• 약학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.317-322
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• 2004

The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is limited by their ability to induce gastrointestinal injury. It has been shown that nitric oxide (NO), similar to pro staglandins (PGs), appears to play an important role in gastric mucosal defence. We hypothesized that NSAIDs contained NO group would be less acutely toxic to the gastric mucosa, but would not interfere with their ability to suppress inflammatory process in rats. We have compared the ulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory effect of CW-501029 (NO-NSAIDs), CW-501027 (NSAIDs) and indomethacin. Both did not change mean blood pressure and heart rates, indicating that they had no side effect on cardiovascular system. We found that CW-501029 increased nitrite/nitrate levels without changing of blood pressure and heart rates. We suggest that it may help gastric mucosal blood flow, the which helps reducing the discomfort in astrointestinal system. Carrageenan-induced PGE2 increase was reduced in a similar tendency when compared CW-501027 or CW-501027 with control in back exudate of rats, but CW-501029 less reduced PGE2 than CW-502027 or indomethacin in gastric tissues. CW-501027 or CW-501029 reduced platelet aggregation. From these results we suggest that CW-501029 may improve the side effect by reduction of short-term gastric injury and less inhibition of PGs synthesis.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.8-12
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• 2015

비에스테르화 바이오 디젤유는 에스테르화 공정을 거치지 않기 때문에 공정에 드는 비용이 절감되며 경유에 5%로 혼합하여 전자제어 분사식 디젤엔진에 사용할 경우 에스테르화 바이오 디젤유보다 경유에 더 유사한 성능을 나타내었다. 이러한 연구를 바탕으로 경유에 5% 혼합된 비에스테르화 바이오 디젤유를 전자제어 분사식 디젤엔진에 적용하기 위해서는 성능 최적화가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 비에스테르화 바이오 디젤유의 성능 최적화를 위한 기초 실험으로 연료소비율, 질소산화물 및 도시평균유효압력을 반응치로 정하고 제어 가능한 6가지 인자에 대해서 그 영향력을 평가하고자 부분요인배치법을 이용하여 25%와 50%의 부분 부하에서 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 6가지 인자 중 분사시기 및 커먼레일압력이 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤고 각 부하에서 영향의 크기는 다르게 나타났다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.54-62
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• 2007

The knock characteristics in an engine were investigated under homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) operation. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)and gasoline were used as fuels and injected at the intake port using port fuel injection equipment. Di-methyl ether (DME) was used as an ignition promoter and was injected directly into the cylinder near compression top dead center (TDC). A commercial variable valve timing device was used to control the volumetric efficiency and the amount of internal residual gas. Different intake valve timingsand fuel injection amounts were tested to verify the knock characteristics of the HCCI engine. The ringing intensity (RI) was used to define the intensity of knock according to the operating conditions. The RI of the LPG HCCI engine was lower than that of the gasoline HCCI engine at every experimental condition. The indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) dropped when the RI was over 0.5 MW/m2and the maximum combustion pressure was over 6.5MPa. There was no significant relationship between RI and fuel type. The RI can be predicted by the crank angle degree (CAD) at 50 CA. Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were minimized at high RI conditions. The shortest burn duration under low RI was effective in achieving low HC and CO emissions.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.250-257
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• 2020

Objectives: Palatal infiltration is the most painful and uncomfortable anesthesia technique for maxillary impacted third molar surgery (MITMS). This approach could cause patients distress and aversion to dental treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic efficacy of a buccal infiltration injection without a palatal injection in MITMS. Materials and Methods: This prospective research study was a crossover split mouth-randomized controlled trial. Twenty-eight healthy symmetrical bilateral MITMS patients (mean age, 23 years) were randomly assigned to two groups. Buccal infiltration injections without palatal injections were designated as the study group and the buccal with palatal infiltration cases were the control group, using 4% articaine and 1:100,000 epinephrine. The operation started after 10 minutes of infiltration. Pain assessment was done using a visual analogue scale and a numeric rating scale after each injection and extraction procedure. Similarly, the success rate, hemodynamic parameters, and additional requested local anesthetic were assessed. Results: The results showed that the pain associated with local anesthetic injections between both groups were significantly different. However, the success rates between the groups were not significantly different. Postoperative pain was not significant between both groups and a few patients requested an additional local anesthetic, but the results were not statistically significant. For hemodynamic parameters, there was a significant difference in systolic pressure during incision, bone removal, and tooth elevation. In comparison, during the incision stage there was a significant difference in diastolic pressure; however, other steps in the intervention were not significantly different between groups. Conclusion: We concluded that buccal infiltration injection without palatal injection can be an alternative technique instead of the conventional injection for MITMS.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.291-296
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• 2011

돼지에서 medetomidine-ketamine (MK) 합제에 대한 마취효과와 이 합제에 대한 atipamezole (MKA) 과 yohimbine (MKY)의 길항효과를 비교하였다. 24 마리 Landrace - Yorkshire 혼혈 종 돼지를 사용하였다. Medetomidineketamine 는 한 주사기로 근육주사 하였고 atipamezole 과 yohimbine 은 마취 후 20 분에 정맥 주사 하였다. 평균마취시간, 평균흉와시간, 평균기립시간 및 평균보행시간은 MKA와 MKY군에서 MK군보다 유의적으로 짧았다. 그러나 MKA군과 MKY군간의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 평균혈압은 MKA와 MKY군에서 MK군보다 유의적으로 낮았다. 결론적으로 Medetomidine-ketamine 에 의한 마취 및 혈압 상승 효과는 atipamezole과 yohimbine 에 의해 안전하고 빠르게 길항되었다. 따라서 atipamezole과 yohimbine은 돼지에서 Medetomidine-ketamine 마취를 길항하는 데 안전하고 효과적으로 사용될 수 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.447-453
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• 2021

Background: Provocative discography (PD) is a test that is useful in diagnosing discogenic pain (DP). In this study, to diagnose DP, we used a posterolateral approach of needle placement and followed pressure criteria laid down by the Spine Intervention Society. The aim was to identify the correlation between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings (desiccation, high intensity zone and change in shape and size of the disc) and the results of PD. Methods: Records of 50 patients who underwent PD for DP were analyzed. A total of 109 PDs were performed, with 54 suspect and 55 control discs. Alternate pain generators were ruled out. Results: A total of 35 suspect discs were positive on PD. The mean disc pressure in the suspect disc was 31.9 ± 7.9 psi (range, 15-44). Of the 50 patients who underwent PD, 35 had positive MRI findings. A significant positive correlation was found only between disc desiccation and discography result (r = 0.6, P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that only desiccation successfully predicted the result of discography (OR = 26.5, P < 0.001); a high intensity zone and a disc protrusion/extrusion had an OR 2.3 and 1.24, respectively. Disc desiccation of Pfirmann grade 3 or more had a sensitivity and specificity of 0.93 and 0.64 respectively in identifying painful discs; the positive likelihood ratio was 2.58 while the negative likelihood ratio was 0.11. Conclusions: In patients with DP, disc desiccation is the most useful MRI feature that predicts a painful disc on PD.

• 멤브레인
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.52-60
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• 2021

SPG (Shirasu porous glass) 원통형 막을 회전 시키는 회전 막유화를 사용하여 칼슘 알지네이트 미소 구체를 제조할 때, 단분산 미소 구체를 제조하기 위한 회전 막유화 공정변수들의 최적 조건을 결정하였다. 회전 막유화의 공정 변수로는 막의 회전 속도, 막간 압력차, 연속상에 대한 분산상의 비율, 알지네이트 농도, 유화제의 농도, 안정제 농도, 가교제 농도 및 막의 세공 크기를 설정하고, 이들 변수로 제조된 알지네이트 미소 구체의 크기와 단분산성에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 이 결과 회전 막유화의 공정 변수들 중에서 막모듈의 회전 속도, 유화제의 농도, 가교제의 농도가 증가 할수록 미소 구체의 크기가 감소하였으며, 반면에 연속상에 대한 분산상의 비율, 막간 압력차, 알지네이트 농도가 증가할수록 미소 구체의 크기가 증가하였다. 세공 크기 3.2 ㎛인 SPG막을 사용한 회전 막유화에서 공정변수 조절을 통해 최종적으로 입자 크기가 4.5 ㎛의 단분산 알지네이트 미소 구체의 제조가 가능하였다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.354-365
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Understanding the mechanism of chewing and swallowing food is important when creating a proper diet for older adults. This study investigated whether texture-modified model foods can reduce the difference in chewing and swallowing parameters between healthy community-living young and older adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In total, 35 older and 20 young adults (mean age: 75 and 25 years, respectively), matched for sex and number of teeth, were recruited and their unstimulated salivation and tongue pressure were measured. Simultaneous assessment of chewing and swallowing characteristics was conducted using surface electromyography and a videofluoroscopic swallowing study while the participants ingested 8 g of model food with one to four levels of hardness. RESULTS: The average tongue pressure and salivation among older adults were 61% and 49.7%, respectively, of the corresponding values observed in young adults. The older adult group used significantly (P < 0.05) increased muscle force with more chewing cycles (P < 0.05) than the young adult group, which was maintained even when consuming foods with the lowest hardness, although without chewing. However, the age effect on oral processing time existed only for the hardest foods. Swallowing difficulties among older adults were demonstrated by the significant increase in vallecula aggregation time. The total food intake duration was significantly (P < 0.05) longer in older adults than in young adults, regardless of food hardness. CONCLUSIONS: There were measurable differences in the process of chewing and swallowing food between young and older adults, which can be improved with food hardness control. Adjusting food hardness may help food intake in healthy older adults.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.262-270
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• 2016

Purpose: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) leads to right ventricular failure (RVF) as well as an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. Our purpose was to study the effect of sildenafil on right ventricular remodeling in a rat model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced RVF. Methods: The rats were distributed randomly into 3 groups. The control (C) group, the monocrotaline (M) group (MCT 60 mg/kg) and the sildenafil (S) group (MCT 60 mg/kg+ sildenafil 30 mg/kg/day for 28 days). Masson Trichrome staining was used for heart tissues. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining were performed. Results: The mean right ventricular pressure (RVP) was significantly lower in the S group at weeks 1, 2, and 4. The number of intra-acinar arteries and the medial wall thickness of the pulmonary arterioles significantly lessened in the S group at week 4. The collagen content also decreased in heart tissues in the S group at week 4. Protein expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)-associated X, caspase-3, Bcl-2, interleukin (IL)-6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), endothelin (ET)-1 and ET receptor A (ERA) in lung tissues greatly decreased in the S group at week 4 according to immunohistochemical staining. According to Western blotting, protein expression levels of troponin I, brain natriuretic peptide, caspase-3, Bcl-2, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, IL-6, MMP-2, eNOS, ET-1, and ERA in heart tissues greatly diminished in the S group at week 4. Conclusion: Sildenafil alleviated right ventricular hypertrophy and mean RVP. These data suggest that sildenafil improves right ventricular function.

• 중환자간호학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.66-76
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the relationship between lateral position change and sternal complications after cardiac surgery through median sternotomy. Methods: This study was a retrospective descriptive case-control study, involving 241 patients who underwent cardiac surgery through median sternotomy. Data from October 2011 to September 2014 were collected. Results: Sternal complications (i.e. dehiscence, sternal instability, mediastinitis) developed in 33 patients (13.7%). Primary symptoms of complications were discharge and erythema, and the mean time difference from surgery to appearance of symptoms was 15 days (range, 1-138 days). The factors associated with sternal complications were cancer comorbidity (${\chi}^2=5.22$, p=.039), internal mammary artery procedure (${\chi}^2=4.16$, p=.041), and duration of extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (p=.033). Position change was not related to incidence of sternal complications (${\chi}^2=0.14$, p=.704). Pressure ulcers appeared in 63 patients (26.1%). Mean time difference from surgery until occurrence of ulcers was 6.7 hours (range, 0-323.0 hours), but position change was started from 132.4 hours (range, 27.1-503.2 hours) after intensive care unit admission. Conclusions: These results provide baseline data to create a standard position change and activity protocol for patients after median sternotomy. Furthermore, the study could help clinical practitioners establish evidence-based nursing practices.