• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.311-317
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the nutrient intake and selected blood parameters of adults with metabolic syndrome (MS) and to provide data in forming a dietary guideline for the prevention of chronic diseases. Subjects were recruited and divided into two groups according to the NCEP-ATP III criteria and WHO Asia-Pacific Area criteria for obesity. MS group was defined as subjects who have three or more risk factors and control group was defined as those with two or less of the risk factors. The average age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI) were 58.8 years, 158.0 cm, 66.3 kg, $26.5\;kg/m^{2}$, respectively, in the MS group; and 58.4 years, 158.9 cm, 59.6 kg, $23.5\;kg/m^{2}$, respectively, in the control group. The weight and BMI in the MS group were significantly higher than those in the control (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the food and nutrient intake between the MS and control group. Male subjects in the MS group showed significantly higher intake of mushrooms than those in the control (p<0.05). Egg consumption in the MS group was significantly lower than those in the control (p<0.01). Consumption of vegetables and fiber was significantly lower for female subjects in the MS group than those in the control (p<0.05). Serum GPT, AI and WBC count in the MS group (27.8 IU/L, 3.7, $5964.2\;{\mu}/L$) were significantly higher than those in the control (22.6 IU/L, 3.2, $5250.0\;{\mu}/L$; p<0.01, p<0.001, p<0.01). In conclusion, consuming fiber and vegetables may prevent and reduce metabolic syndrome in adult men and women, and this study demonstrates the need for proper dietary management for them.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to find optimal amount of fertilization of container seedling production for Zelkova serrata, Ulmus parvifolia, Betula costata and Tilia amurensis. To reach our goal, we measured root collar diameter (RCD), height, biomass and seedling quality index (SQI) of container seedlings of four deciduous hardwood species grown at three different fertilization treatments ($0.5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, $1.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and $2.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$). Z. serrata seedlings grown at $2.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ fertilization and B. costata seedlings grown at $0.5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ fertilization showed the highest RCD, height, biomass and SQI. The RCD and height of U. parvifolia and T. amurensis seedlings showed no significant differences by fertilization treatments. Seedlings of two species at $0.5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ fertilization showed the lowest SQI, however, SQI at 1.0 and $2.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ fertilization treatments were not significantly different. Based on these results, it is appeared that container seedlings of Z. serrata at minimum $2.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ fertilization, U. parvifolia and T. amurensis at $1.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ fertilization and B. costata at maximum $0.5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ fertilization were optimal nutrient conditions. Practice of optimal fertilization rate will make us get better quality seedlings and reduction of production costs in the container nursery system as well as good field performances with higher survival rate after planting.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.556-563
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of container types on seedling growth of Chamaecyparis obtusa (2-year-old) in the container nursery culture. We used three container types [20 cavities (400 mL/cavity, $150seedlings/m^2$), 24 cavities (320 mL/cavity, $200seedlings/m^2$), and 35 cavities (240 mL/cavity, $260seedlings/m^2$)] and measured root collar diameter (RCD), height, biomass, root density and seedling quality index (SQI). The RCD, height, biomass, root density and SQI were the highest at 20 cavities/tray because this container has the largest volume and lowest seedling density. However, H/D and T/R ratio at all container types were not significantly different. The total biomass per unit area ($m^2$) were the lowest at 35 cavities/tray and those at both 20 and 24 cavities/tray were not significantly different. Container volume was positively correlated with RCD, height, biomass, root density and SQI except for H/D and T/R ratio, while seedling density negatively affected on them. Based on these results, 20 cavities/tray are optimal for container seedling production of C. obtusa. Usage of optimal container will make us get better quality seedlings and reduction of production costs in the container nursery as well as good field performances with higher survival rate in plantation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.397-404
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• 2012

In this research, a numerical study was carried out on the mixing and flow characteristics of a vane-type static mixer for the reduction of $NO_x$ in the SCR systems from the diesel exhaust environments. The mixer was located at a distance of 57 times the pipe diameter away from the inlet. The analyses were performed by changing various parameters such as vane angles, blockage ratio, and location of the vane. Flow characteristics through the mixer were characterized by the uniformity index, swirl number, and pressure drop. The results show that uniformity index, pressure coefficient and swirl number are substantially influenced by the vane angle, blockage ratio and position of the vane of the mixer. In particular, the swirl number was increased when the vane was located near the pipe wall, or the vane angle was increased or scale was extended.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 2016

In this study, we analyzed the empty body weight and nominal volume of different types of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles commercialized in Korean market. Over 780 PET bottles were collected and classified into four types, heat resistance bottle, normal resistance bottle, pressure resistance bottle, and long period using bottle. Each PET bottle's lightness index was established using bottle weight and nominal volume. Based on the index value, "acceptable" and "optimum" criteria for design guideline of PET bottle were summarized for each PET bottle type. In this paper, we suggest the use of PET bottle lightness index as a design guideline for material resource reduction of PET bottle for Korean beverage industries and bottle makers. For example, we can achieve 2~4 g weight reduction in normal pressure bottle for 500 mL drinking water.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 1998

The changes of electroencephalogram(EEG) in patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type are most commonly studied by analyzing power or magnitude in traditionally defined frequency bands. However because of the absence of an identified metric which quantifies the complex amount of information, there are many limitations in using such a linear method. According to the chaos theory, irregular signals of EEG can be also resulted from low dimensional deterministic chaos. Chaotic nonlinear dynamics in the EEG can be studied by calculating the largest Lyapunov exponent($L_1$). The authors have analyzed EEG epochs from three patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type and three matched control subjects. The largest $L_1$ is calculated from EEG epochs consisting of 16,384 data points per channel in 15 channels. The results showed that patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type had significantly lower $L_1$ than non-demented controls on 8 channels. Topographic analysis showed that the $L_1$ were significantly lower in patients with Alzheimer's disease on all the frontal, temporal, central, and occipital head regions. These results show that brains of patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type have a decreased chaotic quality of electrophysiological behavior. We conclude that the nonlinear analysis such as calculating the $L_1$ can be a promising tool for detecting relative changes in the complexity of brain dynamics.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.332-340
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• 2002

In these days, environmental concerns have been increased throughout the industry and community worldwide. To prevent the ozone depletion, ozone depletion potential of a refrigerant must be zero. Simultaneously, a refrigerant with low GWP (global warming potential) is very demanding to induce green house effect. Chlorine-free HFC-l34a is a refrigerant widely used for automotive air-conditioning system because its destruction potential is ecologically zero. Although HFC-l34a has no ozone depletion potential, its global warming potential is so high that it is not considered as a perfect alternative refrigerant that is acceptable for long-term use. In this paper, experimental measurement has been carried out to analyze the performance characteristics of automotive air-conditioning system using HFC-152a, which has low GWP and zero ODP. Also mixed refrigerant that is composed of HFC-152a and $CF_3$ was applied to investigate an alternative possibility for the automotive airconditioning system. As a result of this study, we could draw following conclusions; With respect to the variation of the rotational speed of compressor, outside air temperature and flow rate, the heat amount of evaporator and compressor and performance coefficient was varied.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 1992

CCAPM이 한국증권시장(韓國證券市場)에서 현실적(現實的)으로 성립가능한가에 대한 실증적 검증을 하였으며, 또한 시장(市場)포트폴리오와 대응되는 총소비지출의 성장률이 사전적(事前的)으로 효율적 프론티어(efficient frontier)상에 놓여 있는가에 대한 검증을 실시하였다. 이와 아울러 전통적인 S-L CAPM도 검증함으로써 CCAPM과 S-L CAPM을 비교분석(比較分析)하였다. 통계적 기법은 비선형하(非線型下)의 무관회귀분석과 GLS를 이용하였다. 1980년 1/4분기부터 1990년 4/4분기까지의 분기별 자료를 이용하여 분석한 결과, CCAPM은 전기간(全期間)을 표본으로 한 경우에 기대수익률과 위험과의 선형관계(線型關係)가 기각되었다. 그리고 전기간(全期間)을 전반기(前半期)와 후반기(後半期)로 나눈 하위기간별(下位期間別) 분석(分析)에서도 마찬가지의 결과를 얻었다. 한편 S-L CAPM의 경우에는 전기간(全期間)과 전반기(前半期)에는 선형관계가 기각되었으나 후반기(後半期)에는 채택되었다. 즉 후반기에는 위험프레미엄의 추정치가 0.05834이고 t값이 2.525로 매우 유의적이었으며 절편의 값이 통계적으로 0과 다르지 않아 실질무위험이자율(實質無危險利子率)이 0%로 추정되었다. 그런데 이는 실제로 3개월의 정기예금이자율과 소비자물가지수를 고려하여 구한 것과 일치함을 보였다. 그리고 이에 사용된 한국종합주가지수의 사전적(事前的) 효율성(效率性)은 전기간(全期間)과 하위기간(下位期間) 모두에 있는 것으로 판명되었다. 한편, CCAPM이 한국증권시장에서 기각되는 이유 중의 하나는 경기순환에 따른 생산활동(生産活動)이 즉시적으로 개별증권의 수익률에 영향을 주나 총소비지출은 이보다 비탄력적(非彈力的)인데 따른 것으로 생각되었다.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.319-323
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• 1991

To determine how closely related to field lodging for several characters affecting the field lodging for several characters affecting field lodging, and to obtain the basic information for selection of lodging resistance genotype, an experiment was conducted with 10 varieties from May to Oct., 1990 at the experimental field in Sunchon Xational University. Culm length, dry weight per unit culm length (W/1), bending moment per unit culm diameter (W1/d), lodging index (L), bending load ratio (W1/P), and index of critical lodging load(W$_{s}$$^{2}$/1$^4$) were the most closely related characters to field lodging. Culm length showed highly significant positive correlation coefficient with field lodging(r=0.7607), but it may be undesirable to judge lodging resistance of genotype by culm length itself without consideration of culm stiffness. Considering the difficulty and time-consuming to measure the character, clum length, W/1, W1/d, and W$_{s}$$^{2}$/1$^4$ were easy to measure and hence would be the most useful variables to judge the lodging resistance of genotype. Culm diameter, cross sectional area of culm, thickness of culm wall, and the second inertia moment of cross section of culm were not correlated with field lodging at all. Breaking strength of culm showed significantly negative correlation coefficient (r=-0.3986) with field lodging.ing.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.403-411
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• 2017

In this study, the occurrence and temporal variation of eight pharmaceuticals comprising antibiotics (clarithromycin, sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim), scabicide (carbamazepine) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (acetylsalicylic acid, naproxen) in main stream and its tributary of the Nakdong River basin, were investigated. Concentrations of the target compounds ranged from $1.076{\mu}g/L$. The highest average concentration was observed for clarithromycin ($0.0316{\mu}g/L$), followed by sulfamethazine ($0.0170{\mu}g/L$), sulfamethoxazole ($0.0161{\mu}g/L$), naproxen ($0.0129{\mu}g/L$), carbamazepine ($0.0093{\mu}g/L$), acetylsalicylic acid ($0.0047{\mu}g/L$), sulfathiazole ($0.0024{\mu}g/L$) and trimethoprim ($0.0022{\mu}g/L$). The decreasing pattern of pharmaceutical concentrations was observed along with Nakdong River and the higher concentrations in downstream were observed than those in upstream. There was no temporal variation of the target compounds although the highest level was found in February. The calculated hazard quotients (HQs) for eight pharmaceuticals were below 1, indicating no environmental hazard in Nakdong River. However, further monitoring is still needed due to the other pharmaceuticals widely used in Korea.