• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1002-1006
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• 2002

Germination method was used to screen the biological changes in soybean, kidney bean, and red bean caused by gamma irradiation. Beans were irradiated at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 kGy. Ten beans of each sample were placed on moistened cotton and germinated at $30{\circ}C$. The root lengths were measured daily for 5 days. Root lengths of all beans grew continuously for 5 days, but the growth rate of irradiated beans decreased significantly from fourth day. Unirradiated beans showed the highest growth rate during 5 days of germination. Gamma-irradiated beans could be screened by measuring the daily growth rate and root length during germination.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2006

Integrated cavity output spectroscopy(ICOS) is a simple, non-intrusive absorption measurement technique that can detect and quantify trace-level gas species. The spectral absorbance of a gas is quantified from the integrated optical output of the modulated high-finesse cavity containing the sample which is irradiated by a wavelength-swept laser source. We constructed an experimental setup by using a tunable single mode external cavity diode laser operating at the wavelength near 765 nm and a Fabry-Perot cavity with length modulation achieved by a piezoelectric transducer where one of the cavity mirrors sat on. In the experiment performed on minute oxygen gas at the wave-length near 764.5nm, we demonstrated the minimum detectable absorption of $8.45\times10^{-8}cm^{-1}$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 2020

Purpose: To investigate breathing-related changes in the balance ability of healthy adults. Methods: The participants were 36 healthy adults in their 20s and 30s. All participants were trained in three breathing (neutral, thoracic, and abdominal) methods one week before measurements. We used AccuSway to measure each participant's balance ability, using each breathing technique, in two postures (bipedal and unipedal). Results: During the bipedal balance task, abdominal breathing produced significant increases in path length and sway velocity. Abdominal breathing resulted in significant changes in sample entropy at the anteroposterior location compared with neutral breathing (p<.05). In the normalized anteroposterior location, there were significant changes in backward movement during thoracic and abdominal breathing compared with those during neutral breathing (p<.05). During the unipedal balance task, path length and sway velocity increased significantly during voluntary breathing compared with those during neutral breathing (p<.05). There was a significant change in backward movement when abdominal breathing-compared with neutral breathing-was used in the normalized anteroposterior location (p<.05). In the normalized left-right location, there was a significant shift to the right during thoracic breathing compared with that during neutral breathing (p<.05). Conclusion: Compared with neutral breathing, altered voluntary breathing patterns affect balance in healthy adults. Our results indicated that that static balance was more affected by abdominal breathing than by neutral breathing. Future studies should examine variables such as the breathing volume, rhythm, and method.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.647-663
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• 2017

Weibull distribution is a popular distribution for modeling lifetimes because it reflects the characteristics of failure adequately and it models either increasing or decreasing failure rates simply. It is a standard method of the lifetimes test to wait until all samples failed; however, censoring can occur due to some realistic limitations. In this paper, we propose a generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) chart to monitor changes in the scale parameter for type I right-censored Weibull lifetime data. We also compare the performance of the proposed GLR chart with two CUSUM charts proposed earlier using average run length (ARL). Simulation results show that the Weibull GLR chart is effective to detect a wide range of shift sizes when the shape parameter and sample size are large and the censoring rate is not too high.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.429-433
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• 2003

LAL (Limulus amebocyte lysate) test to detect and quantity endotoxin is based on gellation reaction between endotoxin and LAL from a blood extract of Limulus polyphemus. The test is labor intensive requiring dedicated personnel, takes relatively long reaction time (approximately 1 hr), requires relatively large volume of samples and reagents, and its end-point detection method is rather subjective. To solve these problems, we attempted to develop a miniaturized LOC (lab-on-a-chip) prototype using PDMS and glass. Using the 62 mm (length) ${\times}$ 18 mm (width) prototype in which 2 mm (width) ${\times}$ 44.34 mm (length) ${\times}$ 100 $\mu\textrm{m}$ (depth) microfluidic channel was provided, we compared the various detection methods of gellation, turbidometric, and chromogenic assays to find the chromogenic method to be the most suitable for small volume assay. In this assay, kinetic point method was more accurate than end point method. We also found the PDMS chip thickness should be minimized to around 2 mm to allow sufficient light transmittance, which necessitated a glass slide bonding for chip rigidity. Through the miniaturization, the test time was reduced from 1 hr to less than 10 minutes, and the sample volume could be reduced from 100 ${\mu}\ell$ to 4.4 ${\mu}\ell$. In sum, this study revealed that the mini LOC could be an alternative for a semi-automated and reliable method for LAL test.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.315-336
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• 2009

We have studied the orientational characteristics of microcrack frequency, it's length and density in Tertiary crystalline tuff from the northeastern part of the Gyeongsang Basin. 134 sets of microcracks on horizontal surfaces of 3 rock samples from Heunghae-eup were distinguished by enlarged photomicrographs of the thin sections. The variability in patterns among microcrack length-frequency histograms for three rock samples from different altitudes were derived. The pattern of histograms changes progressively from negative exponential form to log-normal form in proportion to altitude. The distribution pattern for rock sample no.1 from lower altitude shows the broad length distribution characterized by higher mean and median, and higher standard deviation. Meanwhile, this distribution pattern corresponds with characteristics of joint length distribution in sedimentary rocks of the lower part of the Gyeongsang Supergroup. The occurrence frequency of shorter microcracks increases toward both NW and NE directions from the $N0{\sim}10^{\circ}W$, with the dominant direction of $N80{\sim}90^{\circ}W$ and $N80{\sim}90^{\circ}E$, respectively. This distribution pattern represents the relative differences in formation timing among microcrack sets and the result of the new initiation of shorter microcracks. Meanwhile, the longest microcracks within $N60{\sim}70^{\circ}W$($L_{max}$:1.18 mm) and $N0{\sim}10^{\circ}W$($L_{max}$:0.80 mm) directions are seen, but this kind of microcracks are very limited in number. Whole domain of the directional angle($\theta$)-frequency(N), length(L) and density($\rho$) chart can be divided into five sections in terms of phases of the distribution of related curves. From the distribution chart, density curve shows five distinct peaks in the WNW-ESE($N70{\sim}80^{\circ}W$), NS~NNE-SSW($N0{\sim}10^{\circ}W$, $N10{\sim}20^{\circ}E$), ENE-WSW($N50{\sim}60^{\circ}E$), and nearly EW($N80{\sim}90^{\circ}E$) directions, respectively. Especially, main directions of faults correspond with the directional angle showing high density. Consequently, these distribution patterns of density curve reflect the representative maximum principal stress orientations suggested in previous studies.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.209-217
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to assess the external and internal quality traits of eggs in wholesale egg market in Colombo, Sri Lanka and the effect of storage period in egg quality traits in the same market after receiving the eggs. First, a total of 482 fresh eggs were randomly collected from the above market and external egg quality traits were determined and recorded according to the definitions given in the Specification for Chicken Egg SLS 959:1992. After that, a total of 288 fresh eggs were randomly collected and various external and internal egg quality traits were measured and recorded according to the standard procedures over a storage period of 1, 3 and 5 d after receiving the fresh eggs to the wholesale market. Information about the shops was also collected using a pretested questionnaire. Using the recorded data, shape index, Haugh unit, albumen index and yolk index were calculated for each egg. Average weight, width, length and shape index of the eggs in the sample was 59.96 g, 4.33 cm, 5.78 cm and 75.03, respectively. Average shape index value was much closer to the standard value of 74. From the total sample 80.5% eggs had a normal and sound shape. However only 60.37% of the eggs are in the desirable quality range specified in SLS 959:1992, when the overall shell quality of the sample is considered based on shell cleanliness, defects and shape. The results of the current study indicated that eggs had significant (p<0.05) deterioration of all internal quality parameters tested with increasing storage time. However the effect was not significant (p>0.05) between the storage periods of 3 and 5 d after receiving eggs except for yolk color and yolk height. Desirable category of eggs had reduced and rejections had increased with the storage period. Main problems associated with the particular market were less space availability, higher percentages of dirty eggs, unavailability of proper packaging materials, no standard packaging system for eggs, and not implementing a standard grading system for eggs. Therefore the results of this study suggest that proper egg handling and storage conditions such as low temperature storage may be implemented to increase the proportion of desirable quality eggs in the above market.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.300-306
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• 1993

Speries-related meat flavors were investigated for red meats (bovine, porcine, caprine, and ovine). Volatile branched-chain fatty acids (VBCFAs) including 2-methylbutanoic, 3-methylbutanoic, 4-methylpentanoic, 2-ethylhexanoic, 4-methylhexanoic, 4-methyloctanoic, 6-methyloctanoic, 4-ethyloctanoic, 4-methylnonanoic, and 2-ethyldecanoic acids were identified in the meats from cow (bovine), pig (porcine), goats (caprine ; American white goat and Korean black goat), and lamb (ovine). Beef flavor of bovine meat was characterized by the basic meaty flavor, lacking in goaty and muttony flavor impacts due to low or absent in 4-methyl.octanoic and 4-ethyloctanoic acids. Porcine meat contained the least number of VBCFAs among sample species tested, and 3-methylbutanoic acid contributed to the unclean sweaty odor of pork. Caprine meat from Korean black and American white goats lacked in short VBCFAs (C5, C6, and C7) and contained 4-methyloctanoic and 4-ethyloctanoic acids contributing to the characteristic goaty flavor of caprine meat. Caprine meat flavor was distinctively characterized by 4-ethyloctanoic acid, while 4-methyloctanoic acid provides sweaty-muttony flavor to ovine meat. Although kinds of VBCFAs are same in two different varieties of caprine meats, meat sample from Korean black goat had stronger goaty odor and contained higher concentration of 4-ethyloctanoic acid than the meat sample from American white goat did.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1994

This study focuses on forest fires attributed to cigarette light, the main source of wild fires, by examining the characteristics of the fire types. It aims to present useful data for preventive measures. Statistics show that the average length of cigarette butts left after smoking is 30mm excluding filter for domestic cigarette smokers. Also the average thickness of litter layer in forests is 58.2mm throughout the nation. The value varies according to how often leaves were trodden by hikers : the accumulation amount of Mt. Sunchi. which is relatively protected from human disturbances, is 29.6% more than that of Mt. Kye-Ryong National Park. Aged trees such as Pznus rzgidu, Quercus acutissima and Larix leptolepis have relatively large inflammable contents, 2.43kg in 15 year-old stand and 2.55kg in 10 year-old stand. This study found out the following fact with regard to the start of lighting and the out-break of fire. Fire breaks out within five minutes in the sample(C), in which Zoysza gaponica and Populus X tomentiglandulosu has been tramped when the sample has 2~6 percent of moisture contents. Coniferous trees such as Pinus rigida and Larzx leptolepis do not burn easily while leaving charcoal. In contrast, deciduous trees with Zoysia japonzca and Populus X tomentiglandulosu are quick to catch fire. As a result of the experiments, it is proved that cigarette light is a very dangerous cause of wild fire especially for dry grass like Zoysia gaponica.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.56 no.8
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• pp.509-520
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• 2023

Various drought indices are widely used for assessing drought conditions which are affected by many factors such as precipitation, soil moisture, and runoff. The values of drought indices varies depending on hydro-meteorological data and calculation formulas, and the judgment of the drought condition may also vary. This study selected four calculation components such as precipitation data length, accumulation period, probability distribution function, and parameter estimation method as the sources of uncertainty in the calculation of standardized precipitation index (SPI), and evaluated their contributions to the uncertainty using root mean square error (RMSE) and linear mixed model (LMM). The RMSE estimated the overall errors in the SPI calculation, and the LMM was used to quantify the uncertainty contribution of each factor. The results showed that as the accumulation period increased and the data period extended, the RMSEs decreased. The comparison of relative uncertainty using LMM indicated that the sample size had the greatest impact on the SPI calculation. In addition, as sample size increased, the relative uncertainty related to the sample size used for SPI calculation decreased and the relative uncertainty associated with accumulation period and parameter estimation increased. In conclusion, to reduce the uncertainty in the SPI calculation, it is essential to collect long-term data first, followed by the appropriate selection of probability distribution models and parameter estimation methods that represent well the data characteristics.