• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.503-515
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• 2014

A lot of existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are rebuilt or retrofitted for advanced wastewater treatment processes to cope with reinforced effluent criteria of nitrogen and phosphorous. Moreover, how to treat the wasted sludge from WWTPs has been also issued since the discharge of the wasted sludge into ocean is impossible from 2011 due to the London Convention 97 protocol. These trend changes of WWTPs get a motivation to assess environmental and economic impacts from the construction stage to the waste stage in WWTPs. Therefore, this study focuses on evaluation of environmental and economic impacts of the advanced wastewater treatment processes and waste sludge treatment process by using life cycle assessment. Four advanced wastewater treatment processes of Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic ($A_2O$), 5 stages-Bamard Denitrification Phosphate (Bardenpho), Virginia Initiative Plant (VIP), and Modified University of Cape Town (MUCT) are chosen to compare the conventional activated sludge (CAS) and three waste sludge treatment methods of land fill, incineration, and composting are used. To evaluate environmental and economic impacts of each advanced wastewater treatment processes, life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) are conducted based on International organization for standardization (ISO) guidelines. The results clearly represent that the $A_2O$ process with composting shows 52% reduction in the environmental impact than the CAS process with landfill. On the other hand, the MUCT process with composting is able to save 62% of the life cycle cost comparing with the CAS process with landfill. This result suggested the qualitative and quantitative criteria for evaluating eco-environmental and economic technologies of advanced treatment processes and also sludge treatment method, where their main influence factors on environmental and economic impacts are analyzed, respectively. The proposed method could be useful for selecting the most efficient and eco-friendly wastewater treatment process and sludge treatment method when retrofitting the existing WWTPs to advanced treatments.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 2008

Melatonin is one of the functional hormones in the milk and found in all mammalian species. The primary motivation for the use of melatonin as a supplement is as a natural aid to better sleep. Melatonin contents in milk vary according to the naturally occurring factors such as seasons and milking times. As a number of studies indicate melatonin supplementation helps to reduce the age-related decline in hormone production and overall enhancement of health, the more detailed studies are required to know the nature of milk derived hormones and to clarify them as a functional value adaptation. The objectives of this study were to examine the change of melatonin content in bovine milk during different milking times at the two dairy farms and during dairy process including homogenization and pasteurization. Commercial dairy products including night time milking products(night milk) marketed in Japan were also investigated. Melatonin content was determined by radioimmunoassay using 125I. Individual milk was collected from lactating Holstein cows at Kyong-Ki province in Korea. At farm A, the melatonin contents milking at 4 a.m. was higher than those of 7 p.m. and 12 p.m.($6.90{\pm}3.55,\;2.01{\pm}1.47$ and $0.16{\pm}0.04pg/mL$, respectively). At farm B, the mean melatonin contents milked from 24:00 AM to 05:00 AM have shown the highest contents ($4.65{\pm}$0.72pg/mL), and milking samples of the rest time had very little or non-detection of melatonin contents. Melatonin contents of commercial night milk samples were about 5 times higher than those of other common milk products. These results suggested that melatonin might be heat-resistant and commercial dairy process might not affect its contents in the final products.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.339-368
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• 2013

This study aims to discover how three-year-old children to search for existence and its meaning, while they participate a programme, 'discourse among children through books' as a way of resolving curiosities. Data were collected between April 2, September 10, 2010 and the collected data included teacher's class records, pictures, discussion notes and interview materials. The results showed that 'discourse among children through books' follows steps in a process. The steps include: Deciding a topic that children should search for, choosing an appropriate book to resolve children's curiosities, spending some time for discoursing among children by using pictures in the book, and sharing what they had understood. Through this process, a pre-school teacher met with children who were full of abilities, ideas and motivation to explore with a little assistance. The pre-school teacher was able to overcome preconceived ideas that informational books could be difficult for children, and experienced various lessons, while the children led their own learning. It represents that the activity, 'discourse among children through books' can be a children centered inquiry learning teaching strategy, because the informational books ensure that the children gain knowledge and are actively in cogitation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.247-256
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to explore career transformation process and experience of a senior steward of college student mission organization who has been engaged in a secular career and switched career as a steward of college student mission organization. In order to accomplish the purpose of the research, in-depth interviews of five senior stewards were conducted and analyzed. The results of the study are as follows. First, it can be known that the motivation for the career change of a senior steward of the CCC is related with the consciousness of calling. Second, the career transformation process of a senior steward of the CCC can be seen as experiencing adaptation to the new environment and unexpected support. Third, the meaning of the career change of a senior steward of the CCC appeared to be re-finding one's vocational goal, keeping the promise, and, special and glorious life. The following conclusions were obtained. First, it was confirmed that the identification of the mission is an essential step to the mission group steward's execution of the calling. Second, the execution of the calling of the mission group steward is very much more continuous when there are supporters. Third, the meaning of a career transition experience by the mission group steward was realized in the life of a faithful interpreter.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.7-17
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to affect health improvement of adolescent, to understand behavioral causes follow adolescent's drug abuse, to understand recovery and rehabilitaton process of adolescent drug abuser. The data are collected through open questionnaire and interview of 25 adolescents from the experienced drug abuse 16 students(male 8, female 8) in two vocational high schools and admissing adolescents 9 person in Alcohol-Drug Addiction Care Centre in Seoul from June 28th to August 31st, 1994. The collected data are arranged and explained through categorizing method stated contents about motives, causes, experiences and effected behaviors for using the drugs of drug abuser adolescents. DRUG USING MOTIVATION They are almost first son and daughter in their family. In their conversation person, male converses to their mother well, but female does not converse to their parents include family. Both groups respond positively to companionship and attitude to other, but negatively to self-confidence and actualizing attitude. They hope always peace of family and want to do their best for their life. In school group, hard and difficult things are school life and family problems, also using the drugs for resolving the them. About drug using behaviors, male responds to bad habbit and shamfull, but female is unconcerned with drug using attitude. The first background of drug using, male gets to use because of curiosity and to be induced from friends or seniors, but female gets to use for feminine beauty(thin body) and escape from reality. Used the drugs, male uses frequently Bond, Butane-Gas among inhalation materials and also marijuana, but female uses various diuretics. The times of drug using, both groups repond to use during the chaging of emotion or filling with stress. The place of drug using, both groups take drugs in vacant houses or in the mountain. The frequency of drug using, they use almost once in a day and they use mostly alone or drug user in friends. Experienced mental changing after drug using, which is fantasy, ecstasy, anxiety and suicidal feeling, and experienced physical changing after drug using, which is elevating sense, headach, abdominal pain, dyspnea and chaging of skin colour and reddish. They coincide with inconvenience feeling due to drug using. RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION PROCESS OF DRUG USING ADOLESCENTS The reason for reforming drug using behavior and attitude, both groups respond to reforming for oneself and social life. The difficult things during the stop to using drugs, all of them responed to family problems, friends problems and temptation and impulse. As for stop to using drug, they need good advise, understandable attitude and family love. But they do not need to be stigmatized, scolding, over protect and ridicule of friends. Also they entreat continuous understanding, advise, concern and the method for resolving stress. For the friends to want to use the drug, they will talk about the stories of their personal experiences and for the friends to stop to using the drug, they will consider for them how to stop. From the theses results, drug users understand personal problems due to drug using, and consider about why to stop and how to stop. Also drug users need to resolve the family problems, personal problems, stress and temptations or impulses. Accordingly this paper suggests that drug users in adolescents need understandable and acceptable atitudes, loving and tenderness, continuous advice and concern, and hopes for life.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.155-162
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• 2016

In recent years, hoping the interaction of individuals and rather than software development process and tools, and customers want software that works first, rather than a comprehensive document, in cooperation with the customer, rather than the developer negotiate a contract, to each other stick to the plan I think even more so than the value that corresponds to the change. In view of this, software development is given the autonomy and motivation to project team rather than process-oriented and have a passion and vision and human relations oriented management approach is required. In recent years, increasing the productivity benefits of agile development processes, improved quality, efficiency and customer satisfaction as is demonstrated in the methodology selected to promote the project, attention was given to the experts. Contemporary demands with regard to the methodology chosen to meet your needs, in this paper in the organization, and to solve the problems of product-based Cross functional team proposed methodology Feature Team model, this model is an organizational Cross functional team and the team is not the outcome (product) basis, were examined for the model that points to progress the development across multiple product as a functional unit, value-plan through the driven agile technique-based model and proposed a difference. And the domain analysis, required extraction by conventional JAD (joint application development) meeting the targets for the object-oriented modeling, in modeling and organize, review, aware in advance and the UML Structure and Behavior Diagrams and proposed to proceed with the project.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.79-88
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• 2017

Personal time perspective is a factor influencing motivation and goal-oriented behavior. The start-up process is a preparatory process for the future rather than the present. There will be a difference in entrepreneurial decision making depending on the level of time perspective. This study verified the relationship between individual 's time perspective and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. For this study, a survey was conducted with 190 students in college. To test the hypothesis, t-test, one-way analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used. The results of the study are as follows. First, we analyzed the difference of individual 's time by past-negative, past-positive, present-fatalistic, present-hedonistic, and future-oriented time. As a result of analysis, the more experience of entrepreneurship education, the higher the present-fatalistic, present-hedonistic, and future-oriented level. Second, the effect of individual's time perspective on entrepreneurial self-efficacy was analyzed. The past-negative and present-fatalistic level influenced negative on entrepreneurial self-efficacy. The present-hedonistic and future-oriented level influenced positive on entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Finally, based on the above results, academic significance, implications and limitations are suggested.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2007

This study was focused on figure out what kinds of elements are influencing on job satisfaction with approach of the educational system. It was also to figure out how work characteristics and role conflicts of employees influence on job satisfaction. Objects of study were employeeswho had been working in Hospice and Palliative medical center at least for 6 months, and they were doctors, nurses, ministers, and welfare workers. Collected materials were analyzed by Frequency Analysis, One-way ANOVA, Correlation Analysis, and SimpleRegression Analysis. Results from study can be summarized like below. The first, job satisfaction of workers in Hospice and Palliative medical center were 3.36, and this numerical value is pretty high over all. For saying from the higher to the lower satisfaction level, there were satisfaction with job itself, satisfaction with co-workers, satisfaction with seniors (superiors), and satisfaction with organizations, on the other hands, satisfaction with salaries was turned out as the lowest level among those. The second, role conflict was 2.63, and it is considered as the medium level. after inquiring into it by elements of role conflict, they felt many environmental difficulties compared to other workers in different fields such as environmental difficulty, role ambiguity, insufficient ability, process obscurity, etc. The third, work environment influencing on job satisfaction are as follows. Professional environment among characteristics of work environment was significant statistically. Job satisfaction of ministers was the highest; others were in the order of doctors, welfare workers, and nurses. For employment history, job satisfaction was higher as they have more and longer job experience including whole professional experience both in hospice and palliative medical center. In addition, participating in hospice and palliative programs, intensive training regularly was significantly. Job Motivation was also significant statistically. Especially, job satisfaction was higher when people decided to work in hospice and palliative medical center because of individual desire (self-realization). Lastly, influence of role conflict on job satisfaction is as follows. Environmental difficulty, role ambiguity, insufficient ability, process obscurity, etc showed the significant meaning statistically, and the lower role conflict was related with the higher job satisfaction. Suggestions for next study based on such results are as follows in order to improve or increase job satisfaction of employees in hospice/palliative medical centers. The first, to expand education opportunity of employees is needed to increase job satisfactionof hospice/palliatives medical centers. Participating in intensive programs and seminars by types of occupation and acquiring professional knowledge are very important since employees are motivated by those activities. For that, developing and activating intensive education/programs by professional occupations are suggested. The second, dividing roles of employees and determining each job's limit clearly in hospice/palliative medical centers are required. For that, study developing standard job regulations is suggested for each professional job. Lastly, developing and providing reasonable salaries is needed because low salaries of hospice/palliative medical centers are the absolute reason lowering job satisfaction. Therefore, this paper suggests improving the salary level of employees of hospice/palliative medical centers and developing practical plan for it.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.165-176
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• 2018

A demand for user's participation in the designing process, which is called the participation design, is increasing with social change. Practically, however, there is lack of researches on the improvement of the problem in actual design development and participation design effect. In order to understand the field-based participation design effect in view of user's change of awareness on participation design, this study carried out a survey on the change of awareness through a design workshop in which all stakeholders have participated on the subject of agricultural direct sales facilities as a part of participation design programs. Many references were reviewed first to understand the participation design principles and their current research trend. Next, the questionnaire was developed using an effectiveness verification model for an effective analysis. A design workshop as one of the participation design programs was organized and applied for the field response. In order to analyze the effect, the survey on participants' change of awareness was carried out before and after the program. The survey questionnaires were about motivation, knowledge, recognition, function, and participation and asked the design study graduates. The participation design effect was supplemented by additional open questions. As a consequence, the participants in the participation design program showed the noticeable effect in knowledge and function about the agricultural direct sales facilities. It was found that they were also highly satisfied with the participation design result and they recognized an importance of collaboration. This study also showed that a sufficient time schedule considering agricultural village life should be given for a smooth operation of the program and also a working environment is necessary for designing work.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.57-87
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to develop the first social work skills inventory in Korea. Based upon the literature review of social work skills, the examination of an existing scale, and the comments from professionals in this field, 57 preliminary items were developed. Preliminary items were evaluated with a total of 370 social workers who were working in various fields of social work in Seoul and surrounding areas. A series of exploratory factor analyses were conducted to find out the optimal structure of the scale. After deleting 30 items with low factor loadings or being cross-loaded, the scale is composed of five factors. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the factor structure of the scale obtained by exploratory factor analysis. The first factor was named preparatory and assessing skills to be mostly used in the beginning phase of th social work process, the second factor was named change facilitating skills to be used to strengthen motivation to change, third factor was named ending and evaluating skills to be used to terminate the professional relationship and evaluate the outcome of the relationship, the fourth factor was named resource linking and utilizing skills to be used to utilize resources in order to solve clients' problems and the fifth factor was named ethical practice skills. Each component of the social work skills inventory is found to be reliable and valid. In sum, the social work skills inventory is an instrument encompassing basic skills necessary for social work process, skills for ethical social work practice, and skills necessary for utilizing environmental resources.