• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.12-17
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• 2016

In this study, the purification of the MeOH extract from the stems and leaves of Pourthiaea villosa var. brunnea using column chromatography furnished a main compound, lyoniside. The structure was elucidated on the basis of $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopic data. Quantitative analysis of lyoniside was conducted by HPLC method and the highest content of lyoniside was found in 50% MeOH reflux extraction. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of the lyoniside, we measured nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 levels in lipopolysaccharide-induced murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. As a results, lyoniside decreased the level of nitric oxide and IL-6 in concentration dose dependent manner in RAW 264.7 cells.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1568-1572
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• 2005

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), such as benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), are toxic environmental contaminants known to enhance oxidative stress, production of pro-inflammatory and inflammatory cytokines. The present study was designed in order to determine whether wild ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) protect PAH-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. B(a)P (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment increased the distribution of immunoreactive cells for tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-\alpha$ and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in peri-portal triad region and immunoreaction was shown in the cytoplasm of macrophage. Pre-treatment with wild ginseng significantly decreased immune responses in the rats treated with B(a)p. The rats given 50 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks before B(a)P treatment had 1.39-fold and 1.5-fold inhibition of $TNF-\alpha$ and COX-2 positive reaction, respectively. Wild ginseng extract alone had no effect on the distributional changes. The SOD activity as scavenger enzymes after wild ginseng administration dose-dependantly increased compared with butylated hydroxytoluene, a general radical scavenger. These data likely indicate that wild ginseng extract may act as inflammatory regulator in conjunction with inhibition of oxidant dependent metabolic activation in environmental contaminants-induced hepatic inflammation.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1419-1426
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of herbal extracts on the skin inflammatory reactions which use the makeup preparations. In experiment 1, among the herbal ingredients of herbal extracts, ethanol extracts and 1,3-BG(Butylene Glycol) extracts of Galla Rhois showed potent radical scavenging activity, more than 91% at all concentrations, tested by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hyrazyl) method. In experiment 2, ethanol extracts of Chrysanthemi Flos, Gardenias Flos, Galla Rhois showed potent inhibitory activity of the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide(NO) production, more than 87% at $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, by the macrophage RAW 246.7 cells. And 1,3-BG extracts of Taraxaci Herbs, Corm Fructus, Galla Rhois showed potent inhibitory activity of nitric oxide production, more than 89% at $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. In experiment 3, ethanol extracts of Chrysanthemi Flos, Gardeniae Flos, Galla Rhois showed potent inhibitory effects of cyclooxygenase-II activity, more than 78% at $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, by using ELISA kit. And 1,3-BG extracts of Galla Rhois, Carthami Flos, Chrysanthemi Flos, Taraxaci Herba, Corm Fructus showed potent inhibitory effects of cyclooxygenase-II(COX-II) activity, more than 80% at $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Therefore, 1 expect that herbal extracts, especially Galla Rhois may be used as a drug for treatment on skin inflammation and a material of the makeup preparations.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.169-181
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• 2005

Background & Objective : Idiopathic Lung Fibrosis(IPF) is chronic fibrotic interstitial pneumonia. The pathogenesis is unclear. Fritillariae Rhizoma is the most commonly used antitussive and expectorant Oriental medicinal herb. The effects of Fritillariae Rhizoma on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis is here evaluated. Material and Methods : Fritillariae Rhizoma extract was daily given to the normal rats, control(bleomycin) rats and treated(bleomycin and Fritillariae Rhizoma) rats at 9.0 mg per body weight 10g for 14 days. 14 days later, the change in Leukocyte count and percentages were observed, as well as IFN-gamma and 1L-4 in BALF, and the change in Semiqualitative histological index(SHI). Results : Compared to control rats, Fritillariae Rhizoma treated rats showed a lower leukocyte count(P<0.05) lymphocyte, neutrophil percentage, SHI(p<0.05), IFN-gamma and IL-4(p<0.05) in treated rats. Conversely, macrophage percentages went higher(p<0.05) in treated rats. Conclusion : This study supports a role for Fritillariae Rhizoma in reducing the maintaining inflammatory cells and cytokines in rats with bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and in the reduction of fibrosis tissues. Further research is needed in order to develop an effective treatment for lung fibrosis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.770-775
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• 2014

The green microalga of the genus Nannochloropsis (class Eustigmatophyceae) is a leading candidate for biofuel production due to its ability to accumulate high oil content (28.7% of cellular ash-free dry weight). We investigated the anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of sterol-rich fraction from nannochloropsis oculata n-hexane (NOH) extract after saponification of the microalga. Among the fractions with n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate, the n-hexane fraction showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage as well as anticancer activity against human leukemia HL-60 cells without the cytotoxity. And the sterol-rich fraction was obtained from the n-hexane fraction by open silica column under the gradient solvent condition with 100% hexane (1L), hexane : ethyl acetate (20 : 1, 10 : 1, 5 : 1, 1 : 1, v/v). Among the four fractions (NOH-1~4), especially NOH-1 contained the highest content of sterols. NOH1 showed the highest HL-60 (about 85%) and NO inhibitory activities at the concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$. These results demonstrated that the sterol-rich fraction from N. oculata might be a useful candidate as anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents for anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.31-37
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• 2011

Objectives : Chrysanthemum boreale flower is widely distributed in Korea, Japan, China, and Eastern countries. C. boreale flower is also one of the herbs used for the treatment of various inflammatory disease in Korean Medicine. So, this research was designed to study anti-inflammatory effect of C. boreale flower and its mechanism. Methods : We investigated nitro oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production by ELISA. And expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ P50/65 (NF-${\kappa}B$ P50, NF-${\kappa}B$ P65) were measured in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells induced by LPS. Results : MeOH ex., EtOAc fr., $CHCl_3$ fr. and Water fr. of C. boreale flower showed anti-inflammatory effect through inhibition of NO and PGE expression respectively. Among them, EtOAc fr. and $CHCl_3$ fr. inhibited production of NO and $PGE_2$ through inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression. And MeOH ex., EtOAc fr. and $CHCl_3$ fr. inhibited translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ P65, NF-${\kappa}B$ P50 by inhibiting phosphrylation of $I{\kappa}B$. Conclusions : MeOH ex. EtOAc fr, $CHCl_3$ fr., and Water fr. of the C. boreale flower have anti-inflammatory activity.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.77-84
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• 2010

1. Objectives Yanggyuksanhwa-tang for Soyangin was applied to investigate the immunological activities on antigen (Ag)-specific or Ag-non-specific immune responses on murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and ovalbumin/aluminium (OVA/Alum)-immunized mice. 2. Methods This study were carried out in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis on RAW 264.7 cells and cellular proliferation on mouse splenocytes. C57BL/6 mice were immunized intraperitonially with OVA/Alum (100 ${\mu}g$/200 ${\mu}g$) on day 1, 8, and 15. Yanggyuksanhwa-tang was administrated to mice orally for 3 weeks from day 1. On day 22, OVA-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-, and concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and antibodies (OVA-specific antibodies of the IgG, IgG1, and total IgM classes) in plasma were measured. 3. Results Yanggyuksanhwa-tang significantly enhanced cellular proliferation by LPS and Con A on splenocytes from OVA/Alum-immunized mice (p<.001). Yanggyuksanhwa-tang also significantly enhanced plasma OVA-specific IgG (p<.001), IgG1 (p<.001), and total IgM (p<.01) levels compared with the OVA/Alum group. 4. Conclusions These results suggested that Yanggyuksanhwa-tang for Soyangin could be used as immunopotent.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.349-355
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of galectin-3, one of beta-galactoside-binding proteins, in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE) model of Lewis rats or non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Western blot analysis showed that galectin-3 was weakly expressed in the spinal cords of complete Freund's adjuvant(CFA) immunized control rats. In EAE, however, galectin-3 expression was significantly increased at the peak stage(days 14 post-immunization), while it was decreased slightly at the recovery stage(day 21 post-immunization). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that galectin-3 was detected in some macrophages in demyelinating lesions of NOD mice, while galectin-3 was immunoreacted in some inflammatory cells in the perivascular cuffing in rat EAE lesions. Collectively, it is postulated that the expression of galectin-3 is significantly increased in response to neuroimmunological stimulation in the central nervous system, whereas it is weak in normal rats and mice.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.36-49
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• 1998

HERBA SAURURI (HS) has been known to use antiinflammatory drug. To investigated the mechanism of HS-induced NO synthesis, I evaluated the ability of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors such as staurosporine (STSN) or polyymyxin B to block HS-induced effects. HS alone had only a small effect, whereas in combination with $rIFN-{\gamma}$, markedly increased NO synthesis in a dose dependent manner. STSN and polymyxin B decreased NO synthesis, which had been induced by $rIFN-{\gamma}$, plus HS. Furthermore, prolonged incubation of the cells with phorbol ester, which down-regulates PKC activity abolished synergistic cooperative effect of HS with $rIFN-{\gamma}$ on NO synthesis. STSN and Polymyxin B potently inhibited HS-induced $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion by $rIFN-{\gamma}$ plus HS. However, $rIFN-{\gamma}$ plus $TNF-{\alpha}-induced$ NO synthesis was not blocked by STSN or polymyxin B. On the other hand, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, blocked the NO synthesis and $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion by $rIFN-{\gamma}$ plus HS. In conlusion, the present results strongly suggest that the capacity of HS to increase NO synthesis from $rIFN-{\gamma}-primed$ macrophages is the result of HS-induced $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion via the signal transduction pathway of PKC and tyrosine kinase.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.476-484
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• 2018

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (steamed and dried white ginseng, Panax ginseng Meyer) is well known for enhancing vital energy and immune capacity and for inhibiting cancer cell growth. Some clinical studies also demonstrated a therapeutic potential of ginseng extract for treating lung inflammatory disorders. This study was conducted to establish the therapeutic potential of ginseng saponins on the lung inflammatory response. Methods: From Korean Red Ginseng, 11 ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, and Rh2) were isolated. Their inhibitory potential and action mechanism were evaluated using a mouse model of lung inflammation, acute lung injury induced by intranasal lipopolysaccharide administration. Their anti-inflammatory activities were also examined in lung epithelial cell line (A549) and alveolar macrophage (MH-S). Results: All ginsenosides orally administered at 20 mg/kg showed 11.5-51.6% reduction of total cell numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Among the ginsenosides, Rc, Re, Rg1, and Rh2 exhibited significant inhibitory action by reducing total cell numbers in the BALF by 34.1-51.6% (n = 5). Particularly, Re showed strong and comparable inhibitory potency with that of dexamethasone, as judged by the number of infiltrated cells and histological observations. Re treatment clearly inhibited the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$, and the c-Fos component in the lung tissue (n = 3). Conclusion: Certain ginsenosides inhibit lung inflammatory responses by interrupting these signaling molecules and they are potential therapeutics for inflammatory lung diseases.