• 농업과학연구
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.115-119
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• 1978

볏짚의 사료가치(飼料價値)를 증진(增進)하고 아울러 고마리의 사료가치(飼料價値)를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 볏짚과 고마리의 혼합비율(混合比率)을 각각(各各) 10 : 90($T_1$), 20 : 80($T_2$), 30 : 70($T_3$), 및 40 : 60($T_4$)로 처리(處理)하여 혼합(混合)Silage를 제조(製造)한 후(後) 이들 재료(材料)와 Silage의 조성분석(組成分析)하고 Silage의 품질(品質)을 판정(判定)하여 그 결과(結果)를 아래와 같이 요약(要約)하였다. 1. 통일계(統一系)(노풍)볏짚의 조성분중(粗成分中) 조단질(粗蛋質)과 가용무질소물(可溶無窒素物)이 고형물비(固形物比)로 각각(各各) 8.18% 및 44.66%로 일반(一般)볏짚보다 사료가치(飼料價値)가 양호(良好)해 보였고 고마리도 고형물(固形物) 기준(基準)으로 조단백질(粗蛋白質)이 14.47%로 일반적(一般的)으로 화본과목(禾本科牧草)보다 높았고 가용무질소물(可溶無窒素物)은 51.13%로 대략 화본과(禾本科)나 두과목초(豆科牧草)보다 높아 보였다. 2. Silage의 수분함량(水分含量)은 $T_2$가 72.12%, $T_3$가 66.43%로 비교적 수분함량(水分含量)이 적당(適當)했고 모든 처리구(處理區)가 타(他) Silage에 비(比)하여 조단백질량(粗蛋白質量)이 높아 보였다. 3. Silage의 pH는 $T_1$이 pH 3.8로 가장 양호(良好)하였고 $T_4$가 pH 4.5로 가장 높았으며 유기산함량(有機酸含量)은 $T_1$이 가장 적었고 $T_4$가 가장 많았으나 총산(總酸)에 대(對)한 유산비율(乳酸比率)은 $T_1$쪽이 높고 $T_4$가 떨어졌다. 4. 볏짚과 고마리의 혼합(混合)으로 양질(良質)의 Silage를 제조(製造)할 수 있었으며 볏짚과 고마리의 혼합비율(混合比率)은 20 : 80~30 : 70 범위가 적당(適當)했으며, 앞으로 혼합(混合) Silage의 이용가치(利用價値)가 기대(期待)된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.487-494
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• 1992

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of addition of Lucerne juice (LJ) obtained by mechanical extraction of freshly harvested crop on the nutritive value of rice straw silage. Rice straw (RS) was ensiled with intact, NaOH or $NH_3$ treated LJ at 3:7 ratio on fresh weight basis (LJ RS, LJ NaOH RS and LJ $NH_3$ RS, respectively). Each alkali was mixed with fresh juice at a level of 4% of rice straw dry matter just before ensiling. Rice straw ensiled with water was prepared as the control (W RS). In the digestion trial, goats were allocated in a $4{\times}4$ Latin-square design and fed the diet containing three parts of RS silage and one part of wheat bran (DM basis). For the goats receiving the control silage, urea was supplemented at feeding time so as to adjust the nitrogen intake except for goats on LJ $NH_3$ RS silage. Crude protein content of RS silage was increased from 5.2 to 9.1% (DM basis) by the addition of intact LJ and to about 24% by $NH_3$ treated LJ. The control W RS silage contained only trace amount of lactic acid and was dominated by acetic and butyric acid. The addition of intact LJ reduced butyric acid content and $NH_3-N/TN$ of the silage whereas the addition of alkalized LJ increased those values and shifted to a butyrate type fermentation. Nutrient digestibilities and nitrogen balance of goats were almost the same when they were fed W RS and LJ RS silage indicating the addition of intact LJ did not improve the nutritive value. The addition of alkalized LJ significantly increased the fiber digestibilities of RS silage and $NH_3$ treatment was more effective than NaOH treatment. Postprandial ruminal $NH_3-N$ and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were decreased by feeding LJ NaOH RS silage suggesting ruminal protein synthesis was enhanced along with the increase of energy supply for supply for rumen microbes by the alkali treatment. The advantageous fiber digestibilities of LJ $NH_3$ RS silage compared with those of LJ NaOH RS silage might be attributable to a sufficient nitrogen supply for microbial fiber digestion in the rumen.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1137-1142
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• 2003

In a balanced incomplete block design, two dry Holstein cows were used to investigate the effect of $\beta$ 1-4 galactooligosaccharides (GOS) supplementation on nitrogen (N) utilization, rumen fermentation and microbial N supply in the rumen. During the experiment, cows were fed four diets: orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) silage (OS), OS with GOS supplementation (OSG), OS mixed with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage (MS) and MS with GOS supplementation (MSG). GOS was supplemented at 2% of dry matter intake. Diets were fed at maintenance level of protein and energy. Results showed that N digestion was affected by silage and interaction of silage and GOS supplementation. Cows fed OSG had the highest N digested (p<0.05) followed by MS, OS and MSG. Supplementation of GOS to OS or MS diets tended to improve N utilization through reducing the N losses on dairy cows. There was no effect of GOS supplementation on rumen fermentation parameters (i.e. pH, $NH_3$-N and total VFA) at 1 h and 6 h after feeding. Compared to cows fed MS, cows fed OS silage had higher (p<0.05) allantoin excretion (80.8 vs. 67.1 mmol/d) and higher (p<0.05) total purine derivatives excretion (92.9 vs. 78.5 mmol/d). The microbial N supply in cows fed OSG was higher (p<0.05) than those fed OS, MS and MSG.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.50-57
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• 2024

Silage inoculants, crucial in modern silage production, comprise beneficial microorganisms, primarily lactic acid bacteria (LAB), strategically applied to forage material during ensiling. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of various inoculants produced by different companies. Five treatments were evaluated, including a control group: T1 (Lactobacillus plantarum), T2 (Lactobacillus plantarum + Pediococcus pentosaceus), T3 (Lactobacillus plantarum + Pediococcus pentosaceus + Lactobacillus buchneri), T4 (Lactobacillus plantarum + Lactobacillus acidophilus + Lactobacillus bulgaricus), and T5 (Lactobacillus plantarum + Pediococcus pentosaceus + Enterococcus faecium). Italian ryegrass was harvested at the heading stage and treated with these silage inoculants. Samples were collected over a 60-day ensiling period. Co-inoculation with L. plantarum and P. pentosaceus (T2) resulted in significantly higher CP compared to the control group co-inoculation exhibited with resulted in Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus in the T2 treatment exhibited higher CP content of 106.35 g/kg dry matter (DM). The T3 treatment, which included heterofermentative bacterial strains such as Lactobacillus buchneri, exhibited an increase in acetic acid concentration (11.15 g/kg DM). In the T4 treatment group, which utilized a mixed culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, the NH₃-N/TN content was observed to be the lowest (20.52 g/kg DM). The T5 containing Enterococcus faecium had the highest RFV (123) after 60 days. Expanding upon these findings, the study underscores not only the beneficial effects of particular inoculant treatments on silage quality but also underscores the potential of customized inoculation strategies in maximizing nutrient retention and overall silage preservation.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.205-214
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• 2005

홍삼박의 보존성을 향상시켜 반추동물사료 또는 사료첨가제로 이용할 목적으로 옥수수silage(대조구, corn silage; CS)와 홍삼박silage(GS), 홍삼박+0.5%분쇄옥수수(GS0.5), 홍삼박+1.0%분쇄옥수수(GS1.0) 및 홍삼박+유산균(GSL) silage를 제조하였다. silage 발효 기간중 0, 3, 7 및 60일에 pH를 측정하고 60일에 시료를 건조하여 분쇄한 후 화학조성분과 in vivo 건물 소화율은 측정한 결과는 다음과 같이 요약되었다. 1. Silage의 화학조성분은 원료 홍삼박에 비하여 silage의 성분변화는 크게 나타나지 않았다. 전반적인 홍삼박 silage의 건물기준 조단백질(17.7~18.8%)이 옥수수 silage(8.8%)보다 높았다(P<0.05). 또한 홍삼박silage의 Ca함량은 GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 및 GSL이 0.99, 1.13, 0.99 및 1.03%로 나타나 옥수수silage(CS)의 0.31%보다 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 그러나 홍삼박 silage와 간에는 유의차가 나타내지 않았다. 2. Silage의 pH는 처음(0일)부터 홍삼박 silage가 낮았고, 발효 3, 7, 60일에서는 분쇄옥수수 0.5% 첨가구(GS0.5)가 4.2, 3.6 및 3.3으로 가장 낮았고 60일 기준으로는, 무처리구(GS)(3.6)과 유산균구(GSL)(3.7)가 높았다(p<0.05). 3. Silage의 in vivo 건물소화율에서 72시간소화율은 CS, GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 및 GSL이 각각 52.1, 76.5, 75.8, 72.9 및 77.3%로 나타나 옥수수silage보다 모든 홍삼박 silage에서 높았고(p<0.05) 홍삼박silage간에는 유이차를 보이지 않았다. 4. Silage의 발효특성중 총유기산 함량은 CS, GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 및 GSL이 각각 87.3, 44.7, 37.8, 46.3 및 47.2mM/dl로 CS가 가장 높았다. 총산 대유산 함량은 각각 53.7, 60.2, 77.2, 83.4 및 77.3%로 CS와 GS만 70% 미만이고 다른구는 70%이상으로 높게 나타났다. 5. Silage의 in vivo 건물 소화율은 발효 72시간에서 CS, GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 및 GSL이 각각 52.1, 76.5, 75.8, 72.7 및 77.3%로 나타나 CS보다 홍삼박 silage에서 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 홍삼박 silage의 품질은 분쇄 옥수수와 유산균첨가제구에서 양호했으나, 경제적인 면을 고려하여 분쇄옥수수 0.5%(GS0.5)가 효과적인 것으로 판단되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.788-796
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• 2017

Objective: In order to improve fermentation quality of natural grasses, their silage preparation and fermentation quality in meadow steppe (MS) and typical steppe (TS) were studied. Methods: The small-scale silages and round bale silages of mixed natural grasses in both steppes were prepared using the commercial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants Chikuso-1 (CH, Lactobacillus plantarum) and cellulase enzyme (AC, Acremonium cellulase) as additives. Results: MS and TS contained 33 and 9 species of natural grasses, respectively. Stipa baicalensis in MS and Stipa grandi in TS were the dominant grasses with the highest dry matter (DM) yield. The crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber and water-soluble carbohydrate of the mixed natural grasses in both steppes were 8.02% to 9.03%, 66.75% to 69.47%, and 2.02% to 2.20% on a DM basis, respectively. All silages treated with LAB and cellulase were well preserved with lower pH, butyric acid and ammonia-N content, and higher lactic acid and CP content than those of control in four kinds of silages. Compared with CH- or AC-treated silages, the CH+ AC-treated silages had higher lactic acid content. Conclusion: The results confirmed that combination with LAB and cellulase may result in beneficial effects by improving the natural grass silage fermentation in both grasslands.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.475-478
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• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate feeding value of berseem and lucerne silage as a replacement for conventional fodder (berseem fodder) in lactating Nili buffaloes. Fifteen early lactating multi-parous Nili buffaloes, five buffaloes in each group were allotted three experimental diets. Berseem and lucerne fodders were ensiled at 30% DM (wheat straw was used to adjust the DM of fodders) with molasses (at the rate of 2% of fodder DM) in two bunker silos for 30 days. The diets contained 75% DM from berseem fodder (BF), 75% DM from berseem silage (BS) and 75% DM from lucerne silage (LS). Each diet contained 25% concentrate DM. Diets were mixed daily and fed twice a day at ad libitum intakes. Dry matter intake (DMI) was significantly higher (13.8 kg/d) in buffaloes fed BF diet than those fed LS (12.5 kg/d) and BS (11.9 kg/day) diets. The differences in digestible DMI and DMI as percent body weight were significant between fodder and silage based diets but non-significant when BS and LS were compared. Lower DMI with silage-based diets was probably because of low silage pH. Intake of NDF (NDFI) was higher (5.68 kg/d) in buffaloes fed BF diet followed by those fed LS (5.50 kg/d) and BS (5.00 kg/d) diets. The difference was significant (p<0.05) across fodder and silage based diets but NDFI was non-significant across both silage-based diets. The apparent DM digestibility was significantly different (p<0.05) between fodder and silage-based diets but was non-significant between LS and BS diets. Four percent fat corrected milk yield was significantly different (p<0.05) between fodder and silage-based diets but was non-significant between LS and BS diets. Higher milk yield with fodder based diet was because of more digestible nutrient intake (Table 3) compared with silage based diets. Milk CP, TP and NPN and SNF did not show any treatment effects. The present results indicated that the berseem and lucerne fodder ensiled at 30% DM level with 2% molasses could safely replace (75% DM) the conventional leguminous fodder in the diets of lactating Nili buffaloes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2017

Objective: This study investigated the association of enzyme-producing microbes and their enzymes with starch and hemicellulose degradation during fermentation of total mixed ration (TMR) silage. Methods: The TMRs were prepared with soybean curd residue, alfalfa hay (ATMR) or Leymus chinensis hay (LTMR), corn meal, soybean meal, vitamin-mineral supplements, and salt at a ratio of 25:40:30:4:0.5:0.5 on a dry matter basis. Laboratory-scale bag silos were randomly opened after 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days of ensiling and subjected to analyses of fermentation quality, carbohydrates loss, microbial amylase and hemicellulase activities, succession of dominant amylolytic or hemicellulolytic microbes, and their microbial and enzymatic properties. Results: Both ATMR and LTMR silages were well preserved, with low pH and high lactic acid concentrations. In addition to the substantial loss of water soluble carbohydrates, loss of starch and hemicellulose was also observed in both TMR silages with prolonged ensiling. The microbial amylase activity remained detectable throughout the ensiling in both TMR silages, whereas the microbial hemicellulase activity progressively decreased until it was inactive at day 14 post-ensiling in both TMR silages. During the early stage of fermentation, the main amylase-producing microbes were Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (B. amyloliquefaciens), B. cereus, B. licheniformis, and B. subtilis in ATMR silage and B. flexus, B. licheniformis, and Paenibacillus xylanexedens (P. xylanexedens) in LTMR silage, whereas Enterococcus faecium was closely associated with starch hydrolysis at the later stage of fermentation in both TMR silages. B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, and B. subtilis and B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, and P. xylanexedens were the main source of microbial hemicellulase during the early stage of fermentation in ATMR and LTMR silages, respectively. Conclusion: The microbial amylase contributes to starch hydrolysis during the ensiling process in both TMR silages, whereas the microbial hemicellulase participates in the hemicellulose degradation only at the early stage of ensiling.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.517-522
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• 1994

Three experiments were carried out to evaluate the fermentation process and subsequent nutritional quality of silage made from dried and fresh barley straw with and without the addition of wet brewers' grains. The treatments were: 1 kg of dried straw with 600 g of water but no wet brewers' grains (I - 0) as a control, and the same straw mixed with 2 kg (I - 2), 3 kg (I - 3), 4 kg (I - 4), or 5 kg (I - 5) of wet brewers' grains as treatments in Experiment I; and 2 kg of fresh straw without wet brewers' grains (II - 0) as a control, and the same fresh straw mixed with 2 kg (II - 1), 4 kg (II - 2), 6 kg (II - 3), or 8 kg (II - 4) of wet brewers' grains as treatments in Experiment II. Each material prepared was ensiled in 5 L (vinyl) bag silos, and the silos placed in a chamber of $21^{\circ}C$ for 10 (Exp. I) or 7 (Exp. II) months. The fermentation quality and nutritive value of the barley straw silages produced were markedly improved by mixing them with wet brewers' grains. Increasing levels of wet brewers' grains caused on increase in fermentation quality. The in vitro dry matter digestibility of silages was also increased by adding wet brewers' grains. Two semi scale pilot silages, experiment III, prepared from dried and fresh barley straw mixed with wet brewers' grains were fed to wether sheep. These silages, which contained 50% barley straw and 50% wet brewers' grains by dry weight, were moderate apparent digestibility and supplied of about 50% TDN and DCP.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.15-27
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• 2023

Jeju Sasa borealis (S. borealis) is indigenous to the Halla Mountain area of Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. However, its dominance has retarded the development of other plant species and lowered biodiversity in this region. The aim of this study was to determine whether S. borealis silage (SS) supplementation affects the chemical composition and antioxidant activity in the fresh meat of Korean native goats (Capra hircus coreanae). The experiment was conducted on 12 Korean native goats at the finisher stage. The feeding groups were the Control (total mixed ration, TMR) and the Treatment (80% TMR + 20% SS). The animals were adapted for two weeks and then subjected to a six-month breeding experiment. Meat samples were excised from the neck, loin, rib, front leg, and hind leg of the slaughtered animals. The meat derived from the treatment group contained more taurine and anserine than that derived from the control group. Both groups did not significantly differ in terms of ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid ratio. The loin and front leg of the treatment group contained significantly higher vitamin E levels than those of the control group. DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP analyses disclosed that the loin and front leg had significantly higher antioxidant activity (p<0.05) than the other parts. Moreover, the loin and front leg cuts of the treatment group had higher antioxidant activity than those of the control group. The present study demonstrated that S. borealis supplementation could effectively improve Korean native goat meat quality.