• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.21-36
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• 2023

As a solution to environmental issues, such as climate change response, the carbon neutrality strategy, urban heat islands, fine dust, and biodiversity enhancement, the value of urban green spaces and trees are becoming important, and various studies dealing with the effects of trees for environmental improvement are being conducted. This study comprehensively considers the preceding studies on planting tree species, planting structure, planting density, and planting base to propose a direction for the planting renewal of green areas in urban parks and applies the findings to a renewal plan to improve the urban environment through landscaping trees. A field survey was conducted on the planting status of Seoul Children's Grand Park, a large-scale neighborhood park in Seoul, and based on the survey data, a planting function evaluation was conducted, and areas needing improvement in planting function were identified. The planting function evaluation was carried out considering the park function setting, planting concept according to spatial function, and planting status. As a result of the study, the direction of planting renewal according to functional change was derived for each stage of planting function evaluation. Increasing the green area ratio is a priority in setting up park functions, but user convenience should also be considered. As a concept of planting, visual landscape planting involves planting species with beautiful tree shapes, high carbon absorption, and fine dust reduction effects. Ecological landscape planting should create a multi-layered planting site on a slope. Buffer planting should be created as multi-layered forests to improve carbon absorption and fine dust reduction effects. Green planting should consist of broad-leaved trees and herbaceous layers and aim for the natural planting of herbaceous species. For plant species, species with high urban environment improvement effects, local native species, and wild bird preferred species should be selected. As for the planting structure, landscape planting sites and green planting sites should be composed of trees, shrubs, and trees and herbaceous layers that emphasize ecology or require multi-layered buffer functions. A higher standard is applied based on the planting interval for planting density. Installing a rainwater recycling facility and using soil loam for the planting base improves performance. The results of this study are meaningful in that they can be applied to derive areas needing functional improvement by performing planting function evaluation when planning planting renewal of aging urban parks and can suggest renewal directions that reflect the paradigm of functional change of created green areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

Open space planners and designers should consider scientific and quantified functions of trees when they have to locate where to plant the tree. However, until now, most planners and designers could not consider them because of lack of tool for considering scientific and quantitative tree functions. This study introduces a tree location supporting tool which focuses on the multi-objective including scientific function using ACO (Ant colony optimization). We choose shading effect (scientific function), shielding, and openness as objectives for test application. The results show that when the user give a high weight to a particular objective, they can obtain the optimal results with high value of that objective. When we allocate higher weight for the shading effect, the tree plans provide larger shadow value. Even when compared with current tree plan, the study result has a larger shading effect plan. This result will reduce incident radiation to the ground and make thermal friendly open space in the summer. If planners and designers utilize this tool and control the objectives, they would get diverse optimal tree plans and it will allow them to make use of the many environmental benefits from trees.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.7 no.1 s.13
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• pp.37-48
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to suggest the landscape potential index for visualizing landscape information in the conservation of hilly landscape in urban fringe. For the visual and quantitative approach to topological landscape assessment, numerical entity data of DEM(digital elevation model) were processed with CAD-based utilities that we developed and were mainly focused on analysis of visibility and visual sensitivity. Some results, with reference in assessing greenbelt area of Eodeung Mt. in Gwangju, proved to be considerable in the landscape assessment of suburban hilly landscapes. 1) Since the viewpoints and viewpoint fields were critical to landscape structure, randomized 194 points(spatially 500m interval) were applied to assessing the generalized visual sensitivity, we called. Because there were similar patterns of distribution comparing to those by 56 points and 18 Points given appropriately, it could be more efficient by a few viewpoints which located widely. 2) Regressional function was derived to represent the relationships between probabilities of visibility frequency and the topological factors(topological dominance, landform complexity and relational aspect) of target field. 3) Visibility scores of each viewpoint were be calculated by summing the visual sensitivity indices within a scene. The scores to the upper part including ridge line have been more representative to overall distributions of visual sensitivities. Also, with sum of deviations of sensitivity indices from each single point's specific index to the weighting values of view points could be estimated rotationally. 4) The deviational distributions of visual sensitivity classes in the topological unit of target field were proved to represent the visual vulnerability of the landform. 5) Landscape potential indices combined with the visual sensitivity and the DGN(degree of green naturality) were proposed as visualized landscape information distributed by topological unit.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.9-18
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• 2002

Landscape, the land mosaics, is combined with human and natural environment. Landuse and landcover changes are an important factor that changes structure and function of regional landscape. In this study, the changes of landcover and landscape structures are examined in Kyongsan between 1985 and 1997, using Landsat TM images and landscape indices. The results of this study are as follows; First, according to the classification of landcover, forest and agriculture areas have decreased as a result of urban expansion. Second, forest fragmentation has been brought by development; So forest healthiness has weakened. It is proved that urban expansion has happened in agriculture land. Third, a variety of landuse types around forest have changed from agriculture-oriented types to the ones mixed with urban and agriculture areas between 1985 and 1997.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.43-55
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to propose a plan that properly organizes urban close-to-nature streams by evaluating the city park functions, ecological functions and landscape functions required for urban stream and setting up space function suitable for the space. The site of this study is Hongjecheon located in Seodaemun gu of Seoul City, whose length of channel spans 6.12km in total. The plan for the construction of close-to-nature streams had been established from late 2003, and the construction was completed. Evaluation Categories and indications were deduced from 4 stages. First, based on theoretical examination, we made a list of stream and park evaluation categories and added Category about Characteristic of urban streams. Next, we set Final Evaluation Categories and indications through the process of goal-relevance, indication verification, merging similar category. Final Evaluation Categories were deduced such as usage demand, usability(city park functions), biodiversity, inhabitation potential, rarity(ecological functions), historical cultural elements, and landscape Quality(landscape functions). As a result of allotting space functions, zones 1 through 4, got high grades at usage demand, was classified as a civic resort district; zones 5 through 6, close to major green area and remained original landscape, as ecological conservation and restoration district; zones 7 through 8, get high grades at usage demand and usability, as environmentally-friendly use district; and zones 9 through 10, many historical cultural elements and view points, and high green possession rate, as stream scenic district. In addition, detail space function and construction plan for each zones were proposed. As a result of this study, proposed space function assignment considering natural characteristics, humanities and social characteristics and landscape characteristics and is expected to be utilized at reasonable spatial planning considering various functions required for urban stream.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.82-91
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• 2007

Currently, bridges are regarding as the structure with formative, scenic and environmental values more than their function as simple passageways. Because an attempt to work on the diversity of the bridge types and installation of the large structures on bridge are part of the project of the regional amenity enterprises, a study that harmonizes bridges with landscape is needed at this point in time. This background can influence the direction of bridge landscapes that considers local features by analysis of visual preferences on a bridge simulated scene. The results were as follows: analyzing the change of the simulated landscape image, forest landscape are damaged by the input of a bridge which was natural, harmonic and intimate. On the other hand, when a bridge was inserted into the ocean landscape, it was thought to improve the ocean landscape, especially, upper part form of arch bridge various or suspension bridge were improved in polished and various image. The insertion of a bridge into an urban landscape change from a negative image to a beautiful, harmonic and attractive image. The intimate, harmonic and natural image of a rural landscape was damaged by inserting a bridge. As analysis result about change of landscape preference by input of bridge, there is difference between before and after as input the bridge, and bridge influences as main object in the simulated scene. Visual preference was the highest in the ocean landscape, and the lowest in the suspension bridge in the rural landscape. The complicated shape of bridge follows on the background type difference certainly appear. Thee simulated scene preference except the urban landscape of the simulated scene fell generally Especially, fall of preference of girder bridge in the forest and ocean landscape, suspension bridge in the rural landscape appeared notedly.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.5_2
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• pp.144-150
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• 2010

This paper researches, by looking into visitors of the Garden of Morning Calm, Pyunggang Botanical Garden, Jangheung Natural Arboretum and the Garden of Wild Flower, how they use these arboretums and what are the facilities they like most to provide directions in formation and planning of domestic private arboretums. The followings are executive summery of this research. It was researched that most of the them visited arboretums for emotional life (42.93%). They answered that the major reason that they go to arboretums is rest and service functions (42.97%). Such number suggest arboretums that they should provide, along with their original purpose of biological preservation, practical purposes, including rest and service functions. When asked facilities they preferred most, most visitors answered that they are most satisfied with facilities like restaurants and cafeterias. Information desk, management office, forest museum, wild life zoo, green house, exhibition room, rest area, pond and fountains influenced the visitor satisfaction level as well. Regarding to facility references, visitors most preferred information desk, management office, restaurant and cafeteria.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.131-142
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• 2017

The function of urban parks as wildlife habitats is becoming increasingly important. The urban park serves as a key area for preserving urban biodiversity. The purpose of this study is to estimate the bird species diversity in 30 parks in Cheonan city and quantitatively analyze the influence of vegetation, park structure and landscape connectivity index. As the results, a total of 27 birds species and 1,509 individuals were found at the sites and the largest number of birds were found in the Cheongsa park with 17 species. The optimal regression model was selected as the explanatory variables for the logged park area (LPA), the tree cover ratio (Co_T) and the patch betweenness centrality (PB). LPA and Co_T mean the internal characteristics of the park, and PB was the external environmental variable meaning landscape connectivity. LPA was the most important factor (73.3%) as bird habitat, and the PB could be interpreted as a factor that should be considered as important (26.7%). It will be possible to consider these environmental variables in the park and green area construction and management.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.60-70
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• 2001

This landscape design proposal was presented to a design competition for Gwangjin-gu Community Center and Assembly Hall. The site is located in 227-7 Jayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul and is part a block designated as \`Kunkuk University Detailed Planning District\`. The judging criteria for landscape design set by the Gwangjin-gu could be articulated as follows: an identity of Gwangjin-gu, a relationship with surrounding environment, a locale as a community center of Gwangjin-gu, and an environment-friendly design. An identity of Gwangjin-gu was expressed by introducing lends and decks around the building which were transformed from the image of the old Gwangjin Ferry. The concept\` was strengthened by \`Nori-madang\` or Korean version of \`plaza\` which was designed by a motive of \`mungsuk\` or Korean old fashioned straw mat. An ambiguous relationship between the site and the surroundings was set by \`transparent exhibition frame\` which not only bleaks the massive Chungdam-daegyo, an elevated road, and frames it into small parts, but also attracts pedestrians toward the site-the \`park\`. Pedestrians from the adjacent\` Nengdong-ro Walkable Streets\` views the site through the many parts of frames. By introducing diverse resting and dynamic spaces for many kinds of cultural activities the site could function as a locale of the Gwangjin-gu community. The main paving system reflects the environment- friendly design. It was detailed by \`PC-block-deck-paving\` which was elevated from the ground so that rains could be absorbed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.263-278
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• 2015

This study is intended to evaluate the value of functional aspect from the viewpoint of habitat. The indicators that are used in biotope evaluations are various, but most of them use the criteria to evaluate the naturality. This evaluation method cannot appropriately reflect the functional characteristics coming from relation to the surrounding biotope. In this study, the connectivity, cohesion and diversity between individual biotope are quantitatively measured by a landscape index. It is hard to draw the functional value of individual biotopes because the landscape index related to connectivity, cohesion and diversity comes from a landscape having a number of biotopes. The concept of contribution was used to overcome this limitation. The concept of contribution is to quantify how much each individual biotope contributes to the connectivity, cohesion, and diversity in a certain range of landscape by deriving the amount of change in the landscape index according to the presence or absence of each individual biotope. In order to understand the characteristics of evaluation results in functional aspect, this research has done a comparative analysis of the previous research findings in the same target area. According to the result of the research, individual biotopes such as artificial forests, fragmented natural forests, and small planting sites were highly rated.