain was cultivated, the enzyme was purified 39.4-fold using ultrafiltration and gel filtration through a Sephadex G-100 chromatographic column and the activity yield was 34.9%. The molecular weight of the enzyme was about 40 kDa, as measured by SDS-PAGE, and the optimum pH was 7.0- 9.0 and stable at pH 6.0- 9.0. The optimum temperature was 45- $5^{\circ}C$, and 73% of the enzymes activity remained after incubation at 70% for 1 h. Enzyme activity was enhanced by gall powder, sodium deoxycholate, a cationic detergent Tween 80, and a non-ionic detergent Triton X-100, but was markedly inhibited by metal ions such as $Hg^{2＋},Cu^{2＋},Ni^{2＋}/,Ca^{2＋}$, and an anionic-surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate. The $K_{m}$ values for (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of the itraconazole precursor were 0.385 and 21.83 mM, respectively, and the $V_{max} values ($\mu$Mㆍmin^{-1}.)$ were 6.73 and 6.49, respectively. The acetyl group among the different acyl moieties of itraconazole precursor showed the highest enantioselectivity for the hydrolysis by the Acinetobacter junii SY-01 lipase, and the lipase from Acinetobacter junii SY-01 displayed better enantioselectivity than that of commercially available lipases and esterases.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 2013

Trivalent cerium-ion-doped $Y_3(Al,\;Ga)_5O_{12}$ nanoparticle phosphor nanoparticles were synthesized using the reverse micelle process. The Ce doped $Y_3(Al,\;Ga)_5O_{12}$ particles were obtained from nitrate solutions dispersed in the nanosized aqueous domains of a micro emulsion consisting of cyclohexane as the oil phase and poly(oxyethylene) nonylphenyl ether (Igepal CO-520) as the non-ionic surfactant. The crystallinity, morphology, and thermal properties of the synthesized $Y_3(Al,\;Ga)_5O_{12}:Ce^{3+}$ powders were characterized by thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy. The crystallinity, morphology, and chemical states of the ions were characterized; the photo-physical properties were studied by taking absorption, excitation, and emission spectra for various concentrations of cerium. The photo physical properties of the synthesized $Y_3(Al,\;Ga)_5O_{12}:Ce^{3+}$ powders were studied by taking the excitation and emission spectra for various concentrations of cerium. The average particle size of the synthesized YAG powders was below $1{\mu}m$. Excitation spectra of the $Y_3Al_5O_{12}$ and $Y_3Al_{3.97}Ga_{1.03}O_{12}$ samples were 485 nm and 475 nm, respectively. The emission spectra of the $Y_3Al_5O_{12}$ and $Y_3Al_{3.97}Ga_{1.03}O_{12}$ were around 560 nm and 545 nm, respectively. $Y_3(Al,\;Ga)_5O_{12}:Ce^{3+}$ is a red-emitting phosphor; it has a high efficiency for operation under near UV excitation, and may be a promising candidate for photonic applications.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.256-263
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• 2017

Purpose: Essential oils are secondary metabolites of herbs and have antibacterial activities against foodborne pathogens. However, their applications for food protection are limited due to the hydrophobic and volatile natures of essential oils. Methods: In this study, essential oil nanoemulsions of rosemary and lavender were formulated with non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 and water using ultrasonic emulsification, and their antibacterial effects were determined. Results: The antibacterial activities of nanoemulsions were evaluated against 12 strains of 10 bacterial species, and significant antibacterial effects were observed against four Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacteria but not against Streptococcus mutans and Shigella sonnei. In the disc diffusion test, the diameter of the inhibition zone proportionally increased with the concentration of nanoemulsions. Using cell turbidity measurement, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the nanoemulsions, which is the lowest concentration reducing viability of the initial bacterial inoculum by ${\geq}99.9%$, was significantly higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the nanoemulsions. The largest bactericidal effects of lavender and rosemary essential oil nanoemulsions were observed against S. enterica and S. aureus, respectively. Conclusion: Nanoemulsion technique could improve antibacterial activity of essential oil nanoemulsions by increasing the solubility and stability of essential oils. Our findings shed light on the potential use of essential oil nanoemulsions as an alternative to chemical sanitizers in food protection.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.1 s.49
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• pp.51-58
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• 2005

Alkyl ethoxy sulfate type surfactants, widely used in commercial cleansers, are easily adsorbed to skin to often cause skin irritation and inflammation if not thoroughly rinsed nut. In order to replace or complement existing surfactants, we screened the existing surfactants through protein denaturation method, cell cytotoxicity assay and human IL-1$\alpha$ assay, etc. Fourteen surfactants have been chosen from among too irritant anionic, cationic and/or zwitter-ionic ones and investigated for cell cytotoxicity in human fibroblast cell lines using monolayer culture with the thirteen commercially available cleansers for sensitive skin. From these results, we selected 5 surfactants and 2 commercial cleansers (names not shown), such as sodium laureth sulfate (anionic), sodium cocoyl isethionate (anionic), sodium lauroamphoacetate (zwitter-ionic), and cocamidopropyl betaine (zwitter-ionic), alkyl polyglycoside (non-ionic). 20 formulations were made out of 5 surfactants and five of them were chosen through a protein denaturation method (lower than 3 M sodium dodecyl sulfate solution ($13.2\%$)), cell cytotoxicity and human patch test. These five selected formulations containing preservatives were compared to two selected commercial cleansers by cell cytotoxicity and human IL-1$\alpha$ ELISA assay using dermal equivalent. Finally, we selected the best formulation. To this formulation, fructan ($3\%$ or $5\%$) or/and portulaca extract ($3\%$ or $5\%$) well known for its anti-inflammatory and moisturizing effects were added and investigated for cell cytotoxicity using dermal equivalent. In cytotoxicity assay using dermal equivalent, two formulations containing $5\%$ fructan and $3\%$ or $5\%$ portulaca extract were less toxic than the others. In cytotoxicity assay and human IL-1$\alpha$ ELISA using 3D culture, the selected formulation containing $5\%$ fructan and $5\%$ portulaca extract showed better efficiency than those of the others and 2 commercial cleansers. As a result, we could develop a low irritant and safe liquid cleanser.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.260-266
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• 2006

Methanol induction conditions with various additives for the enhanced production of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg) were investigated in Pichia pastoris, which can utilize methanol as a carbon source and produce recombinant proteins under the control of strong, tightly-regulated alcohol oxidase(AOX) promoter. The presence of non-methanol carbon sources such as glycerol and glucose fully repressed the expression of AOX promoter. Various additives were tested to improve the production of recombinant protein and it was found that sorbitol could be a good carbon source during methanol induction period. An optimized concentration of amino acid mixture enhanced the production of HBsAg significantly. Pluronic F-68, a non-ionic surfactant, also improved the production of HBsAg without inhibiting cell growth. Addition of oleic acid at 0.01%(v/v) during the induction period showed positive effect on the production of HBsAg. Finally, 1.2%(v/v) of trace salts enhanced the production of HBsAg 1.9 times compared to that of control culture.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.839-846
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary addition of sucrose, propylene glycol and Tween 80 (Polysorbate 80 : Non-ionic Surfactants) on pre-partum (21 d) and post-partum (21 d) nutrients intake, blood metabolites, occurrence of metabolic disorders, milk yield and its composition in Holstein cows. Two basal diets were formulated each for pre- and post-partum period. The diets were mixed daily and fed at ad libitum to transitional cows. Forty cows of similar parity and milk yield were randomly divided into four groups (ten animals in each). The cows in three groups were supplemented either with 280g of sucrose/day (SU), SU+64g propylene glycol/day (SUP) or SUP+50g Tween80/day (SUPT). The feed for the fourth group was not supplemented and this group served as control (C). Pre-partum DM, total digestible nutrients (TDN), and crude protein (CP) intake was similar in cows fed C, SU, SUP, and SUPT diets. Post-partum DM, TDN, and CP intakes were the highest with SUPT diet followed by SU, SUP and control diets. Pre-partum blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration was noticed significantly higher in cows fed control diet compared to those fed SU, SUP and SUPT diets. The concentration of NEFA was similar at calving and during post-partum period across cows fed different experimental diets. Blood glucose and Ca concentration during pre- and post-partum periods were not significantly different in cows fed C, SU, SUP and SUPT diets. Milk yield (kg/day) was similar in cows fed different experimental diets. However, milk fat percent and 4% fat corrected milk yield were higher in cows fed SU diet (p<0.05) followed by SUP, SUPT and C diets. One case of ketosis was recorded in cows fed control diet however its occurrence was not observed in cows fed other diets. Occurrence of retained placenta and mastitis was numerically higher in cows fed control diet compared with those fed SU, SUP and SUPT diets. In conclusion, the NIS and propylene glycol feeding along with sucrose could improve the 4% fat corrected milk and fat yield in early lactating cows with significant reduction in NEFA and metabolic disorders during transitional period.