• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1815-1820
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to extract chicken leg bone, which is a by-product of industrial poultry processing, using different heating temperatures (80, 90 and $100^{\circ}C$) and durations (5, 10 and 15 min). The pH value, soluble protein content, peptide content and antioxidative properties, including superoxide anion scavenging ability, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability, reducing capacity and inhibitory activity of linoleic acid peroxidation, were measured. The results showed no significant differences (p>0.05) in pH value among all treatments. Decreased soluble protein content and peptide content were observed in chicken leg bone extract obtained under higher heating temperatures (90 or $100^{\circ}C$) and longer heating durations (10 or 15 min). In antioxidative properties, the extracts which were heated at 90 or $100^{\circ}C$ for 15 min exhibited significantly higher superoxide anion scavenging ability, DPPH free radical scavenging ability, reducing capacity and inhibitory activity of linoleic acid peroxidation (p<0.05).

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1125-1130
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• 2008

A series of dihydroxylated chalcone derivatives with diverse substitution patterns on a phenyl ring B and the para-substituents on a phenyl ring A were prepared, and their radical scavenging activities were evaluated by simple DPPH test to determine quantitative structure-activity relationship in these series of compounds. The chalcone compounds with the ortho- (i.e. 2',3'- and 3',4'-) and para- (i.e. 2,5'-) substitution patterns show an excellent antioxidant activities (80-90% of control at the concentration of 50 $\mu$M) which are comparable to those of ascorbic acid and $\alpha$ -tocopherol as positive reference materials. On the contrary, the compounds with meta- (i.e. 2',4'-, 3',5'-) substitution pattern demonstrate very dramatic decrease in activities which are around 25% of the control even at the concentration of 200 $\mu$ M (IC50 > 200 $\mu$ M). These dramatic differences could be interpreted in terms of the ease formation of fairly stable semiquinone radicals from the ortho- and parasubstituted chalcone molecules through facilitating electron delocalization. Our results indicate that the substitution patterns of two hydroxyl groups on ring B are very important structural factors for their radical scavenging activity enhancement. Meanwhile, the substituents at para-position of the phenyl ring A of chalcones have no influence on the activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.318-324
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• 2016

This study was aimed to verify anti-inflammatory activity of fermented Sargassum siliquanstrum with lactic acid bacteria. Anti-inflammatory activities were compared by measuring the amount of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and suppressive effect on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in stably transfected RAW 264.7 cells. Inhibitory activities of NO production and iNOS expression were measured after confirmation of NO radical scavenging activities. Fermentation increased NO radical scavenging activities from 7.6% to 15.2% compared to non-fermented condition, and fermentation with Lactobacillus sp. SH-1 was the most efficient. Fermentation without algal debris showed better NO radical scavenging activities than that with debris. Fermentation with Lactobacillus sp. SH-1 also showed the highest NO production inhibitory activity (64.1%) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. LPS-induced iNOS expression was diminished to 28.6, 35.6, 49.4 and 58.5 at 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 μg/ml, respectively, by fermentation with Lactobacillus sp. SH-1. According to MTT assay, fermented S. siliquanstrum did not influence the cell viability at all concentrations tested, meaning no or less cytotoxicity. These results suggest that S. siliquanstrum has NO radical scavenging activity and anti-inflammatory activity. Thus biological activities of S. siliquanstrum were upgraded by fermentation, which could be used for the development of functional foods.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.763-771
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• 2020

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) generally has a good safety profile and contains many bioactive substances, such as ginsenosides or panaxosides. Korean red ginseng might help to stabilize the sympathetic nervous system and improve cognition in individuals. Soft red ginseng is produced by new processing technology. This study focused on investigating whether soft red ginseng produced under the new processing technology reduces or improves the existing antioxidant effects. No significant difference in 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity was found between soft red ginseng and ready-made red ginseng (p<0.05). Soft red ginseng extract showed higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenging activity than other ginseng extracts. OH scavenging activity was significantly different across three groups (raw ginseng, soft red ginseng, and red ginseng sap) (p<0.05). Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity was also significantly different among raw ginseng, soft red ginseng, and purchased red ginseng liquid products (p<0.05). Many calcium crystals appeared on the electron microscope in soft red ginseng. Magnesium and potassium showed no significant difference between soft red ginseng and hard red ginseng. The extract of soft red ginseng scavenged different free radicals efficiently due to the presence of DPPH and OH and may help treat free radical-induced diseases.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl (${\cdot}OH$), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) is reported to induce oxidative stress. ROS generated by oxidative stress can potentially damage glial cells in the nervous system. Cordyceps militaris (CM), a kind of natural herb widely found in East Asia. In this study, we investigated the free radical scavenging activity of the CM extract and its neuroprotective effects in $H_2O_2$-induced C6 glial cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: The ethanol extract of CM ($100-1,000{\mu}g/mL$) was used to measure DPPH, ${\cdot}OH$, and NO radical scavenging activities. In addition, hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced C6 glial cells were treated with CM at $0.5-2.5{\mu}g/mL$ for measurement of cell viability, ROS production, and protein expression resulting from oxidative stress. RESULTS: The CM extract showed high scavenging activities against DPPH, ${\cdot}OH$, and NO radicals at concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. Treatment of CM with $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress in C6 glial cells significantly increased cell viability, and decreased ROS production. Cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression was down-regulated in CM-treated groups. In addition, the protein expression level of phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38 MAPK), phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and phospho-extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-ERK) in $H_2O_2$-induced C6 glial cells was down-regulated upon CM administration. CONCLUSION: CM exhibited radical scavenging activity and protective effect against $H_2O_2$ as indicated by the increased cell viability, decreased ROS production, down-regulation of inflammation-related proteins as well as p-p38, p-JNK, and p-ERK protein levels. Therefore, we suggest that CM could play the protective role from oxidative stress in glial cells.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.624-630
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• 2004

Functionality changes by germination of giant embryonic rice and pigmented rice were evaluated with focusing on antioxidative activities of 70% ethanolic extracts. Overall, reducing power of giant embryonic rice and pigmented rice was higher than that of normal brown rice, and the germination of rices tend to enhance their reducing powers. In vitro and ex vivo experiments employing linoleic acid peroxidation and rabbit erythrocyte membrane peroxidation systems, respectively, revealed inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation was highest in pigmented rice, followed by giant embryonic rice, and normal brown rice from high to low order. Superoxide radical-scavenging activity decreased in order of pigmented rice > giant embryonic rice > normal brown rice, and germination also enhanced their superoxide scavenging ability compared to non-germinated controls. Hydroxyl radical-scavenging ability was highest in pigmented rice, followed by giant embryonic rice, and normal brown rice. Despite marked enhancement in hydroxyl radical-scavenging ability of normal brown rice by germination, order of scavenging ability was not altered among germinated rices. Same trend as with in vitro ROS scavenging was observed for ex vivo scavenging potency on ROSs generated by TPA stimulation in HL-60 cells. Germination-associated differential increase in ROS scavenging ability of pigmented rice and giant embryonic rice, characterized by no induction of cytotoxicity, was observed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.188-194
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• 2010

The in vitro antioxidant activities of five melania snails in the genus Semisulcospira (S. coreana, S. forticosta, S. libertina, S. tegulata and S. gottschei) were tested in detail. The total phenolic contents of the snails ranged from $32.3{\pm}1.0$ to $87.9{\pm}6.9$ mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry sample. The $EC_{50}$ values for the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities were $2.245{\pm}0.179$ mg/mL for S. coreana and $9.319{\pm}1.276$ mg/mL for S. gottschei and differed significantly (P<0.05) among the tested species. The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity was highest for S. gottschei at 67.2% and lowest for S. forticosta at 4.7%. However, no significant differences among the species were recognized for the peroxynitrite anion scavenging activity. Comparing the correlation coefficients between the total phenolic contents and the DPPH radical and peroxynitrite anion scavenging activities, there was a low level relationship between each activity.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.257-268
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• 2016

The functions of anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation were investigated with the crude 80% methanol extract, subfractions and henryin isolated from Isodon inflexus (Thunb.) Kudo (I. inflexus (Thunb.) Kudo). Antioxidative ability was evaluated by bioassays using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-1-picrydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, xanthine oxidase inhibition, and superoxide radical scavenging effects. Ethyl acetate and butanol fractions exhibited free radical scavenging activity on superoxide with $IC_{50}$ values of $0.9{\mu}g/mL$, $0.2{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, which were stronger activity than that of allopurinol ($2.2{\mu}g/mL$) as reference. For the inhibition of anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 cell, the ethyl acetate fraction showed strong inhibition activity NO production, and henryin isolated from its subfraction reduced the activity in a dose-dependent manner. Ethyl acetate fraction and henryin suppressed not only mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2, but also the mRNA expression of pre-inflammatory cytokines such as, TNF-${\alpha}$, 1L-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that ethyl acetate fraction of I. inflexus (Thunb.) Kudo has considerable potential as a cosmetics ingredient with an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and henryin can be applied as an functional reference.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.55-61
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• 2011

Objectives: Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS) are continuously produced at a high rate as a by-product of aerobic metabolism. Since tissue damage by free radical, ROS such as hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$), nitric oxide(NO) increases with age. Several lines of evidence provided that ROS appears to cause to develop aging-related various diseases such as cancer, arthritis, cardiovascular disease. In this study, we have conducted to investigate the pharmacological effects of red ginseng for the development possibility to pharmacopuncture drug sources or healthy aid foods. Methods: For our aims, it was investigated the biological activities of Red Ginseng ethanol extracts (RGEE) by measuring total polyphenol contents, total flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity and cell viability of MCF 10A and SK-MEL-2 in vitro with MTT assay method. Results: The total polyphenol contents of RGEE was 3.06${\pm}$0.11mg/g in 10mg/ml, the total flavonoid contents of RGEE was 1.35${\pm}$0.01mg/g in same concentration. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was about 80% and that of DPPH activity was 65% in 50mg/ml of RGEE. The cell viability of SKMEL-2, skin cancer cell line was decreased and that of MCF 10A, skin normal cell line was increased. Conclusions: We conclude that RGEE may be useful as potential functional foods or pharmacopuncture drug sources on the diseases induced by oxidant stress.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.713-719
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• 2011

The antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of Arctium lappa were assessed by measuring the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl( DPPH) radical scavenging effect, inhibition of $Fe^{2+}$-induced lipid peroxidation, inhibition of malondialdehyde(MDA)-bovine serum albumin(BSA) conjugation reaction and antimutagenic capacities using the Ames test. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and inhibition of $Fe^{2+}$-induced lipid peroxidation of the $Arctium$ $lappa$ ethanol extract significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. In the radical scavenging assay using DPPH, the $IC_{50}$ of the Arctium lappa extract was 296 ${\mu}g$/assay(1.29 mg of dry sample). In addition, the $IC_{50}$ in the inhibition of $Fe^{2+}$-induced lipid peroxidation was 1,759 ${\mu}g$/assay(7.65 mg of dry sample). This extract also significantly inhibited the MDA-BSA conjugation reaction with an $IC_{50}$ of 57.58 mg/assay(250 mg of dry sample). However, no inhibitory effects against the direct and indirect mutagenicities in $Salmonella$ Typhimurium TA98 and TA100 were observed. Based on these results, the ethanol extract of $Arctium$ $lappa$ was shown to display considerable antioxidative activities.