• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.188-197
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• 2010

Background: Lichen-derived glucans have been known to stimulate the functions of immune cells. However, immunostimulatory activity of glucan obtained from edible lichen, Umbilicaria esculenta, has not been reported. Thus we evaluated the phenotype and functional maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) following treatment of extracted glucan (PUE). Methods: The phenotypic and functional maturation of PUE-treated DCs was assessed by flow cytometric analysis and cytokine production, respectively. PUE-treated DCs was also used for mixed leukocyte reaction to evaluate T cell-priming capacity. Finally we detected the activation of MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ by immunoblot. Results: Phenotypic maturation of DCs was shown by the elevated expressions of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class I/II molecules. Functional activation of DCs was proved by increased cytokine production of IL-12, IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IFN-${\alpha}/{\beta}$, decreased endocytosis, and enhanced proliferation of allogenic T cells. Polymyxin B, specific inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), did not affect PUE activity, which suggested that PUE was free of LPS contamination. As a mechanism of action, PUE increased phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPKs, and enhanced nuclear translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ p50/p65 in DCs. Conclusion: These results indicate that PUE induced DC maturation via MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathways.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.224-230
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• 2015

Purpose: To determine whether we should recommend ultrasonography (US) for an incidental thyroid nodule identified by additional cervicothoracic sagittal T2-weighted image (C-T sag T2WI) of lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 61 patients who underwent both lumbar spine MRI and thyroid US between December 2011 and April 2015 was conducted. For all US-found thyroid nodules > 1 cm, investigators evaluated whether there was any correlation between thyroid nodule detectability by C-T sag T2WI and US features such as echogenicity, composition, or suspicion of malignancy. Results: Solid hypoechoic (2/4; 50%) or mixed echoic nodules (4/8; 50%) appeared to be found relatively more easily by C-T sag T2WI than more benign-looking solid isoechoic (1/4; 25%) or spongiform nodules (0/6; 0%). Among six nodules with ultrasonographic suspicion for malignancy, only one nodule was detected by C-T sag T2WI. Conclusion: If an incidental thyroid nodule is seen by C-T sag T2WI, it would be better to recommend thyroid US for identifying malignancy.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2016

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate methods to reduce seeding expenses, thereby increasing farm income. This study investigated the effects of rain shelter controlled cultivation and adapted seeding times on the stable seed production of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Methods and Results: Seed germination was conducted under 10 condition compose to control, water washing, cold storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 15 days, seed sterilization with a benomyl pesticides, hormone treated seed by submerging in 100 ppm $GA_3$ with the cold storage at $20^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, darkness in a covered petridish and illuminated with a 1,500 Lux lamp. There were three cultivation type, open cultivation with non-woven fabric mulching, cultivation with a vinyl covering and rain sheltered in a plastic greenhouse. Sowing dates were April 27, May 18, June 7 and June 28, 2013. Plants were spaced 10 cm apart in rows 30 cm apart. Mixed oil cake fertilizer, $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ (12-10-10) was applied at $600kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$. Conclusions: Optimum germination occured in darkness at $25^{\circ}C$ and cold storage after submerging in $GA_3$. The highest seed yields ($4.5kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) occurred in the plastic greenhouse for the April 25 sowing. The highest root yield (17%) was found on April 1, under greenhouse conditions.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.566-578
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• 2018

본 연구는 국내 게이미피케이션 연구의 동향과 성과를 고찰하고, 연구방향에 대해 제언하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 체계적 문헌고찰 방법을 통해 선정된 논문 131편을 대상으로 연구시기, 연구목적, 연구 유형, 연구방법, 연구결과에 따라 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 국내에서도 관련 연구가 꾸준히 증가하는 추세를 보이면서, 2015년 이후부터 다양한 비게임 분야의 학술적 논의가 보다 활발하게 이루어지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 연구목적별로는 게이미피케이션 전략 프로그램 디자인의 활용 효과를 검증하고자 하는 평가 목적의 연구가 가장 많았다. 연구시기별 연구목적 분포의 경우 게이미피케이션 논의 초창기에는 소개 분석 목적의 연구가, 2014년 이후부터는 게이미피케이션 전략 개발과 효과 검증을 다루는 연구들이 증가하였다. 연구유형별로는 솔루션, 평가, 포지션페이퍼, 타당화 연구 순이었다. 연구방법별로는 문헌연구가 가장 많았으며 양적연구, 질적연구, 혼합연구의 순이었다. 연구결과를 보고한 45편의 논문에 대한 연구결과별 분석에서는 심리적 효과를 다룬 논문이 21편, 행동적 효과를 다룬 논문이 17편, 심리적, 행동적 효과를 모두 다룬 논문이 7편인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과를 바탕으로 향후 연구방향을 제안하였다.

• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.269-289
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• 2017

통계교육 연구는 통계교육의 현상을 기술, 예측, 설명함으로써 통계교육의 실제를 개선하는데 중요한 기반이 된다. 본 연구에서는 21세기 이후 국내 주요 수학교육 학술지에 게재되었던 통계교육 연구논문을 통해 국내 연구 동향을 분석하였다. 이에 2000년부터 2016년까지 17년 간 한국연구재단 등재후보지 이상의 주요 수학교육 학술지에 게재된 논문 99편을 찾아, 학술지별, 연구 대상별, 연구 방법별, 연구 주제별로 범주화하고 연도별로 그 분포를 확인하였다. 연구 결과, 국내 통계교육 연구는 양적인 측면에서 그 편수가 많지 않아 특정 연구자들에 의한 연도별 변이가 크다는 사실을 확인하였다. 또한, 인간 대상 연구와 인간 비대상 연구가 대체적으로 비슷했으며 대학생 대상의 연구가 거의 없고 교사 대상의 연구는 2010년 이후로 점차 늘어나고 있었다. 연구 방법의 경우, 전체적으로 실험 연구와 비실험 연구가 비슷하게 수행된 것으로 보이나 이는 2010년 이후 질적 연구와 혼합 연구가 증가함으로써 비롯된 현상이다. 마지막으로 국내 통계교육 연구 중에서는 교수 학습에 대한 연구가 가장 많은 비중을 차지하는 가운데 추론 및 이해에 대한 연구가 점차 증가하고 있으며 정의적 영역에 대한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 이를 통해 본 연구에서는 국내 통계교육의 연구 동향을 2010년 전후로 분류하여 그 특징을 확인하고 향후 통계교육 연구의 과제와 발전 방향에 대한 시사점을 도출하였다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.188-196
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• 2016

Purpose: In order to develop soy sauce and increase its functionality, by adding black garlic extract. Methods: We compared quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of 20 days aging black garlic soy sauce from mixed manufacturers with raw soy sauce (commercial fermented soy sauce) and different ratio of black garlic extract (65 Brix, 0.3-5.0%). Results: The salt content of the black garlic extract (0.3-5.0%) added soy sauce were 12.35-12.77%. The pH was lowered to 4.99, and acidity was increased to 2.12%, depending on the increase in black garlic extract added ratio. The crude protein and total nitrogen contents were 6.23-6.62% and 1.10-1.16%, respectively, and content of amino form nitrogen was 0.52-0.53%, without significant differences between experimental groups. Contents of reducing sugar and free sugars (fructose and glucose) tended to be higher with higher mixing ratios of black garlic extract. Total phenolic compounds and flavonoids contents were significantly increased in the 3% and 5% black garlic extract addition group. At concentrations of 62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1,000 and $2,000{\mu}g/mL$, the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity of the polysaccharides isolated from control soy sauce and 5% black garlic extract added soy sauce showed higher correlation with their concentration. Conclusion: These results, confirmed that the soy sauce produced by adding more than 3% of black garlic extract has high antioxidant activity.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.99-112
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• 2019

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze Korean qualitative research studies on cerebral palsy and provide a basis for future direction of research. Methods : Twenty-six articles were selected by searching 4 Korean databases (NDSL, DBpia, KISS, and RISS) and reviewing the list of additional references. All the articles were analyzed and assessed using the Consolidated criteria for Reporting Qualitative research (COREQ). Results : Seventeen qualitative studies and 9 mixed quantitative and qualitative studies were selected, and methodologies such as case study (42.3 %), constant comparative method (23.1 %) and phenomenology (23.1 %) were used. The studies investigated the effects of interventions (38.5 %), support programs (30.8 %), and life experiences (26.9 %). Among the participants, 50.0 % were persons with disabilities only, 19.2 % were parents only, and 30.8 % were combination of persons with disabilities, parents, teachers, and therapists. The number of participants in most studies was 2-9 (57.7 %). The COREQ evaluation of the selected articles revealed many shortcomings in the studies. Interview guidelines were used only in 26.9 % of the studies. In particular, many articles did not describe in detail the characteristics of researchers and the relationship between researchers and the participants. Conclusion : In future, various research methodologies and research checklists must be used to stimulate high-quality qualitative research with on cerebral palsy.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제66권5호
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• pp.525-535
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• 2023

Objective : We performed an expanded multi-ethnic meta-analysis to identify associations between inflammation-related loci with intracranial aneurysm (IA) susceptibility. This meta-analysis possesses increased statistical power as it is based on the most data ever evaluated. Methods : We searched and reviewed relevant literature through electronic search engines up to August 2022. Overall estimates were calculated under the fixed- or random-effect models using pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses were performed according to ethnicity. Results : Our meta-analysis enrolled 15 studies and involved 3070 patients and 5528 controls including European, Asian, Hispanic, and mixed ethnic populations. Of 17 inflammation-related variants, the rs1800796 locus (interleukin [IL]-6) showed the most significant genome-wide association with IA in East-Asian populations, including 1276 IA patients and 1322 controls (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.56-0.75; p=3.24#x00D7;10^-9) under a fixed-effect model. However, this association was not observed in the European population (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.80-1.47; p=0.5929). Three other variants, rs16944 (IL-1β), rs2195940 (IL-12B), and rs1800629 (tumor necrosis factor-α) showed a statistically nominal association with IA in both the overall, as well as East-Asian populations (0.01<p<0.05). Conclusion : Our updated meta-analysis with increased statistical power highlights that rs1800796 which maps on the IL-6 gene is associated with IA, and in particular confers a protective effect against occurrence of IA in the East-Asian population.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.417-424
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• 2024

Background: This research main objective was to evaluate a proliposomes (PLs) formulation for the enhancement of oral bioavailability of ginsenosides, using ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) as a marker. Methods: A novel PLs formulation was prepared using a modified evaporation-on-matrix method. Soy phosphatidylcholine, Rg3-enriched extract, poloxamer 188 (Lutrol® F 68) and sorbitol were mixed and dissolved using a aqueous ethanolic solution, followed by the removal of ethanol and lyophilization. The characterization of Rg3-PLs formulations was performed by powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and in vitro release. The enhancement of oral bioavailability was investigated and analyzed by noncompartmental parameters after oral administration of the formulations. Results: PXRD of Rg3-PLs indicated that Rg3 was transformed from crystalline into its amorphous form during the preparation process. The Rg3-encapsulated liposomes with vesicular-shaped morphology were generated after the reconstitution by gentle hand-shaking in water; they had a mean diameter of approximately 350 nm, a negative zeta potential (- 28.6 mV) and a high entrapment efficiency (97.3%). The results of the in vitro release study exhibited that significantly more amount of Rg3 was released from the PLs formulation in comparison with that from the suspension of Rg3-enriched extract (control group). The pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration of PLs formulation in rats showed an approximately 11.8-fold increase in the bioavailability of Rg3, compared to that of the control group. Conclusion: The developed PLs formulation could be a favorable delivery system to improve the oral bioavailability of ginsenosides, including Rg3.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.179-194
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• 2020

The present study aims to evaluate the effects of satellite-based SST (OSTIA) assimilation on a regional ocean circulation model for the Yellow and East China Seas (YECS), using three different assimilation methods: the Ensemble Optimal Interpolation (EnOI), Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF), and 4-Dimensional Variational (4DVAR) techniques, which are widely used in the ocean modeling communities. The model experiments show that an improved initial condition by assimilating the SST affects the seasonal water temperature and water mass distributions of the YECS. In particular, the SST data assimilation influences the temperature structures horizontally and vertically in winter, thereby improving the behavior of the YS warm current water. This is due to the fact that during wintertime the water column is well mixed, which is directly updated by the SST assimilation. The model comparisons indicate that the SST assimilation can improve the model performance in resolving the subsurface structures in wintertime, but has a relatively small impact in summertime due to the strong stratification. The differences among the different assimilation experiments are obvious when the SST was sharply changed due to a typhoon passage. Overall, the EnKF and 4DVAR show better agreement with the observations than the EnOI. The relatively low performance of EnOI under storm conditions may be related with a limitation of EnOI method whereby an analysis is obtained from a number of climatological fields, and thus the typhoon-induced SST changes in short-time scales may not be adequately reflected in the data assimilation.