• 설비공학논문집
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2000

Design load calculations which depend on the thermal characteristics of the building structure such as the wall, roof, and fenestration provide the basic data for selecting an HVAC system and its equipment. Most of domestic multi-family houses include a high thermal storage layer like massive concrete structure and a floor heating structure. This study is to compare the results of the design heating load between steady state and unsteady state calculation in order to comprehend the thermal storage effect in multi-family houses. The design heating load under the steady state calculation is estimated from 5.4% to 7.8% larger than that under the unsteady state in the typical floor of a multi-family house model. The design heating load considered the safety factors like a orientation and location factor also is 21.4% to 26.5% larger than that by the unsteady state calculation. So, the safety factors for use of the practicing engineer are analyzed as the main factor of a heating plant oversizing.

• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.115-127
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 모바일폰의 생산, 유통 및 사용 후 처리과정을 효율적으로 관리하기 위한 지속가능한 폐쇄루프 공급망 (Sustainable close-loop supply chain: SCLSC) 모델을 제안한다. 제안된 SCLSC모델의 지속가능성 (Sustainability)을 강화하기 위해 경제적 요인인 총이익 최대화, 환경적 요인인 총 CO2 방출량 최소화, 사회적 요인인 사회적 영향력 최대화를 각각 고려하였다. 이들 세 가지의 요인은 제안된 SCLSC모델의 수리화 모델링 과정에서 목적함수로 표현된다. 따라서 제안된 SCLSC모델은 다목적 최적화 (Multi-objective optimization) 문제로 고려될 수 있으며, 이를 해결하기 위해 혼합유전알고리즘 (Hybrid genetic algorithm: HGA) 접근법을 사용하였다. 수치실험에서는 세가지 상이한 규모의 SCLSC모델을 제시하고, 이를 다양한 수행도 척도들을 사용하여 HGA 접근법의 우수성을 확인하였다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2009

The main objective was to develop and assess a dynamic fate and transport model for lead in air, soil, sediment, water and vegetation. Daejeon was chosen as the study area for its relatively high contamination and emission levels. The model was assessed by comparing model predictions with measured concentrations in multi-media and atmospheric deposition flux. Given a lead concentration in air, the model could predict the concentrations in water and soil within a factor of five. Sensitivity analysis indicated that effective compartment volumes, rain intensity, scavenging ratio, run off, and foliar uptake were critical to accurate model prediction. Important implications include that restriction of air emission may be necessary in the future to protect the soil quality objective as the contamination level in soil is predicted to steadily increase at the present emission level and that direct discharge of lead into the water body was insignificant as compared to atmospheric deposition fluxes. The results strongly indicated that atmospheric emission governs the quality of the whole environment. Use of the model developed in this study would provide quantitative and integrated understanding of the cross-media characteristics and assessment of the relationships of the contamination levels among the multi-media environment.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.767-776
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• 2019

In this article, a simple and robust multi-objective assessment method to control design angles and node positions connected among steel outrigger truss members is proposed to approve both structural safety and economical cost. For given outrigger member layouts, the present method utilizes general-purpose prototypes of outrigger members, having resistance to withstand lateral load effects directly applied to tall buildings, which conform to variable connecting node and design space deposition. Outrigger layouts are set into several initial design conditions of height to width of an arbitrary given design space, i.e., variable design space. And then they are assessed in terms of a proposed multi-objective function optimizing both minimal total displacement and material quantity subjected to design impact factor indicating the importance of objectives. To evaluate the proposed multi-objective function, an analysis model uses a modified Maxwell-Mohr method, and an optimization model is defined by a ground structure assuming arbitrary discrete straight members. It provides a new robust assessment model from a local design point of view, as it may produce specific optimal prototypes of outrigger layouts corresponding to arbitrary height and width ratio of design space. Numerical examples verify the validity and robustness of the present assessment method for controlling prototypes of outrigger truss members considering a multi-objective optimization achieving structural safety and material cost.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2000

본 논문에서는, 최적 시스템을 위해서 FNN과 PNN에 기반을 둔 Multi-FPNN(다중 퍼지 다항식 뉴럴네트워크) 모델을 제안한다. 여기서 FNN 구조는 각각의 분리된 입력변수에 의해 분할된 퍼지 입력공간을 사용해서 설게되고, 간략 퍼지추론 방법과 오류 역전파 알고리즘을 이용한다. FNN은 더 좋은 출력성능을 얻기 위해 PNN과 결합한다. GMDH 방법에 기초한 PNN 구조의 각 노드는 1차 및 2차 고계 다항식의 두 형태를 사용하고, 그 노드의 입력의 입력은 2, 3, 4의 세 종류의 다변수 입력을 사용한다. 그리고 다중 FPNN 모델의 구조와 파라미터를 동정하기 위햐 HCM 크러스터링방법과 유전자 알고리즘을 사용한다. 여기서, 시스템을 위해 데이터 전처리 기능을 수행하는 HCM 클러스터링 방법은 입출력 공간분할에 의해 다중 FPNN 구조를 결정하기 위해 사용된다. 모델의 근사화와 일반화 능력 사이에 충분한 군형을 ？기 위해 하중계수를 가진 합성 성능지수(목적함수)를 사용한다. 데이터 개수, 비선형의 정도(입.출력 데이터 분포)에 위존하는 이 합성 목적함수의 하중계수의 선택 및 조절을 통하여 최적의 다중 FPNN모델을 설계하는 것이 유용하고 효과적임을 보인다. 본 연구는 두 개의 대표적 수치예의 도움으로 설명되고, 그 모델의 근사화 및 일만화 능력에 관련된 합성 성능 지수가 평가되고, 도한 토의된다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.290-301
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• 2023

PURPOSE. The study aimed to determine the influence of implant angulation on the trueness of multi-unit implant impressions taken through different techniques and strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS. As reference models, three partially edentulous mandibular models (Model 1: No angulation; Model 2: No angulation for #33, 15-degree distal angulation for #35 and #37; Model 3: No angulation for #33, 25-degree distal angulation for #35 and #37) were created by modifying the angulations of implant analogues. Using a lab scanner, these reference models were scanned. The obtained data were preserved and utilized as virtual references. Three intraoral scanning (IOS) strategies: IOS-Omnicam, ISO-Quadrant, and IOS-Consecutive, as well as two traaditional techniques: splinted open tray (OT) and closed tray (CT), were used to create impressions from each reference model. The best-fit alignment approach was used to sequentially superimpose the reference and test scan data. Computations and statistical analysis of angular (AD), linear (LD), and 3D deviations (RMS) were performed. RESULTS. Model type, impression technique, as well as interaction factor, all demonstrated a significant influence on AD and LD values for all implant locations (P < .05). The Model 1 and SOT techniques displayed the lowest mean AD and LD values across all implant locations. When considering interaction factors, CT-Model 3 and SOT-Model 1 exhibited the highest and lowest mean AD and LD values, respectively. Model type, impression technique, and interaction factor all revealed significant effects on RMS values (P ≤ .001). CT-Model 3 and SOT-Model 1 presented the highest and lowest mean RMS values, respectively. CONCLUSION. Splinted-OT and IOS-Omnicam are recommended for multi-unit implant impressions to enhance trueness, potentially benefiting subsequent manufacturing stages.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 유체기계공업학회 2003년도 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집
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• pp.154-160
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• 2003

Multi-path ultrasonic flowrate measuring technology is being received much attentions from a variety of industrial fields to exactly measure the flowmeter. Multi-path ultrasonic flowmeter has much advantage since it has no moving parts and not occurred pressure loss. It offers good accuracy, repeatability, linearity and Tum-down ratio can measure over 1:50. The present study investigates flowrate integration errors using weighting factors. A theoretical flow model uses power law to describe a fully developed velocity profiles and wall roughness changes. The methods of weighting factor simulate three configurations of measuring location of gaussian, chebyshev and tailor method. The obtained results show that many chord arrangements are not affected for wall roughness changes and can measure accurate flowrate.

• 소음진동
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.690-699
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• 1998

This paper discusses the techniques, procedures and the results of the ground vibration test(GVT) performed on the development aircraft and the simple procedure of FE model updating technique from the GVT results. The GVT was carried out using random excitation technique with MIMO(Multi-Input-Multi-Output) data acquistion method, and taking full advantage of poly-reference global parameter estimation technique to identify the vibration modes. In dynamic FE modeling, the aircraft was represented by beam elements and all dynamic analysis was performed using MSC/NASTRAN for this model. In updating procedure, the stiffness of the beam model was adjusted iteratively so as to get the natural frequencies and mode shapes close to the GVT results.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2017

The major parts of a vacuum cleaner are molded. The vacuum cleaner works in multi-load conditions. Therefore, the designer needs to optimize the structure and injection molding conditions simultaneously. Here, the main factor of design is the rib shape and thickness. The greater the rib thickness, the greater the stiffness of the structure. However, it causes an increase in weight. On the other hand, the lower the rib thickness, the greater the increase in the injection pressure. However, the weight will be reduced. Therefore, the designer needs to optimize the rib shape and thickness for structure stiffness and injection molding. In order to solve this problem, we propose an optimization method using D.O.E and a response surface model, which is a multi-objective optimization method using the multi-objective genetic algorithm.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2006

Thermal insulation is used in a variety of applications to protect temperature sensitive products from thermal damage. Several factors affect the performance of insulation packages. Among these factors, the thermal resistance of the insulating wall is the most important factor to determine the performance of the insulating package. In many cases, insulating wall consists of multi-layered structure and the heat transfer through this structure is a very complex process. In this study, an one-dimensional mathematical model, which includes all of the heat transfer principles covering conduction, convection and radiation in multi-layered structure, were developed. Based on this model, several heat transfer phenomena occurred in the air space between the layer of the insulating wall were investigated. From the simulation results, it was observed that the heat transfer through the air space between the layer were dominated by conduction and radiation and the low emissivity of the surface of each solid layer of the wall can dramatically increase the thermal resistance of the wall. For practical use, an equation was derived for the calculation of the thermal resistance of a multi-layered wall.