• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.248-251
• /
• 2006

The growth of stem and leaves in Saururus chinensis. in the 2nd year was markedly increased comparing to that in the 1st year, however the growth in the 3rd you was not increased significantly. The growth in the 1st yew was greater in low planting density, while the growth in the 3rd year decreased in higher planting densities. The num- ber of leaves and stems per unit area increased in higher planting densities and later years. The weight of stem and leaves in Saururus chinensis was higher at the highest planting density in the 1st yew, at $40{\times}10cm$ planting in the 2nd year and at $40{\times}20cm$ planting in the 3rd year. The weight of rhizome in Saururus chinensis increased greatly in the 2nd you comparing to that in the 1st year, but the increase was insignificant in the 3rd year. The weight of rhizomes in Saururus chinensis showed significant interaction between planting densities and years showed highly significant difference.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.67 no.4
• /
• pp.326-334
• /
• 2022

This study was carried out to investigate the optimal nitrogen concentration level suitable for forage rice growth by hydroponic cultivation in the salinity concentration of 0.1~0.3% which is similar to that of Muan reclaimed paddy field, and based on this results, to estimate optimal nitrogen fertilization level by field experiment in Muan reclaimed paddy for maximum forage production by cultivation of Yeongwoo rice. As a result of the growth response to the salt and nitrogen concentrations in the hydroponic cultivation experiment, the growth amount increased as the nitrogen concentration increased in the range of 0~24 me/L in the absence of salt stress. However, at a salt concentration of 0.1~0.3%, the growth amount was the highest at a nitrogen concentration of 12 me/L, and at higher nitrogen concentrations of that, the rice growth decreased as the nitrogen concentration increased. Therefore, nitrogen concentration of 12 me/L was judged to be an appropriate concentration for forage rice growth at salt concentration of 0.1~0.3%, and a nitrogen fertilization amount level corresponding to a nitrogen concentration of 12 me/L was actually applied to the Muan reclaimed paddy field for forage rice cultivation during two years. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer was tested with three treatments, which are 18 kg/10a considered appropriate, and 1.5 times and 2 times of the appropriate amount, and the planting density was tested with 2 treatments of 15 hills/m² and 26 hills/m². As a result of the reclaimed paddy field experiment, the yield was the highest when nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 18 kg/10a in the planting density of both treatments. Looking at the yield according to planting density, the high planting density plot yielded higher than the low planting density plot. In other words, when the planting density was 26 hills/m² and the nitrogen fertilization amount was 18 kg/10, the highest dry matter yield of 1,763 kg/10a was obtained. From the results of hydroponics and reclaimed field experiments, we could conclude that the productivity of forage rice decreased more as the nitrogen concentration increased when the nitrogen concentration was higher than the optimal level under salt stress.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.135-149
• /
• 1987

An experiment was made in order to analyze the growth characteristics and productivity of Zoysia japonica under control, mowing and TIBA treatment conditions at the experimental farm of Kyung Hee University. The field was planned by the split plot design method and each treatment was given to two plots (40$\times$40 and 100$\times$100 mm) and was replicated three times. Each plot was 9$m^2$ for Zoysia japonica. The sampling of each plot was taken once a week after sowing. In order to know the dry matter of total standing crops, each organ of plants was kept at 9$0^{\circ}C$ and weighed. Total leaf area of a plant was measured by drawing method. The author adopted the growth analysis of English School. Holocellulose analysis by sodium chlorite method was made. The increasing rate of LAI was high in all plots between 10th and 12th week after sowing and high growth rate of assimilatory organ was observed in low density area of TIBA plot. Between 10th and 12th week after sowing all the experimental plots showed high increasing rate of standing crop and in the process of growth each density area of TIBA plot recorded high increasing rate. In all the plots F/C ratio and RGR were high when the growth rate of assimilatory organ was increasing cosiderably, and the higher the planting density was, the higher F/C ratio was recorded. In all the plots NAR recorded maximum rate before the growth period to show a high increase of RGR. In the process of the growth TIBA plot showed high icnreasing rate of NAR. CGR showed high value in high density areas of all the plots and reached its maximum in the 13th week after sowing. Compared to the other experimental areas the low planting density areas of control plot and TIBA plot showed considerable earlier lignification indicating low Holocellulose content in the growth process.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.43 no.6
• /
• pp.16-24
• /
• 2015

This study quantified storage and annual uptake of carbon for riparian greenspaces established in watersheds of four major rivers in South Korea and explored desirable strategies to improve carbon reduction effects of riparian greenspaces. Greenspace structure and planting technique in the 40 study sites sampled were represented by single-layered planting of small trees in low density, with stem diameter at breast height of $6.9{\pm}0.2cm$ and planting density of $10.4{\pm}0.8trees/100m^2$ on average. Storage and annual uptake of carbon per unit area by planted trees averaged $8.2{\pm}0.5t/ha$ and $1.7{\pm}0.1t/ha/yr$, respectively, increasing as planting density got higher. Mean organic matter and carbon storage in soils were $1.4{\pm}0.1%$ and $26.4{\pm}1.5t/ha$, respectively. Planted trees and soils per ha stored the amount of carbon emitted from gasoline consumption of about 61 kL, and the trees per ha annually offset carbon emissions from gasoline use of about 3 kL. These carbon reduction effects are associated with tree growth over five years to fewer than 10 years after planting, and predicted to become much greater as the planted trees grow. This study simulated changes in annual carbon uptake by tree growth over future 30 years for typical planting models selected as different from the planting technique in the study sites. The simulation revealed that cumulative annual carbon uptake for a multilayered and grouped ecological planting model with both larger tree size and higher planting density was approximately 1.9 times greater 10 years after planting and 1.5 times greater 30 years after than that in the study sites. Strategies to improve carbon reduction effects of riparian greenspaces suggest multilayered and grouped planting mixed with relatively large trees, middle/high density planting of native species mixed with fast-growing trees, and securing the soil environment favorable for normal growth of planting tree species. The research findings are expected to be useful as practical guidelines to improve the role of a carbon uptake source, in addition to water quality conservation and wildlife inhabitation, in implementing riparian greenspace projects under the beginning stage.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.239-252
• /
• 2023

Most apple trees in South Korea are grafted on M.9 and M.26 rootstocks; however, these rootstocks are susceptible to fire blight. Although M.7 rootstocks are moderately resistant to fire blight, they tend to exhibit excessive vigor, which is unsuitable for high-density planting, unless weak cultivars are used. This study investigated the vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality of apple trees grafted onto M.7, M.9, or M.26 rootstocks to assess the feasibility of establishing high-density apple orchards domestically using the M.7 rootstock a period of seven years (1-7 years after planting). Rootstocks were tested using three cultivars with contrasting induced vigor and harvesting times: vigorous and late-maturing 'Fuji,' moderate vigor and middle-maturing 'Hongro,' and low vigor and early-maturing 'Sansa.' The planting density was maintained constant, with 190 trees per 10 a. Primary thinning (leaving only the king fruit on clusters) was performed, whereas secondary thinning (controlling crop load) was not. Vegetative growth, accumulated yield per 10 a, and yield efficiency varied depending on cultivars and rootstocks; however, the cultivars had a more notable effect on fruit quality than the rootstocks. Biennial bearing often occurred in the M.26 rootstock. 'Fuji'/M.7 was overly vigorous for high-density planting. The fruit quality and accumulated yield per 10 a of M.7 were similar to those of M.9 with the 'Hongro' and 'Sansa' cultivars. In particular, 'Hongro'/M.7 did not show tree vigor reduction due to heavy crop load, and the degree of biennial bearing in 'Sansa'/M.7 was not particularly high. These results indicated that high-density apple planting using the M.7 rootstock was achievable using the 'Hongro' and 'Sansa' cultivars.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2022.10a
• /
• pp.91-91
• /
• 2022

Popcorn grains are consumed around 10,000 tons per year, in South Korea. It is consumed in amusement parks, movie theaters and snacks. The size of the popcorn processed market in Korea is estimated to be 3.6 billon won per year. So, the popcorn grain market has good prospects. On the other hand, domestic grain is at the level of 1 %, which is less domestic production than the size of the market. Maize Research Institute has developed domestic varieties in order to increase the use of domestically produced grains. The Oyrunpopcorn variety which was commonly distributed is a preferred cultivar because it has a good popping rate compared to imported grains. In addition, 'G-Popcom', 'Oyrun #2' and 'Kichan Popcorn' were developed, which diversified the choice of the farmers. Yield per unit area is important to improve farmers' income. At present, domestic grain production is traded at 5,000 won/kg, so if the yield improves, a high farmer^ income is expected. Therefore, this study compared the growth characteristics and yield according to the appropriate sowing time and plant density to improve the yield of domestically grown popcorn. We used 'Oryunpopcorn', for this research. Agronomic characteristics were compared by sowing times April 23, May 22 and June 22. The 100 seeds weight were 15.9g, 17.7g and 15.0g, respectively. Kernel weight planted in May 22 is the highest value. Yield per 10a were 414kg, 434kg and 296kg, respectively. It shows the yield planted in May 22 was higher than other trials. Therefore, the sowing time to increase the kernel weight and yield is appropriate for planting in mid-May. The number of plants in planting density trial was 5,700 plants, 4,700 plants and 4,000 plants in 10a area. Plant height at each trial were 221 cm, 214cm and 218cm, respectively. It was the highest height in 5,700 plants trials. The 100 kernel weight were 14.8g, 15.9g and 16.5g, respectively. Low planting density trial indicated high kernel weight. Yield per 10a was 415kg, 357kg and 314kg, respectively. It was higher at high density trial than other experimental plots. Therefore, appropriate sowing time was in mid-May and planting density was 5,700 plants/10a in order to increase the yield of popcorn in South Korea. This study will be useful for farmer's income to use the domestic cultivars.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.433-438
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to obtain the basic data for using the Artemisia anuua as a new economic crop, thus Artemisia anuua was investigated their cultivation characteristics, yield, and variation of artemisinin contents by planting density and harvesting times. Seed characteristics of A. anuua have observed micro-size, and their germination optimum temperature was at 15 to 20 celsius degree. Planting density on the yield of A. anuua was increased high density better than low density. The highest yield was planted in the space of $30{\times}10$cm. Moreover, optimum harvesting time of A. anuua was investigated in early september and a periods of most highly detected artemisinin was time of before and after blooming of A. anuua.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.49-58
• /
• 1992

The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effect of plant density and pattern on growth characteristics, total dry matter yield. protein yield and palatability of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sordan 79). The main treatment was three levels of plant density (Skg, 15kg. 30kg/ha) and the sub treatment was two plant patterns of square and rectangular planting.The experiment was arranged as a split plot design and conducted on the Experimental Livestock Farm of Kon-Kuk Univ. in Chungju, 1989. The results obtained are summarized as follows :1. As the plant density was increased, plant length, leaf length, leaf width(P<0.05) and leaf number were gradually decreased, but in the same plant density, plant length, leaf length, leaf width and leaf number were generally increased in the rectangular plot. 2. In the first cutting time, the ratio of leaf was the highest at the rectangular plot of high density (30kg/ha, 25cm$\times$4cm), but in the second cutting time, the ratio of leaf was the highest at the square plot of medium density (15kg/ha, 14cm$\times$ 14cm). 3. The ratio of dead stubble after cutting was generally increased by increasing the plant density. Also, in the same planting density, the ratio of dead stubble was generally increased in the square plot. 4. The tiller number per plant tended to decreased by increasing thc plant density, and the tiller number was increased in the rectangular plot. In the same plant density. 5. Total fresh and dry matter yield were the highest at the rectangular plot of medium density (IS kg/ha, 33cm$\times$6cm) wholly, but the low density was shown the lowest.6. The crude protein content was increased by increasing the plant density per unit area(P<0.05) and the protein yield was also increased by increasing the planting density. 7. According to the increase of plant density, the stem was thinned, but NDF, ADF did not show different. The palatability was in the order of high (30kg/ha))medium (15kg/ha))low density(5kgiha) at the first cutting time, but it was in the order of high)low)medium density at the second cutting time.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.19.2-19.2
• /
• 1992

The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effect of plant density and pattern on growthcharacteristics, total dry matter yield. protein yield and palatability of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid(Sordan 79). The main treatment was three levels of plant density (Skg, 15kg. 30kg/ha) and the subtreatment was two plant patterns of square and rectangular planting.The experiment was arranged as a split plot design and conducted on the Experimental Livestock Farm of Kon-Kuk Univ. in Chungju, 1989.The results obtained are summarized as follows :1. As the plant density was increased, plant length, leaf length, leaf width(P<0.05) and leaf number were gradually decreased, but in the same plant density, plant length, leaf length, leaf width and leaf number were generally increased in the rectangular plot.2. In the first cutting time, the ratio of leaf was the highest at the rectangular plot of high density(30kg/ha, 25cm$\times$4cm), but in the second cutting time, the ratio of leaf was the highest at the square plot of medium density (15kg/ha, 14cm$\times$ 14cm). 3. The ratio of dead stubble after cutting was generally increased by increasing the plant density. Also, in the same planting density, the ratio of dead stubble was generally increased in the square plot. 4. The tiller number per plant tended to decreased by increasing thc plant density, and the tiller number was increased in the rectangular plot. In the same plant density. 5. Total fresh and dry matter yield were the highest at the rectangular plot of medium density (ISkg/ha, 33cm$\times$6cm) wholly, but the low density was shown the lowest.6. The crude protein content was increased by increasing the plant density per unit area(P<0.05) and the protein yield was also increased by increasing the planting density. 7. According to the increase of plant density, the stem was thinned, but NDF, ADF did not show different. The palatability was in the order of high (30kg/ha))medium (15kg/ha))low density(5kgiha)at the first cutting time, but it was in the order of high)low)medium density at the second cutting time.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.801-811
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is to find out how land cover and planting of an urban park influence temperature. Field research on the land cover and planting status was conducted for Bundang Central Park in Sungnam-si. 30 study plots in the site were selected to closely analyze land cover type and planting structure. The temperature was measured 10 times for each plot. Land coverage type, planting type, planting layer structure and green space area (the ratio of green coverage, GVZ) were chosen as factors impacting temperature and statistics were analyzed for the actual temperature measured. Analysis on how the land coverage type influences temperature showed that planting site had a low temperature and that grassland and paved land had a high temperature. When it comes to planting type, the temperature at the land planted with conifers and broad-leaved trees was low, while the temperature at grassland and paved land was high. With regard to planting layer structure, canopy and canopy-underplanting type showed low temperature, while grassland and paved land showed high temperature. An analysis on the relation between green space area and temperature found out that both ratio of green coverage and GVZ had a high level of negative correlation with the temperature measured. According to regression model of green space area and the temperature measured, for every 1% increase in the ratio of green coverage, temperature is expected to lower by $0.002^{\circ}C$. Also, for every $1m^3/m^2$ increase in GVZ, temperature is expected to go down by $0.122^{\circ}C$.