• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.133-137
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• 1994

The main step for many multinational corporations when initiating an environmental management system is the formulation and implementation of an environmental audits aimed at identifying environmental problems requiring remedial action. Environmental management systems such as BS 7750 and the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme offer an opportunity to enhance environmental performance and assess the quality of management system is the availability of inhouse environmental expertise, which can be provided through training programmers.

• 정보학연구
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.169-179
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• 2002

국내시장과는 환경과 여건이 판이한 해외시장을 표적시장(target market)으로 하는 국제마케팅은 시장자체의 형태가 천차만별일 뿐만 아니라 그 시장을 형성하는 상황, 시장구조 등이 전혀 다르며 다이나믹하게 급변하고 있다. 이러한 시장을 유지, 확대, 개척한다는 것은 효율적인 교역촉진의 수행 없이는 매우 어렵다. 보다 진보적이고 마케팅 정보를 토대로 하여 보다 세분화되고 구체화된 마케팅믹스 전략을 수행하는 것이 궁극적 목표이다.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.201-222
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• 2013

본 연구는 다국적 기업들이 그들의 글로벌 공급사슬을 얼마나 지식이라는 전략적 자원에 기초하여 조직하고 운영하고 있는지, 그리고 지식을 지향하는 공급사슬관리가 기업의 글로벌 공급사슬관리 성과에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 분석하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 위해 Nonaka(1994) 등이 제시한 지식창조 프로세스를 적용하여 지식지향 글로벌 공급사슬관리의 개념을 구체화하는 측정모형을 제안하였으며 기업의 지식경영 시스템과 지식창조 프로세스가 기업의 글로벌 공급사슬관리 성과에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 113개의 다국적 기업을 대상으로 한 실증분석을 통해 본 연구에서 제안한 측정모형의 타당성과 신뢰성을 검증하였다. 또한 표본 기업들을 글로벌 공급사슬관리에 있어서의 지식지향 수준에 따라 군집화하여 비교분석한 결과, 글로벌 공급사슬상에서 창출되는 지식을 효과적으로 관리하는 기업들이 글로벌 공급사슬관리 성과에 있어서도 전반적인 우위를 나타내는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 약학회지
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.116-125
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• 2012

Local pharmaceutical companies in Korea, which have grown focusing on domestic markets, have recently faced difficulties such as market saturation, price control policies and market-opening pressures by FTA. It seems to be an urgent issue for them to export pharmaceuticals to developed countries comprising the greater part of the global pharmaceutical market. Hence, this research was conducted to investigate and benchmark the strategies employed by India industry for the successful access to the global pharmaceutical markets. Drug policies as well as their influences on pharmaceutical market changes between India and Korea for the last 40 years have been searched and the differences have been comparatively analyzed. The pharmaceutical industry of India has the following strengths: low costs; experienced labor pool; excellent reverse-engineering skills; powerful IT; marketing capability; and established distribution network. After 2000, consolidations, M&A and alliances with domestic and multinational companies have been sharply increased in the industry of India. Indian companies unfolding both competition and cooperation with multinational corporations currently move up the value-added chain, and this enthusiastic strategy should be learned by local pharmaceutical companies.

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.221-237
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• 2019

Multinational corporations (MNCs) usually face indigenous business environments in host countries which are different from a home country's. In this circumstance, MNCs would accomplish low-investing performance if they pursuit the same as the home oriented business strategy in the host country. The more different kinds of specialized environments a host countries have, the more pressure of modifying the international strategy needed for MNCs. This paper examines that how a different market environment between a home country and a host country, through MNC's local responsive managements, can influence investing performance in a host country. This paper conducts structural equation analyses with collected empirical data focusing upon a MNC's market orientation efforts and the realization of management localization (i.e., increasing local sourcing intensity or local sales intensity) as mediators between the specialized environment in a host country and the MNC's investing performance. This paper has several contributions in developing the prior approaches: first, the market orientation variables are regarded not as normal independent factors but mediators; second, two step mediation model is examined to make link between host market's heterogeneity and MNC's performance.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권9호
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• pp.287-300
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• 2021

The study is conducted to find out the impact of the country- and corporate-level governance and firm internationalization on stock liquidity of 120 listed firms in Japan, Hong Kong, Pakistan, and India. Panel data is used in the current study. The annual time span covered in the current study is 10 years. The current study explores results based on secondary data. The findings of the 'robust panel corrected standard error' estimator shows that the internationalization strategy of firms positively influences the stock liquidity. The internationalization strategy of multinational corporations proves to be an effective methodology for improving stock liquidity in the home market as well as abroad. The study also shows that a stronger relationship exists between stock liquidity and internationalization in those countries where the regulatory settings are effective, the judiciary system is efficient and shareholders' rights are protected. Corporate governance and stock liquidity are negatively associated. The study also finds a negative relationship between country-level governance mechanisms and stock liquidity. Whereas the 'robust panel corrected error' estimator shows a positive association between corporate governance mechanisms and firm internationalization. The study depicts that effective corporate governance motivates multinational companies to expand their business abroad.

• 지역연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.79-91
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• 1995

As an exit to solve the economic depression of the development countries in the early twentieth century, the 'old international division of labor' developed. The economic crisis(i.e., under-consumption crisis) was due to the absence of the mode of regulation compatible with the extensive regime of accumulation(i.e., "Fordist" regime). The crisis was solved by the state intervention through the creation on institutions in order to increase the level of consumption. Until the late 1960s when "high Fordism" reached(i.e., a harmonious relation between the monopoly mode of regulation and the intensive accumulation of capital), the developed core countries enjoyed a remarkable economic growth. The external market was not a necessity for the economic growth because there were increases in labor productivity and proportional increases in real wages and thus increases in consumption level. In the 1970s, however, the core faced with economic crisis again. Due to the breakdown of the postwar "Fordist" regime of capital accumulation and the post 1973 world depression, the core needed the Third World as a solution for their internal and international economic crisis. Thus the 'new international division of labor'(NIDL) arose. The "Fordist" method of production(i.e., the divisions of production process) led to the territorial division of labor and to the detailed division of labor. The aim of the NIDL is to exploit reserve armies of labor on a world scale and thus to reduce production costs. According to the NIDL model, the Third World countries have been developing by the core countries' investment on mainly labor-intensive industries and thus have been playing an important role in the global economy. And the NIDL theorists argue that multinational corporations have increasingly invested in the Third World nations and contributed to the economic growth in those regions. Tables presented in the paper show that the global trend since the 1970s does not follow the argument exactly as the NIDL theorists predicted. On the contrary, the core countries focus on developing technology, adopting the automation of production process, and trading within the core countries rather than on investing in the periopheral countries. The continuing investment of multinational corporations into the periphery is not because of cheap labor force but because of the market potentials in the regions. Majority of corporations of the core tries to reduce production costs by investing in technological development more intensively and also by changing regional strategies (i.E., investment from metropolitan areas to medium - or small - size cities, focusing on agglomeration economy, boosting regional diversification, etc.) within their own countries. The main purpose of the paper is to review and to criticize the NIDL theory based on some empirical data.IDL theory based on some empirical data.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.82-98
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• 2020

Purpose - This study aims to overcome the limitations of existing studies, which linearly determine the precedence factors of competency in overseas subsidiaries. The research objectives are as follows. First, what kind of nonlinear effects does the level of control held by Korean headquarters over foreign subsidiaries have in terms of competency in the subsidiaries? Second, what kind of nonlinear effects do the local experiences of overseas subsidiaries have on their competency? Design/methodology - With data on Korean multinational corporations (MNCs), this paper analyzes the effects of control levels of headquarters (HQs) and host-country experiences of foreign subsidiaries regarding competency in overseas subsidiaries. In particular, this study focuses on nonlinear models, differentiating it from previous studies. In order to examine research hypotheses, this study conducted a survey of overseas subsidiaries of Korean corporations. Surveys were conducted through various methods including e-mail, online questionnaires, fax, and telephone calls. Copies of the questionnaire were distributed to a total of 2,246 overseas subsidiaries, and 409 completed responses were collected. Excluding 15 copies that were insufficiently answered, responses from a total of 394 copies were used for analysis. Findings - This study presents the following results. First, there is a U-shaped relationship between levels of HQ control and competency in foreign subsidiaries. This means that higher levels of HQ control negatively impact the competency levels of subsidiaries because strict control undermines autonomy in subsidiaries. However, if the level of HQ control exceeds a certain point, then the transfer of knowledge between HQs and subsidiaries is facilitated. Knowledge transferred from HQs can be used as prior knowledge by foreign subsidiaries to the benefit of all parties. Accordingly, knowledge transfer negates the negative effects of excessive HQ control and positively affects competency in subsidiaries. Second, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the local (host-country) experiences of subsidiaries and competency in foreign subsidiaries. This means that foreign subsidiaries can overcome the liabilities of foreignness and contribute to capability building by accumulating unique knowledge about their host countries. However, if local experiences accumulate excessively beyond a certain point, then the host country-specific experiences of foreign subsidiaries will offset the benefits discussed above. Excessive local experiences not only increase organizational inertia, but also create a problem of goal incongruence due to information asymmetry between HQs and subsidiaries. Therefore, excessive local experiences have negative effects on competency in foreign subsidiaries. Originality/value - This study suggests the following implications. First, unlike existing studies based mainly on linear models, this study presents important theoretical implications in its focus on nonlinear models and its analysis of the effects of HQ control and local experiences on competency in foreign subsidiaries from perspectives of organizational learning theory and agency theory. Second, in terms of practical implications, the results of this study suggest that optimally raising levels of HQ control and managing the local experiences of subsidiaries without increasing organizational inertia is important for enhancing competency in foreign subsidiaries.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.313-344
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• 2009

Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) is considered recently a key factor for the firm's success and sustainable growth in today's changing business environments. Discussions on CSR are extensively unfolding in various sectors, public, civil society and business organizations, across the world. Consumer in foreign markets have been insisted that multinational corporations and foreign supplier need to adapt their business activities to not only the economic, but also social needs of the consumer. Therefore Korean companies operating in global markets need their global CSR strategy, which will contribute to the improvement of their international competitiveness and long term growth. Thus, the purpose of this study is to report on the strategy of corporate social responsibility through the literature review and illustration of CSR activities of the leading companies in global market. In addition, this paper is aimed to provide Korean firms the insight in reinforcement of global competitiveness in relation of strategic CSR.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.135-156
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• 2003

With the increasing recognition of logistics as a source of potential competitive advantage by companies, there has been a rapid growth in the logistics service industry. In particular increased globalization by multinational corporations has prompted consideration of outsourcing logistics service to third party logistics firms. This paper aims to seek the way to establish logistics information system by the case study of company 'D'. The G-Project, aiming to establish global supply chain including information network was required to form integrated logistics information system between manufacturer and logistics provider. The results should have considerable value to both global manufacturers and logistics providers.