• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.67-75
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• 2020

난이도는 학습자가 컨텐츠를 선택하는 중요한 기준 중 하나이다. 하지만, 대부분의 난이도 기준은 컨텐츠 제공자가 획일적으로 결정한다. 이러한 방식으로는 학습자의 다양한 수준과 환경을 고려한 맞춤형 교육을 지원할 수 없다. 본 연구는 이 문제를 해결하기 위하여 학습자와 컨텐츠의 지식을 정형화하고 일반화한 후, 이를 실험하기 위한 객체 모델과 맞춤형 난이도 척도를 설계하였다. 또한, 이를 검증하기 위한 목적으로 구현한 도구를 이용하여 100개의 음악 교육 컨텐츠와 20명의 학습자를 기반으로 시뮬레이션을 진행했다. 실험 결과는 제안한 방법이 학습 상태와 컨텐츠에서 정의한 지식의 유사도를 이용하여 맞춤형 난이도를 계산할 수 있음을 보여 주었다. 제안한 접근법은 학습 상태와 컨텐츠에 쉽게 접근할 수 있는 온라인 학습 시스템에 효과적으로 적용할 수 있다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈D:수학교육연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.215-227
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• 2006

After reviewing China's appearance and research on the Math open-ended problems, together with the application of those problems in mathematics test of Shanghai Senior Middle School Entrance Exams (SSMSEE) since 1999, this paper points out the difficulty in establishing an evaluation system for such problem. Through comparative study, the paper gives an operational definition of open-ended problem, and it attempts to establish an evaluation system and non-systematic competence targets that are appropriate to Math open-ended problems. Meanwhile, it describes the performance feature of those targets. By applying the standard international grading system of difficulty, it discusses the elements of difficulty in Math open-ended problems, and puts forward an evaluation as well as a level-of-difficulty forecasting system that is appropriate to the Middle School Entrance Exam.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2013

The goal of the textbooks of 2009 revised curriculum is to make customized lectures possible considering learning characteristics and understanding level of students. However, it is not easy to find a research result on sensed difficulty of the mathematics textbook, which is able to provide valuable information on the development of the diverse level textbooks. This research suggested criteria in analysing sensed difficulties of field teachers on the textbooks, and analysed sensory difficulty on the selective tracks textbooks based on 2007 revised mathematics curriculum using the criteria. The results of the analysis on 59 mathematics selective tracks textbooks show that all have average sensed difficulty. The criteria and research results are expected to provide valuable information in future mathematics textbook development.

• 한국게임학회 논문지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.23-34
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• 2012

컴퓨터게임은 재미를 위해 유저에게 지속적인 몰입상태를 유지시켜야 한다. 몰입이론[5]에 따르면 플로우 몰입상태는 유저의 게임숙련도와 게임 난이도가 균형을 유지해야 발생할 수 있다고 한다. 컴퓨터게임은 게임난이도를 자동조절할 수 있지만 유저의 게임숙련도는 게임의 상황과 개인의 성향 및 경험에 따라 다르기 때문에 게임도중에 즉시 파악하기 매우 어렵다. 본 논문에서는 컴퓨터게임 자체적으로 유저의 게임플레이 숙련도를 게임 도중에 즉시 측정할 수 있는 방법을 제안하였다. 제안하는 방법을 사용하기 위해서는 측정대상 컴퓨터게임이 설계 및 구현단계에서 제안하는 방법이 적용되어야만 한다. 제안하는 방법과 게임 난이도의 자동조절 방법을 사용하면 컴퓨터게임은 지속적으로 유저의 플로우 몰입상태가 발생할 수 있도록 게임난이도와 유저의 게임숙련도의 균형을 유지할 수 있다.

• 대한지구과학교육학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.340-350
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• 2023

본 연구는 교육대학교 84명의 학생들을 대상으로 계절변화 단원에 대한 수업 곤란도를 분석한 연구이다. 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초등과학 계절의 변화를 구성하는 4개 주제별 초등예비교사의 수업곤란도가 큰 주제부터 제시하면 '계절의 변화가 생기는 까닭은 무엇일까요?'(수업곤란 도 4.05), '계절에 따라 태양의 남중 고도와 낮과 밤의 길이는 어떻게 달라질까요?'(수업곤란도, 3.12), '하루 동안의 태양 고도, 그림자의 길이, 기온은 서로 어떤 관계가 있을까요?'(수업곤란도 2.85), '계절에 따라 기온은 어떻게 달라질까요?'(수업곤란도 2.80)이다. 이것으로 초등과학 계절의 변화 단원에서 공간지각 개념이 필요한 수업주제로 분류되는 '계절의 변화가 생기는 까닭은 무엇일까요?'에 대한 4주제에 대한 수업이 다른 단원에 비해서 수업곤란도가 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 계절변화 단원에서 수업주제별로 수업곤란도의 요인은 다양하게 나타났다. 초등예비교사들이 계절 변화 단원에 대한 수업을 지도할 때 수업을 어렵게 만드는 요인을 빈도수가 높은 순서대로 살펴보면 '자전축 기울기에 따른 태양남중 고도 비교하기 실험 지도' 가 42명(50%), '태양 남중고도와 낮과 밤의 길이 설명의 어려움'이 38명(45%), '남중고도 개념 설명의 어려움'이 27명(32%), '계절별 태양의 위치변화 설명의 어 려움'이 24명(29%), '태양고도를 측정할 때 전등의 높이를 조절해야 하는 합당한 이유 설명'이 20명(24%), '태양고도와 최고기온 사이의 불일치 이유 설명의 어려움'이 16명(19%), '모래(지면)온도 측정의 어려움'이 12명(14%)으로 각각 나타났다. 셋째, 수업곤란도 요인을 분석해 보면 교사요인보 다 교육과정요인이 많았다. 이러한 맥락에서 볼 때, 초등예비교사들의 수업곤란도가 가장 크게 나타난 계절 변화 단원 중 4주제인 '계절의 변화가 생기는 까닭은 무엇일까요?'에 대한 탐구활동은 교육과정의 측면에서 개선이 필요하다고 판단된다.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.789-796
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• 2016

In the Core Technology R&D of the defence area, the development of the related core element technology could be the foundation to develop advanced weapon system in the future. But it might make various problems if you can not accurately define the TRL of the element technology. In other words, if the technology is not sufficiently mature and then the project starts, it might require an increase in the development period and additional cost. Finally the system will be in an incomplete state and result in user dissatisfaction and the project failure. Therefore it is a very important task to properly assess the TRL for a successful project. In this study, We propose the method for risk management of core technology R&D project of the defence area using the QFD process with degree of difficulty and technology readiness level. It is also presented the process to determine the risk level using TRL and Degree of difficulty. Finally We apply this method to UGV system for verifying the result of this study.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.293-305
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• 2016

Objective: This study aims to measure cognitive load levels by analyzing the EEG of Koreans and foreigners, when they read a Korean text with care selected by level from the grammar and vocabulary aspects, and compare the cognitive load levels through quantitative values. The study results can be utilized as basic data for more scientific approach, when Korean texts or books are developed, and an evaluation method is built, when the foreigners encounter them for learning or an assignment. Background: Based on 2014, the number of the foreign students studying in Korea was 84,801, and they increase annually. Most of them are from Asian region, and they come to Korea to enter a university or a graduate school in Korea. Because those foreign students aim to learn within Universities in Korea, they receive Korean education from their preparation for study in Korea. To enter a university in Korea, they must acquire grade 4 or higher level in the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK), or they need to complete a certain educational program at each university's affiliated language institution. In such a program, the learners of the Korean language receive Korean education based on texts, except speaking domain, and the comprehension of texts can determine their academic achievements in studying after they enter their desired schools (Jeon, 2004). However, many foreigners, who finish a language course for the short-term, and need to start university study, cannot properly catch up with university classes requiring expertise with the vocabulary and grammar levels learned during the language course. Therefore, reading education, centered on a strategy to understand university textbooks regarded as top level reading texts to the foreigners, is necessary (Kim and Shin, 2015). This study carried out an experiment from a perspective that quantitative data on the readers of the main player of reading education and teaching materials need to be secured to back up the need for reading education for university study learners, and scientifically approach educational design. Namely, this study grasped the difficulty level of reading through the measurement of cognitive loads indicated in the reading activity of each text by dividing the difficulty of a teaching material (book) into eight levels, and the main player of reading into Koreans and foreigners. Method: To identify cognitive loads indicated upon reading Korean texts with care by Koreans and foreigners, this study recruited 16 participants (eight Koreans and eight foreigners). The foreigners were limited to the language course students studying the intermediate level Korean course at university-affiliated language institutions within Seoul Metropolitan Area. To identify cognitive load, as they read a text by level selected from the Korean books (difficulty: eight levels) published by King Sejong Institute (Sejonghakdang.org), the EEG sensor was attached to the frontal love (Fz) and occipital lobe (Oz). After the experiment, this study carried out a questionnaire survey to measure subjective evaluation, and identified the comprehension and difficulty on grammar and words. To find out the effects on schema that may affect text comprehension, this study controlled the Korean texts, and measured EEG and subjective satisfaction. Results: To identify brain's cognitive load, beta band was extracted. As a result, interactions (Fz: p =0.48; Oz: p =0.00) were revealed according to Koreans and foreigners, and difficulty of the text. The cognitive loads of Koreans, the readers whose mother tongue is Korean, were lower in reading Korean texts than those of the foreigners, and the foreigners' cognitive loads became higher gradually according to the difficulty of the texts. From the text four, which is intermediate level in difficulty, remarkable differences started to appear in comparison of the Koreans and foreigners in the beginner's level text. In the subjective evaluation, interactions were revealed according to the Koreans and foreigners and text difficulty (p =0.00), and satisfaction was lower, as the difficulty of the text became higher. Conclusion: When there was background knowledge in reading, namely schema was formed, the comprehension and satisfaction of the texts were higher, although higher levels of vocabulary and grammar were included in the texts than those of the readers. In the case of a text in which the difficulty of grammar was felt high in the subjective evaluation, foreigners' cognitive loads were also high, which shows the result of the loads' going up higher in proportion to the increase of difficulty. This means that the grammar factor functions as a stress factor to the foreigners' reading comprehension. Application: This study quantitatively evaluated the cognitive loads of Koreans and foreigners through EEG, based on readers and the text difficulty, when they read Korean texts. The results of this study can be used for making Korean teaching materials or Korean education content and topic selection for foreigners. If research scope is expanded to reading process using an eye-tracker, the reading education program and evaluation method for foreigners can be developed on the basis of quantitative values.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.23-37
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• 2012

Individuals often make their judgments on the basis of the ease or difficulty with which information comes to mind (for reviews, see Greifeneder, Bless, and Pham 2010; Schwarz 1998, 2004). Recent research, however, has documented that variables known to determine the degree of cognitive resources invested in information processing such as personal relevance (Grayson and Schwarz 1999; Rothman and Schwarz 1998), accuracy motivation (Aarts and Dijksterhuis 1999), and processing capacity (Menon and Raghubir 2003) can affect the extent to which individuals draw on metacognitive difficulty in making their judgments. The primary aim of this research is thus to investigate whether individuals with substantial cognitive resources or those with lack of cognitive resources are more likely to draw on metacognitive difficulty when making their product evaluations. The findings from two laboratory experiments indicate that individuals who perceive a greater level of fit between their self-regulatory orientation and temporal construal (Experiment 1), and between their self-construal and the type of product benefit appeal (Experiment 2) are more likely than those who perceive the lack of such fit to evaluate a target product less positively after thinking of many rather than a few positive reasons. The findings provide supporting evidence for the two-stage backward inference process involved with the effect of metacognitive difficulty on consumer judgments in that consumer judgments based on metacognitive difficulty may require greater cognitive resources than those based on the content of information generated. Also, the current research documents further empirical evidence for the relationship between self-regulatory orientation-construal level fit and cognitive resources such that perceived regulatory-construal level fit can increase consumer willingness to invest cognitive resources into their judgment tasks. Last, the findings can help marketers differentiate purchase situations where asking consumers to think of many positive benefits from purchase situations where asking consumers to think of a few key benefits is relatively more beneficial.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1464-1471
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• 2017

One of the important factors in game design is difficulty adjustment. An appropriate level of difficulty makes users have a sense of challenge and interest. However, the adjustment of difficulty takes a lot of time and effort, because of its ambiguity. To solve the problem, we propose a difficulty control method using a fuzzy theory. In this paper, a simple demonstration is exemplified to verify the effectiveness of our method. Experimental results show that the difficulty of the game changes according to the user's skill.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제11권7호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2020

Purpose: In this study, we would like to confirm that the transfer of young workers may be a means of enhancing their internal satisfaction, not to get a better job, by setting work-related characteristics that are highly relevant to job-related factors. Research design, data, and methodology: In this study, preparation for turnover was set as dependent variables to identify factors related to the turnover of young people, and the type of business, employment type, debt status, job satisfaction, job difficulty compared to education level, job difficulty, job degree, job major agreement, debt status, and other demographic social characteristics were selected as independent variables. Results: The characteristics related to personal criteria in job-seeking process were significant in the form of business, employment type, job satisfaction, work difficulty compared to the level of education, work difficulty compared to the level of technology, job major matching, and debt status. Conclusions: This study confirmed that young people's turnover may not simply be a means to get a better job, but to increase satisfaction in the internal aspects of their jobs, and that for young people, a job is an important development process that represents their identity and needs to be approached from a life-cycle perspective.