• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 1999

The experiment was carried out to find the effects of the application method of dairy liquid manure on productivity of silage corn(P3352) and sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid(P988) and physical and chemical properties of soil during 2 years at Suwon. Crude protein content of T1(Chemical fertilizer) was highest by 6.5%, 8.9% in both forage, respectively, but total digestible nutrient(TDN) percent of T3(dairy liquid manure, basal + chemical fertilizer, topdressing) was highest by 73.8%, 59.0% in both forage, respectively. In TND yield, it was little different between T1(9.5 MT/ha) and others(8.4~9.3 MT/ha) at silage corn, but T4(chemical fertilizer at basal + dairy liquid manure at topdressing) was highest as 13.3 MT/ha at sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid(p<0.05). pH of the soil after experiment was lower than that of the soil before experiment in the both forages, but soil organic matter was high at after trial than before trial. Available phosphorous and exchangeable cation were not shown the regular trend in this experiment. Based on the results of this experiment, it was not shown among different application method for silage corn (P3352), but application of chemical fertilizer at basal and liquid manure at topdressing was good for sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid(P988).

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.23-31
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of livestock manure compost and fish-meal liquid fertilizer on the growth of cucumber and the soil properties for the stable production of organic cucumber. Cucumber was transplanted in greenhouse on the $6^{th}$ of April in 2017, and this experiment contained five treatments: livestock manure compost 100% (LC 100%), livestock manure compost 50% + fish-meal liquid fertilizer 50% (LC50 + LF50), livestock manure compost 50% (LC50), chemical fertilizer (NPK), and no fertilizer (NF). As a result, it was shown that soil chemical properties of LC50 + LF50 plot is not different from that of LC100 plot except for the EC content, but soil chemical properties of LC50 + LF50 plot is statistically significantly different from that of NPK plot except for pH. As a result of evaluating the functional diversity of soil microbial communities using Biolog system, the substrate richness (S) and the diversity index (H) were the highest in LC50 + LF50 plot. As a result of comparing the cucumber growth and yield, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the plant height and the fresh weight of LC100, LC50 + LF50, and NPK plot, but the plant height and the fresh weight of LC100, LC50 + LF50, and NPK plot were different from that of LC50 and NF plot. The yield of cucumber was the highest in NPK plot r(7,397 kg/10a), but there was no statistically significant difference in the yield of cucumber between NPK plot and LC100, LC50 + LF50 plot. The above-described results suggested that the livestock manure compost and fish meal liquid fertilizer can be used for organic cucumber production under greenhouse condition.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1999

Experiment was carried out to determine the agronomic characteristics, forage yield of silage corn(Zea mays L.) soil chemical characterictics and $NO_3-N$ level in infiltration water by different application rates of daily liquid manures. Four treatment consisting of chemical fetilizer, $200kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, daily liquid manure $200kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, $300kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ and $400kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ were arranged in a randonmized complete block design with three replicates. The results obtained at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA., in Suwon from 1996 to 1997 are summarized as follows; In plant height and crude protein content, it were appeared to highest by 264cm, 6.8% at the cattle slurry 150% plot(T3), respectively. but Dry matter yield(14.5MT/ha) and TDN(9.5MT/ha) production of chemical fertilizer plot(T1) were highest. Among daily liquid manure amount, dry matter yield(14.0MT/ha) and TDN yield(9.1MT/ha) of daily liquid manure 100% plot(T2) were resulted to 96% and 97% of chemical fertilizer plot(T1). End year's soil organic matter and phosphate content were appeared to high than those of beginning year in daily liquid manure plots, but it was not in proportioned to increase according to slurry amount. $NO_3-N$ level in infiltration water lower than 60cm of all plots were lowed than a permitted limit of cattle drinkable. As a result, it was appeared that the optimum application amount of dairy liquid manure was 200kg/ha by manure-N.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.665-680
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• 2016

Theoretically, it is said that economies of scope can be realized in the cropelivestock cycling organic farming. Thus, it is also used as the principle of organic farming. However, it is difficult to find the cases of the empirical analysis of it in Korea. In that sense, this study is meaningful in that it analyzed the agricultural data of case farms of obtaining the approval of both organic agricultural products and organic animal products and practicing cycling farming for 4 years and tested the hypothesis. This study measured economies of scope by using the actual measurement value and estimation value farming performance statistics for 4 years of case farms. This farmhouse conducted nutrient cycling in the farm like self-manufacturing and injecting organic agricultural byproduct and wild grass as organic livestock feed and fermenting organic livestock manure to organic compost to return it 100%. The results can be summarized as follows: According to the result of cycling farming of combining and producing organic agriculture and organic livestock, economies of scope were found to be realized in this case farmhouse. That is, although not strong, EOS>0, there were economies of scope. The measurement value appeared as 0.0722, 0.00378, 0.04667 and 0.13127 in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. It was improved as time passes and the scale gets smaller. Therefore, in order to further improve economies of scope, there should be measures of reducing duplication costs between agriculture-livestock as low as possible and lowering the production cost of organic feed. That is, there is a need for the management strategy to adjust the import function and cost function according to the change in management paradigm and cropping system.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.917-925
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• 2023

Efforts for developing the domestic horse industry in South Korea are evident through the various national policies. Proper management of stables for ensuring the health of horses is essential to sustain the growing equine industry. This study aimed to measure the fine dust emissions in stables based on the type and quantity of bedding used for horses, for establishing guidelines pertaining to bedding use in stables. The stables accommodated 12 horses. Sawdust, wood shavings, wood pellet, and straw were chosen as treatments. Three different quantities (approximately 3, 6, and 9 cm in height) were applied for each type. Fine dust measurements were carried out at three time points, with each measuring period lasting for approximately three weeks. Measurements included PM2.5 and PM10 fine dust levels. The initial analysis revealed that, sawdust with 9 cm bedding had the highest dust levels; approximately 54.6 ㎍/m³, for PM2.5 and 95.3 ㎍/m³, for PM10. Sawdust bedding at the highest quantity (9 cm) exhibited significantly higher initial fine dust emissions. These findings suggest that bedding materials with smaller particle size, such as sawdust and wood shavings, tend to produce finer dust. Initially, the fine dust emissions decreased in all bedding types and quantities, possibly due to the increased moisture content of bedding owing to horse manure production. However, emissions increased subsequently due to ammonia production.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.sup
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• pp.51-60
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to suggest strategies for improving "Livestock Manure Treatment Systems and Related Technologies Assessment Program". Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to evaluate reasonableness of applied weight value for assessment and improve program management strategies. Results of mail survey collected from animal manure treatment technology specialists of 30 companies nationwide were used for AHP. Company's ability, technological prowess, facility's convenience, economic feasibility are four important aspects of assessment program evaluation using AHP. More than 70% of the respondents said they were overall satisfied with the objectivity of assessment program regarding above four evaluation aspects. However, only 36% of them answered that they were very satisfied with the objectivity of assessment program in terms of economic feasibility. The evaluation results revealed that the assessment program needs to be made up for the weak points regarding economic feasibility. The AHP weight calculation results showed that the current assessment program overestimates the technological prowess, especially livestock manure treatment efficiency. It suggests that the weight value of current assessment program in terms of technological prowess needs to be determined carefully. The current assessment program combined with AHP weight value determination approach will be very useful to improve objectivity and reliability of assessment.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 2023

Excess N and P from the livestock manure applied to farmlands, have entered the water systems and poses a serious threat to the natural environment. Consequently, there has been recent awareness towards the management of livestock manure and its related fields. In this study, piggery wastewater was collected from a piggery in Pohang city, Korea. At 800℃, thermal decomposition of a natural stone, magnesite (MgCO₃), yielded powered MgO with particle sizes ranging between 10 to 100 ㎛. Furthermore, NH₄⁺-N and PO₄^3--P were recovered as struvite precipitates from the piggery wastewater, by adjusting the pH with MgO and H₃PO₄. At pH 10, the recovery efficiencies of NH₄⁺-N and PO₄^3--P were found to be 86.1% and 94.1%, respectively. Using an X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), the struvite in the precipitate was confirmed to be consistent with standard pure struvite. Further, the purity of the struvite precipitate was analyzed using an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and thermal gravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and found to be between 79.2% and 93.0%. Additionally, struvite-containing piggery wastewater and sawdust were mixed in a weight ratio of 2.5:1 and processed into a mature compost. The newly manufactured compost passed all quality standards required for first-class graded livestock composts. Moreover, this compost was sprayed directly onto the soil at the test site, and various parameters of the soil's effluent, such as total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphorus (T-P), and dissolved oxygen (DO), were analyzed and measured. Based on these results, it is determined that the newly manufactured compost can more significantly reduce water pollution than commercial compost.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.368-372
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• 2008

Composting is a good strategy for management of livestock manure. However, it leads to large ammonia emissions and has a potential phosphorus runoff due to high content of soluble phosphorus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of alum on reducing ammonia emissions and stabilizing phosphorus during composting of pig manure. For this study, alum was applied at rates of 0 (No-Alum), 1.0 (Alum-L), and 3.0 (Alum-H) g Al $kg^{-1}$ pig manure and sawdust mixture (fresh matter basis). The thermophilic stage was quickly achieved in Alum-L and No-alum treatment, but it was delayed to 5 days in Alum-H treatment. The thermophilic stage was maintained for 2 weeks in all treatment. The pH of compost treated with alum remained below 8.0 for the 35 d but it was above 8.0 in No-Alum treatment. For the first 15 days of composting process, 93, 87, and 58% of total ammonia emissions were occurred in No-Alum-L and Alum-H, respectively. The Alum-H and Alum-L treatments reduced $NH_3$ volatilization by 31 and 78% compared with No-Alum treatment. Alum treatments shifted manure P form $H_2O$ and $NaHCO_3$ extractable P into NaOH extractable P which is very stable under acid and alkaline condition. Therefore, alum is a good chemical amendment for reducing ammonia emission during composting and potential losses of P following compost applications.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.295-302
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• 2005

The nitrogen (N) balance in Korea during 1985-1997 was calculated according to the surface balance method of the PARCOM guidelines and compared with Japanese N balance. The some differences were founded in the coefficients used on calculating N balance in two nations. Of the important parameters, which can make a big difference in balance, N input by organic fertilizers was not included in Korea different with Japanese, due to absence of reliable statistics and then made lower the input. Nitrogen destruction rate from livestock manure was adjusted differently with 15% in Korea but 28% in Japan. There was some difference in the conversion factors of livestock number into manure N quantity in two nations, but the gap was ignoble scale except beef cattle. Our manure N production rate of beef cattle might be evaluated to be so lower than Japanese. Biological N fixation by pulses was very higher in Korea than in Japan but scarcely affect the increase of total N input, due to small cultivation area. In contrast, N fixation rate by free-living organisms in Korean and Japanese wet paddies showed the big difference with 7.6 and $37.0kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$, respectively, and therefore $29.4kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ of nitrogen was estimated to be more inputted in Japan. Although there are many points to be more specified and improved, still, Korean N balance was very high with $250-257kg\;ha^{-1}$ in the mid of 1990s, which was the second highest level in OECD countries and furthermore increased continuously during the investigation. In contrast in Japan, which has similar fanning system with Korea, N balance was lower with $130-158kg\;ha^{-1}$ and has decreased continuously since 1993. This high N balance was mainly due to a high usage of chemical fertilizers in our intensive fanning system and the fast increment of livestock feeding. Therefore, the more active action to decrease chemical fertilizer utilization and reduce livestock feeding density is required in the government and farmer sides.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 2000

A survey involving 71 cattle and buffalo farming households under coconut plantations was carried out in three districts (Pannala, Bingiriya and Kuliyapitiya) with the aim of assessing the status of livestock farming. Also, 24 households (eight from each district) were visited monthly for period of one year to collect information on feeding practices. Apart from milk, animals were reared for selling, draught, bio-gas and for manure. Due to difference in system of management of cattle and buffaloes, manure from buffaloes (46%) was more frequently used for coconuts than that from cattle (10%). Majority of cattle were improved breeds (temperate origin) or their crosses, as compared to buffaloes (mainly indigenous). The most predominant management system was tethered grazing during the day, and stall feeding during the night. Coconut land (own or others) and paddy fields were the major grazing areas for the animals. The grass from coconut land was lower in crude protein (8.2%) and digestibility (48%) compared to those from paddy fields (12.1 and 57%, respectively). Of the 288 rations analysed, grass was included in 280 of the daily rations for cattle as compared to 251 for buffaloes. Straw was more commonly included in mixed rations for buffaloes (137 out of 288) than for cattle (53 out of 288). The frequency of use of straw for buffaloes was high in Pannala (75 out of 137 cases). There was wide variation among the improved breeds of cattle and buffaloes in milk production (2 to 9 litres/day), lactation length (6 to 10 months) and calving interval (13-21 months).