• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.337-343
• /
• 1978

우유(牛乳)의 이용도(利用度)를 다양화하기 위하여 새로운 발효유(醱酵乳)를 개발(開發)할 목적(目的)으로 몇가지 기초실험(基礎實驗)을 실시(實施)하고 알코올함량 및 산도(酸度)를 달리하여 8종(種)의 알코올발효유(醱酵乳)를 제조(製造)하고 관태검사(官態檢査)를 실시(實施)하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 유산균(乳酸菌)은 4종(種)을 분리(分離)했고 그중 Y-2균주(菌株)가 산생성도(酸生成度)가 우수했고 모든 균주(菌株)는 우유배지보다 합성배지에서 산 생성도가 높았다. 2. 우유배지(牛乳培地)에 Y-2균주(菌株)를 접종(接種)하고 $30^{\circ}C$ 24시간(時間) 배양(培養)하면 pH는 6.2에서 5.2로 하강되며 배양중(培養中) Amino-N의 함량은 증감하였다. 3. K. fragilis 균주(菌株)를 우유배지에 접종(接種)하고 $30^{\circ}C$ 7일간(日間) 배양(培養)하면 pH는 6.2에서 5.2로 하강되며 Amino-N의 함량은 $0.12{\sim}0.27mg/ml$의 분포(分布)를 나타냈다. K. fragilis균주는 E-2, E-4 균주에 비해 알코올생성도(生成度)가 높았으며 각 균주(菌株)의 알코올생성도(生成度)는 우유배지(牛乳培地)와 합성배지(合成培地)에서 별 차이가 없었다. 4. 효모(酵母)를 접종배양(接種培養) 후 유산균(乳酸菌)을 접종(接種)하면 유산균(乳酸菌)의 증식(增殖) 및 산생성도(酸生成度)는 억제된다. 5. 효모와 유산균(乳酸菌)을 동시에 접종배양(接種培養)하면 일단 유산균의 산생성(酸生成)이 완료된후 알코올 생성(生成)이 급격히 증가되었다. 6. 관능검사를 실시한 결과 알코올 1% 산(酸) 0.8%의 제품(製品)이 가장 기호도가 좋았다. 7. 일반분석(一般分析) 결과 최종제품(最終製品)의 성분(成分)은 회분, 단백질, 수분함량에서 우유쿠머스와 비슷하였다.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.11-17
• /
• 2015

Fouling in heat exchanger becomes a major problem of dairy industry and it increases the production cost. These are lost productivity, additional energy, additional equipment, chemical, manpower, and environmental impact. Fouling also introduces the risk of food safety due to the improper heating temperature which allow the survival of pathogenic bacteria in milk, introducing biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria in equipments and spreading the pathogenic bacteria to milk. The aim of this study is to determine the fouling rate during pasteurization process in heat exchanger of pasteurized milk produced by Village Cooperative Society (KUD) "X" in Malang, East Java Indonesia by using empirical modeling. The fouling rate is found as $0.3945^{\circ}C/h$ with the heating process time ranged from 0 to 2 hours and temperature difference (hot water inlet temperature and milk outlet temperature) ranged from 0.654 to $1.636^{\circ}C$. The fouling rate depends on type and characteristics of heat exchangers, time and temperature of process, milk type, age of milk, seasonal variations, the presence of microorganism and more. This results will be used to plan Cleaning In Place (CIP) and to design the control system of pasteurization process in order to maintain the milk outlet temperature as standard of pasteurization.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.261-264
• /
• 1994

The lactation milk yields of 209 buffaloes and cattle were measured on farms in Taplejung and Dhankuta Districts in East Nepal. This includes local and crossbred buffaloes and cows. The average milk yield (${\pm}\;SD$) of 97 local buffaloes was $833\;{\pm}\;94.6\;kg$ whereas that for 83 local cows was only $455\;{\pm}\;61.5\;kg$. The milk yield of buffaloes decreased with number of calvings, but that for the cows increased. The milk yields of 18 Murrah crossbreds were on average 215 kg higher than the yields of local buffaloes, and the yields of 11 Jersey crossbred cows averaged 247 kg more than the local cows. Lactation length (${\pm}\;SD$) which averaged $326\;{\pm}\;100$ days for the buffaloes and $292\;{\pm}\;98$ days for the cows, was not affected by crossbreeding. The milk yields of the crossbreds were more variable than the local buffaloes and cows. In addition to milk yield the overall productivity of a milking animal depends on calf mortality, age at first calving, calving interval, longevity, food intake, the work performance of male cattle and the meat production of male buffaloes. Among these parameters, the work performance of Jersey crossbred and local male cattle was studied later. However, other factors could not be measured.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.56-60
• /
• 1999

Production and reproduction data of 47 Nili-Ravi buffaloes (162 records) were analyzed with regression techniques. Average lactation milk yield was $2,020.04{\pm}44.59$ liters, lactation length $277.42{\pm}5.70$ d and calving interval $467.10{\pm}11.58$ d. The ranges for these parameters respectively were : 609-3591 lit, 122-614 d and 228-982 d. Year of calving and lactation length had significant effect on total milk yield (p < 0.01), whereas other factors such as month of calving, lactation number and calving interval had no effect on total lactation milk yield. Year of calving had influenced significantly other traits (p < .01) such as calving interval and lactations completed. This indicated considerable environment role in buffalo productivity. Effect of month of calving on total lactation milk yield and other traits was however, found to be non-significant. Nili-Ravi buffaloes produced maximum milk during their first three lactations as compared to subsequent lactations. Regression model explained 40 percent variation in total lactation milk yield due to factors analyzed : animal (dam), year and month of calving lactation length and calving interval.

• 한국동물위생학회지
• /
• 제41권2호
• /
• pp.63-69
• /
• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of tuberculin test and associated various environmental factors on the quantity and quality of milk production of daily cows. The change of milk quantity followed to tuberculin test was investigated on 109 daily farms in south Gyeonggi, and the change of milk quality was also studied on 48 daily farms. The result of this study showed that the quantity and quality of milk production was decreased after tuberculin test (P<0.05). The amount of loss of the milk production due to tuberculin test was, however, only 0.92 L per cow. In terms of milk quality, the level of total protein was statistically significantly decreased. This study also showed that the milk quality was further decreased when the cows were restraint after veterinarians arrived compared to the case that cows were stayed restraint before the veterinarians visited the farm. In addition, milk quality and quantity were lowered worse when relative humidity of the location of tuberculin test was lower than 50% or higher than 70%, or when the milk production of a farm is higher than its quarter. This study showed that stress on daily cows and the farmers induces the decrease of milk yield and milk quality, and these losses can be minimized by regulating various environmental factors to the direction to maximize productivity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.31-39
• /
• 1994

The indonesian government wishes to increase farmers' by encouraging dairy farming. Since 1980, imported dairy cattle have been distributed on credit. Survey data from 1990 were used to study the average milk sales per cow and the economic parameters of dairy production of a sample of farm households on seven milk cooperatives East Java Province, in three agro-ecological areas, oriented to sugar cane, cassava and horticulture, respectively. in general, dairy production proved not to be economically attractive as returns to labour were similar to the rates for agricultural labour. The returns showed marked differences among the three areas studied. They were highest in the horticultural area. Analysis of the dairy units according to size showed a tendency for inputs as well as revenue per cow to decline as herd size increased. It is argued that a further increase in milk production in East Java can be stimulated by raising the farm gate price of milk, or by expanding dairy production into suitable, new areas.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국생물공학회 2000년도 추계학술발표대회 및 bio-venture fair
• /
• pp.443-444
• /
• 2000

An in vitro liquid culture media for the cultivation of entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae was developed. Supplementation of whole milk powder with basal liquid culture media showed a remarkable increase in productivity compared to that without whole milk powder and the maximum nematode concentration reached about $1.5{\times}10^5/mL$ within 20 days. Five to twenty gram per liter of liver extract addition revealed highest pathogenicity against 3rd instar of Galleria mellonella which was above about 90% mortality after 48 hr.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.756-764
• /
• 2009

Provision of an optimal environment for the calf is critical to establishing the patterns of growth and development essential to allow the heifer to express its genetic potential for milk output and reproductive capacity during its productive life. Maternal nutrition during gestation is now recognised as a key to genetic programming in utero and this influence is extended through the complexity of hormones, growth factors and immunostimulants incorporated into colostrum and milk consumed by the neonatal calf. This natural process is most often disrupted as calves are weaned abruptly to maximise milk output for commercial exploitation. The key then is to accelerate the rate of maturation of the ruminal epithelium through the provision of concentrate starter rations and high quality forage, which promote VFA production. Management systems to promote these processes in Holstein Friesian cattle are well developed, however, little is known of these processes with buffalo and Bos indicus dairy cattle such as the Sahiwal. The development of methods to program the neonate to grow faster to puberty in these species will be important to improving their productivity for the dairy industries in tropical and sub-tropical environments in the future.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.759-769
• /
• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of stocking density on the behavior, productivity, and metabolism of periparturient Holstein cows as well as calf performance. Methods: A total of 48 periparturient cows were randomly assigned into three groups at 28 days (±3 days) before their expected calving date. The stocking densities of the groups, relative to the standard cubicle and feed bunk number, were i) 80% (13 cows), ii) 100% (16 cows), and iii) 120% (19 cows). Lying and rumination behavior was recorded using electronic data loggers and HR-Tags from d -21 ("d-" means days before calving) until the calving date, d 0. Lying time was assessed to determine the diurnal total hours spent lying per day. Rumination time was averaged in 2 hours interval periods over 24 hours during the experimental period. Results: Cows in the 80% group spent more time lying and ruminating between d -21 and d -7 and tended to ruminate more between d -14 and d 0. Calcium levels tended to be higher for cows in the 80% group, no other observable differences were found in monitored blood parameters. Moreover, 3.5% fat corrected milk and energy corrected milk yields were higher in 80% group in the first month of lactation. No other observable differences were found in the yield and composition of colostrum and milk in the first 10 months of lactation. The growth and performance of calves in the first week of life was not affected by stocking density of the dams. Conclusion: We concluded that lower stocking density may increase lying and ruminating behavior of prepartum Holstein cows. However, this did not translate into improved productivity and metabolism.

• 한국동물위생학회지
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.279-285
• /
• 2001

The change of the body condition score(BCS) and milk production graph as days in milk by lactation number show that the productivity of cow is on the increase as increase the lactation number, but the health condition is much worse because of the inappropriate nutrition intake. Metabolic profiles test(MPT) results indicate that the early-lactation for directly after the parturition to the peak production of milk during the total lactation period is the time of the more likely to be exposed to lack of energy, protein, minerals. To solve this problem, the early-lactation cows should be sufficiently supplied the required nutrients and should maximum intake the supplied nutrients not to be suddenly decline body weight and BCS from postparturition to the peak production of milk. To maximize the dry matter intake of a cow, there is have got to improve the management of body weight for heifer's skeletal development and in the dry period which is carelessly deal by mostly farms. This study presents that the use of measurement of body weight, graph of body condition score, distribution of milk production, metabolic profiles test in the monitoring for dairy herd health management is very valuable.