• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.381-418
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• 2008

This study revisits the meaning of energy security by examining the oil market supply and demand conditions of petroleum products and refinery capacity of three Northeast Asian countries(Korea, China, Japan). In 2006, 10.6 million bid of excess demand occurred and is expected to be 15~22 million bid by the year 2030 in this regional oil market. Different oil demand is caused mainly by the different demands for various petroleum products based on each country's economic structures. If the demands are ranked according to their petroleum products, Chinese case shows gasoil > gasoline > fuel oil> LPG > naphtha > Kero/jet and Japanese case shows gasoil > gasoline> naphtha> Kero/jet > fuel oil > LPG, while Korean case shows naphtha> gas oil > fuel oil > LPG > Kero/jet > gasoline, respectively. Total CDU(Crude Distillation Unit) capacity of three northeast asian countries also have been examined in this respect. This study points out the importance of the information on oil demand and supply, on petroleum products and refinery capacities of the three Northeast Asian countries to enhance the security of the oil market in this region.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2012

Objectives: Although chuna medicine has progressed distinguishingly, yet chuna medical terminology hasn't been standardized. So there are a lot of difficulties in translating chuna related book and their meaning cannot be conveyed properly. For this reason, we could say standardization of chuna medical terminology is very essential. Purpose of our study was to develope a standard database of concept terms for chuna medicine, in addition, we considered establishing fundamental principles of chuna medical terminology. Methods: To select standard chuna medical terms, we sorted important chuna medical index words. Then we sorted those words into a group that has same meanings and united to one single term. In the meantime, we extracted index words from 26 domestic and foreign manual technique related books and sorted them out and based on these word, we translated chuna medical terms to Korean terms. In the case of chuna technique terms, we searched chuna text books for term those were wrongly used, and corrected them by suggesting fundamental principles of terminology. Results: 664 chuna words were selected as standard chuna terms and have been translated to English terms. In the process, adscititious words such as anatomical terms and title of books were exempted and selected only important words that could be used as index of chuna terms. In deciding essential elements of chuna technique terms, patient position, contact point, segmental contact point, malposition, procedure method were selected. Conclusions: Correcting chuna medical terms in a sort period could cause confusion, but in long term perspective, in the aspect of conveying the meaning clearly and education purpose, standardizing of chuna medical terminology must be done. From this study, standardization of chuna medical terms were chosen in large category, but further studies must be followed in order to standardize terms of subdivisional categories.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.194-201
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• 2012

The expansion of media is in close connection with the expansion of awareness. The invention of characters enabled mankind to cross over time and space. Machines led to the development of body functions and electricity led to the expansion of space and time. Computers are the extension of the human brain and the advent of the internet led to the expansion of relationships. Even at this moment, media is unremittingly progressing like a spread of a mutant virus, and has resulted in fusion and complex phenomena such as convergence and hybrid media. Transmedia is a compound word formed by the word "Trans" which means traverse, transcend, penetrate or change, and the word "Media" and has the meaning "media which transcends media" which embraces all of modern day media. However, unlike other fusion or complex media, it is different in that it is not a combination of technologies but a combination of technology and emotion. Thus, transmedia should be recognized as a form of media that carries a significant meaning from the user experience aspect as it must simultaneously satisfy both "emotional awareness", which appeals to the human emotion, and "conscious awareness" of mankind, which arises out of the digital technology considered to be important in the smart-era society. This study first examines the concept of transmedia, and then examines the role of user experience design which triggers conscious thinking and strategies for emotional marketing. This study aims to be recognized as a matter for consideration with respect to the development stage for the establishment of a steady communication relationship between developers and designers, as well as communication with users.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.191-219
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• 2014

The major purpose of this study was to explore care giving experiences of mothers, who have their children with borderline intellectual functioning disorder. The core analytical strategy was to find out the essential meaning of caring their children. For this purpose, eight mothers were participated in depth interview, which conducted during October, 2011 through July 2012. The face-to-face interview repeated two or three times based on phenomenological perspective. The interview suggested two major findings: changing mother's view from raising retarded children to caregiving a child with growing-up substantially slow speed; the essence of nurturing experiences for mothers, whose children have borderline intellectual functioning, was to watching with attention rather than advocating ownership. This result can be also found in Barshow's concept of 'watching' rather than 'possession', which is suggested by Tennyson. However, the essential meaning of this concept was associated with 'watching with care', which was originated form Goethe's notion of 'existence'. Mother's of children with borderline intellectual functioning have reached a point of view: when creating a parent-child relationship, it was essential that the child was not 'my child', but was 'a child' per se. This type of parent-child relationship was a result of giving up a desire that the child raised within mother's boundary. It was also a result of psychological warfare and conflict in mother's mind. To internalized this view, it is recommended that the mothers implement the following three perspectives: first, the mothers put down overly-pushed motive toward their children; second, they enhance their level of understanding toward their child; third, it is necessary that the mothers build a new sense of existence through matching their level of concern with their children.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.635-647
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• 2018

Motivated reasoning refers to biased reasoning that is affected by motivation to achieve a particular result or goal. In this study, we attempted a theoretical study on motivated reasoning that hinders the development of scientific thinking and empirical study on actual context of motivated reasoning in the research experiences of next-generation Korean researchers in the field of science and technology. To be specific, literature reviews were conducted to explore the psychological meaning of motivated reasoning and its negative impact on scientific thinking and science research. To understand the substantial meaning and context of motivated reasoning in the field of real science and technology research, we conducted in-depth interviews with eight graduate students and one young science and technology researcher. As a result of the literature reviews, we found out that motivated reasoning can interfere with the proper theory and data coordination, which is the core process of scientific thinking at the individual level. At the socio-cultural level, it can lead to cessation of constructing scientific knowledge and it can act as a mechanism in the process of using science for specific socio-cultural beliefs or purposes, thereby hindering the development of science and technology based on rationale and objective scientific thinking. Quantitative analysis with in-depth interview data showed that graduate students and the young researcher's experienced motivated reasoning results in trying to protect prior beliefs, make hasty conclusions, protecting socio-cultural belief or rationalizing decisions made by their community. Their motivated reasoning could become an obstacle in constructing valid science and technology knowledge through appropriate theory and evidence coordination. Based on these findings we discussed science education for improving scientific thinking.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.681-706
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• 2000

This study is intended to understand an implication system and significance in the current community which a body image symbolizes by correlating it with fashion that is on the rise as a principal issue in various fields. For this study, the symbolism of the body image was contemplated in terms of philosophy and art, and then on the basis of it, the symbolism of the body image shown in modern fashion design was analyzed through fashion works. The research results are as follows, 1. The manifestation of sex can be taken as the symbolism of the body image which is expressed in modern fashion design. Recently sexual chaos and vagueness such as homosexuality and bisexuality are expressed through a dress and its ornaments. Though displaying sexual characteristics of male and female as they are exposing a sign or a diagram, decorating a part of body or representing sex in garments, uncertain sex identity in modern society is manifested in dress and its ornaments. It is to deny absoluteness regarding sex and emphasize diversity indwelt in human beings, and after all it shows to pursue the human essence. 2. Another symbolism of the body image is body expression as the human race and an ethnic group. The discriminating situations and the restoration of their status appeared in modern fashion too. Moreover, their cultures and issues came to alter the aesthetic standard of body made from a view of the Western white supremacist. Hereupon, fashion trends like ethnic fashion, Orientalism and African look etc. appear according to this tendency, which represents race and national identity and in addition, which signifies to present transcendental human conception embracing alienated human conception. 3. The symbolism of the body image expressed in a body, and a dress and its ornaments as nature can be considered in terms of the concern on environmental contamination and the respect of echo system. Getting away from reigning over, developing and stamping down nature at their will, the human beings pursue unity with nature, which is described in fashion. They are stressing that natural materials and objects such as animal, plant and soil etc. should activily be introduced into fashion and humans are a communal fate group and should reframe their status in nature at last. 4. The body image shown in a body, a dress and its ornaments as technology is transformed and recreated by modern scientific techniques and medical science to show post human conception namely, forthcoming future human conception as a cyborg which loses individual identity. This presents a perfect future human conception with high level of preternatural power but after all, leaves us a task to seek the meaning of human existence in alienation caused by the loss of human identity and existence. In this manner, the moderns crave for perceiving the identity of a natural human being in the current thoughts tendency of the modern times such as postmodernism, post structuralism, deconstructionism, feminism and so on, which build discussions affecting the art and fashion worlds. The categories, like sexual characteristics indwelt in a human body, racial classifications, the natural environment surrounding human beings and development of science, bring out the importance of the internal and external meaning in today's fashion which a human body contains, and present sew human conception in the coming future society.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.977-990
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• 2010

Today, as individuals show their social identities and reflect their being as the members of society with a culture, an art style and communication function are stood out in fashion photographs. Accordingly, the meanings of images into text are expanded in its interpretative width through the acceptor's various terms. This researcher looked into four theories of both positions on the textuality of language and image, and considered the point of discussion on image of each theory through modern fashion photographs. First, the theory which divides language and image as auditory and visual recognitions in the textuality of language and image is limited from the view it focuses on only one side without considering the ambivalent elements of each field. For the textuality in modern fashion photographs, the observer attempts to turn it into text to give meaning to it as the recognition through five senses conforming to the acceptor's condition. Second, the theory dividing language and image into the text of time properties and spacial properties has limitation in the text, for acceptor's experience of the object appears as the structured form in time and space rather than being defined as two things like time and space. Third, the theory classifying the language and image text into conventional taste and natural taste has limitation from the view that image text is hardly an object of consistent classification in ease of recognition by the code accepted in society. Thus, this can't be fundamental approach for the understanding of the text of decoding trend represented in modern fashion photographs. Fourth, accordingly, this researcher focussed on contextual and arbitrary text of fashion photographs through the theory of Nelson Goodman which discusses image text through the differences in textuality. Basic mechanism of perceiving and recognizing and distinguish image is closely related to habit and custom like language. So, each acceptor perceives the image as a text through arbitrary interpretation obtained by individual, empirical, historical, and educational viewpoints. The textuality of modern fashion photographs aims to widen the range of diverse knowledge and understanding, transcending the regulations of simple function of existing fashion photographs. Consequently, this researcher puts forward the opinion of consistent and diverse follow-up studies on instilling meaning into fashion photographs for the understanding de-regulatory and de-constructive through various senses by avoiding only one sense-dependent fixed and regulatory properties of it.

• Korean Educational Research Journal
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.61-77
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• 2017

This study intends to capture the characteristics of the students and farmers who participated in the March $1^{st}$ Movement, by focusing on their statements in the interrogatories retrieved from the Source Book on the History of the Korean Liberation Movements, published by the National Institute of Korean History. First, this study examines the interrogatories in order to identify the people subject to the investigation. Through this research, this study confirms that the majority of those who were investigated were students in Seoul and farmers in Gyeonggi-do. Then, this study traces why they participated in the March $1^{st}$ Movement. This study compiles their complaints and checked how their "discontent" could be connected to "liberation." While students were mostly interested in "education," and clearly expressed their discontent, the farmers were discontent with their livelihoods and tax under the rule of the Governor-general of Joseon and were not as clear at expressing their discontent. The interrogatories also confirms that some Koreans had no complaints but thought that liberation was needed. It is difficult to classify such people, but some people cried out for liberation without knowing the meaning of the term, only to understand its meaning later in prison. The significance of the March $1^{st}$ movement was at times imparted after the movement ex post facto.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.801-814
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to find out whether pre-service biology teachers' biological meanings of competition and adaptation is the same as everyday meanings to understand natural selection and evolution. Fifty three pre-service biology teachers answered written tests and thirteen of them were interviewed. The tests on general meanings on competition and adaptation, tests on biological meanings on competition and adaptation and tests on natural selection were administered. Questions on semi-structured interviews were composed of only biological meanings about competition and adaptation. Analyzing data through four steps, pre-service biological teachers' general meanings on competition and adaptation were compared with the definitions of Korean dictionary and compared with biological definitions. Pre-service teachers' alternative conceptions about biological competition and adaptation were classified and the alternative conceptual types were checked when explaining natural selection and evolution. They realized competition is battle for intention or purpose like everyday meaning of competition. However, they didn't realize adaptation happen in the population level. They thought that adaptation, like in everyday life meaning, is getting suitable to environment for survival on an individual level. By relating adaptation to evolution, they thought that long-lasting adaptation become evolution. This study has significance with respect to suggesting the alternative concepts of competition and adaptation based on effective evolution teaching from constructivism viewpoint and highlighting the importance of the concepts of biological competition and adaptation, which have been concerned rarely for a long time.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2020

As big data become more important socially and economically in recent years, many problems have been derived from the indiscriminate application of big data. Big data are valuable because it can figure out the meaning of informative information hidden within the data. In particular, to predict customer behavior patterns and experiences, structured data that were extracted from Customer Relationship Management (CRM) or unstructured data that were extracted from Social Network Service(SNS) can be defined as a population to interpret the data, during which many errors can occur. However, those errors are usually overlooked. In addition to data analysis techniques, some data, which should be considered in the analysis, are not included in the population and thus do not show any meaningful patterns. Therefore, this study presents the measurement and interpretation of the data generated when the cause of error in the population setting is strong relationship and interaction between people or a person and an object. In other words, it will be shown that if the relationship and interaction are strong, it is important to include data collected from the perspective of user experience and ethnography in the population by comparing various cases of big data application, through which the meaning will be derived and the best direction will be suggested.