• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제45권6호
• /
• pp.772-786
• /
• 2017

This study investigated the characteristics of wood tar, produced as a byproduct during the production of charcoal using oak wood by the modified traditional kiln and mechanical steel kiln. The wood tar was analyzed with a number of techniques, including Py-GC/MS, NMR, MALDI-TOF, FT-IR, TG and DSC. The Py-GC/MS analysis indicated that modified traditional kiln generated a higher hydrocarbon ratio in the wood tar than that of mechanical steel kiln. On the other hand, mechanical steel kiln resulted in a higher proportion of phenolic and aromatic hydrocarbon components than that of modified traditional kiln. Those results were also confirmed by NMR analysis. The MALDI-TOF analysis suggested that the wood tar produced in the mechanical steel kiln had a slightly higher molecular weight than the wood tar produced in the modified traditional kiln. In addition, the FT-IR analysis showed characteristic peak of symmetrical stretching vibration of $CH_3$ from the modified traditional kiln while characteristic peaks of the C-C and C-O stretching vibration were observed from the mechanical steel kiln. Moreover, TG and DSC analysis suggested that the mechanical steel kiln is more thermally stable than that of modified traditional kiln. Those findings clearly showed that the method of making charcoal greatly affects the properties of wood tar.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제46권5호
• /
• pp.527-540
• /
• 2018

본 연구에서는 온열욕 겸용을 위해 제작한 숯가마와 전통식 숯가마에서 제조한 백탄의 특성에 대해서 비교, 검토하였다. 온열욕 겸용 숯가마는 밀폐된 숯가마에서 발생하는 미세먼지 및 유해가스와 같은 환경문제를 최소화하고 편안함과 안전성을 고려하여 제작하였다. 온열욕 겸용 숯가마에서 제조한 백탄은 전통식 숯가마의 백탄보다 회분과 휘발분이 다소 높았고 고정탄소가 다소 낮았다. 온열욕 겸용 숯가마에서 생산된 백탄의 밀도는 기존의 전통식 숯가마 백탄보다 약간 높았지만, 평형함수율과 pH는 거의 차이가 없었다. 발열량, 정련도, 경도와 해부학적 구조는 숯가마에 따른 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 온열욕 겸용을 위해 개량된 숯가마에서 제조한 백탄은 국립산림과학원의 품질인증기준을 충족하였고, 온열욕 겸용 숯가마는 목탄제조에도 적합한 것으로 판단되었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제60권2호
• /
• pp.208-216
• /
• 2022

우리나라 전통 숯가마로부터 제조된 검탄 및 백탄의 표면형상과 흡착특성을 정량적으로 분석한 결과, 모든 시료의 열분석과 원소분석 등 물성은 제조회사마다 차이가 났고 백탄은 검탄에 비하여 확실히 열분해온도와 탄소함유량이 높았다. 숯의 표면형상으로부터 활성화는 목재의 축방향을 따라 발생하고 활성화정도가 증가함에 따라 대기공의 벽면에 반경방향으로 새로운 기공이 발달하여 기공들이 서로 관통됨을 알 수 있었다. BET 등온흡.탈착곡선은 대부분 낮은 상대압력에서 탈착이 안되는 이력현상을 보이므로서 미세공이 많이 발달된 Type I으로 분류되기 보다는 Type IV의 이력현상 경로와 겹쳐지는 숯 만의 독특한 탈착곡선을 보이고 있다. 낮은 압력 이력(low-pressure hysteresis)현상은 흡착질이 숯의 미세공 입구를 팽창시켜 끼이고는 탈착시에 빠져나오지 않기 때문이다. 따라서 분석된 비표면적값과 세공크기분포도 등 숯의 흡착특성은 정확한 값을 나타내지 않는다. 이러한 특성값은 제조회사에 따라 다를 뿐만아니라 한 조각의 숯이라도 채취한 부위에 따라 크게 달랐다. 따라서, 우리나라 전통숯의 정량적 특성값을 제시하는 일은 쉽지 않고 흡착제나 특수한 용도로 응용하기 위하여는 각각의 목적에 맞는 일정 수준의 성능을 갖도록 품질기준을 제시할 필요가 있다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.251-256
• /
• 2002

벌채 직후의 신선한 왕대(Phyllostachys bambuoides sieb. et zucc.)를 기계식 탄화로와 재래식 토요를 이용하여 탄화시키고 여기에서 발생하는 기체를 10$0^{\circ}C$ 전후에서 냉각시켜 얻은 각각의 조죽초액을 12개월간 정치하여 타르성분을 분리한 다음 중간부위를 취하여 죽초액의 일반특성과 성분조성을 조사하였다. 기계식 죽초액은 비중, 투과도, 굴절을 및 점도가 각각 1.008, 89.05%, 1.357%, 12.48 cp이었고 재래식 죽초액의 경우는 1.012, 98.33%, 1.34%, 9.09 cp이었다. 색깔은 재래식 죽초액이 기계식 죽초액에 비하여 더 맑고 투명하게 나타났다. 그리고 pH와 총유기산, 용해타르 및 작열잔사의 함량은 기계식 죽초액이 각각 3.55, 2.83%, 2.803%, 0.671%이었고 재래식 죽초액이 각각 2.93, 3.47%, 0.051%, 0.004%이었다. 죽초액의 성분조성에 대한 조사에서 두 가지 경우의 죽초액이 모두 페놀성 성분은 주로 phenol, o-cresol, p(m)-cresol, guaiacol(2-methoxy phenol) 등이 검출되었고 유기산 성분은 주로 acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyric acid, n-butyric acid등이 검출되었으며 알코올성분으로 methanol, furfuryl alcohol 및 maltol이 검출되었다. 페놀류와 알코올류의 함량은 기계식 죽초액의 편이 더 많고 유기산은 재래식 죽초액이 더 많이 함유되어 있었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.719-724
• /
• 2002

신선한 왕대(Phyllostachys bambuoides bambuoides sieb. et zucc.)를 기계식 탄화로와 재래식 토요를 이용하여 탄화시켜 기계식 죽초액과 재래식 죽초액을 얻고 기계식 죽초액을 증류·정제하여 정제 죽초액을 얻은 다음 각각의 죽초액의 아질산염 소거와 전자공여 효과 및 이들의 페놀성 화합물의 함량을 조사하였다. 죽초액을 $1{\sim}6%$까지 6단계로 희석하여 각 농도에서의 아질산염 소거효과를 비교하였을 때 동일한 pH 하에서 농도가 증가할수록 활성이 증가하였다. 각각의 죽초액이 pH 1.2와 pH 3.0에서 뚜렷한 소거활성을 보였으나 pH가 증가할수록 점차적으로 낮아져 pH가 6.0일 때에는 미미한 상태였다. 각각의 죽초액이 일정한 농도와 pH에서 아질산염 소거효과는 유의적인 차이(p<0.05)를 나타내었으며 기계식 죽초액, 기계식 정제 죽초액, 재래식 죽초액의 순 이었다. 기계식 죽초액, 기계식 정제 죽초액, 재래식 죽초액의 총 페놀성 화합물의 함량은 유의적인 차이(p<0.05)를 보였고 각각 663.4, 571.62, 485.16 ppm이었으며 증류·정제과정에서 함량이 감소되었다. 각각의 죽초액을 $0.2{\sim}1.2%$까지 6단계로 희석하여 각 농도별 반응시간에 따르는 전자공여 작용 효과를 비교하였다. 농도가 증가할수록, 반응시간이 길어질수록 각각의 죽초액의 전자공여 작용 효과가 뚜렷하였고 일정시간 내에서 각 농도에서의 전자공여 작용 효과는 죽초액간에 유의적인 차이를 보였으며 기계식 죽초액이 가장 컸고 다음으로 기계식 정제 죽초액, 재래식 죽초액의 순 이었다. 이와 같은 결과는 재래식 죽초액이나 기계식 정제 죽초액보다 기계식 죽초액에 페놀성 화합물이 더 많이 함유되어서 나타난 것으로 생각된다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.1250-1259
• /
• 2007

Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen(BCL) has been commonly prescribed for stroke patients in the traditional Oriental medicine. So this study is aims to investigate the anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen(BCL) manufactured by different production process on the focal ischemia induced by intraluminal filament insertion in rats. The focal ischemia was induced by intraluminal filament insertion into middle cerebral artery. The animals were divided into four groups (n=15 in each group). The ischemia induced and not treated group : Control group, the ischemia induced and oral medication of the three kinds of BCL : BCL-A group, BCL-B group, BCL-C group. BCL-A was produced by heating at a low temperature$(250^{\circ} C)$ in electric kiln and filtering. BCL-B was produced by heating at a high temperature$(900^{\circ} C{\sim}1,000^{\circ}C)$ in yellow earth kiln and refining and filtering. BCL-C was produced by heating at a low temperature$(400^{\circ} C)$ yellow earth kiln and no refining and filtering. The anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of the oral medication of BCL were observed by Bax, BCL-2, cytochrome c, mGluR5, cresyl violet and ChAT-stain. Our study suggests that BCl-A(was produced by heating at a low temperature in electric kiln and filtering) and BCL-C(was produced by heating at a low temperature in yellow earth kiln and no refining and filtering) show anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects on the focal ischemia induced by intraluminal filament insertion in rats and BCL-C is more effective than BCL-A.

• Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.39-48
• /
• 2012

The first twenty-five years of scientific study within Korea on Korean traditional ceramics has been characterized as a bridging effort to understand the rich field of artistic ceramic masterpieces on one hand with analytic results gained from mounds of broken shards and kiln wastes on the other. First shard pieces were collected directly from the waste mounds, but most of the analyzed shards were provided by art historians and museum staffs directly involved in systematic excavations. The scientific study is viewed as one of many complimentary ways in learning about the multi-faceted ceramics culture, ultimately connecting human spirits and endeavors from the past to the present to the future. About 1350 pieces of analyzed shards have been so far collected and organized according to the production location and time period. From the experimental results of the analysis, the compositional and microstructural characteristics of bodies and glazes have been deduced for many kiln sites of Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. Except for a few local kilns, porcelain stone was used as body material in both dynasties. The principle of mixing a clay component with a flux material was used in Korean glazes as was in China. The clay component different from body clay was often used early on. In Gangjin a porcelain material appropriate for whiteware body was mixed for celadon glaze, and in Joseon Gwangju kilns glaze stone was chief clay material. The use of wood ash persisted in Korea even in making buncheong glazes, but in Joseon whitewares burnt lime and eventually crushed lime were used as flux material.

• 복식문화연구
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.16-27
• /
• 2014

This study investigated the characteristics of and changes in hemp textile production practices at Gurye in Jeollanam-do in modern times. To do this, in this study, both a literature review and fieldwork research were utilized as research methods. The literature review focused on Gurye's hemp data, and the fieldwork research involved two separate trials. Male and Female residents of Gurye who had experience in the area of hemp production from the 1920s to the 1980s participated in this study. The results were as follows. First, regarding hemp fiber cultivation in Gurye, hemp cultivation continued to the 1970s and there were no changes in hemp cultivation practices during the Japanese colonial-era. Second, there have been very important changes in hemp kilns over time. In the 1950s, there were both single-body kilns and separate-body kilns in Gurye. Later, specifically in the 1950s, a new type of kiln using an iron pot appeared, and the most modern kilns were concrete structures. Third, in Gurye, women cooperatively removed hemp husks immediately after stemming, subsequently bleaching the hemp by soaking it in lye or caustic soda. Over time, there have been changes in ash types and in soaking periods. Fourth, loom types changed from the traditional Korean back-strap loom to the treadle loom in the 1930s- to 1940s. Fifth, since the 1970s, the hemp textile output levels of Gurye have been reduced due to the westernization of clothing styles, the inflow of Chinese hemp fiber and government regulations pertaining to hemp cultivation.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제47권3호
• /
• pp.277-289
• /
• 2019

Herein, a case study discussing the effect of carbonaceous aerosol pollution, which is emitted during the charcoal kiln manufacturing processes or carbonization processes, on the atmospheric environment is presented . In South Korea, in situ analysis of different charcoal production plants specialized in the production of charcoal sauna indicate that the emitted organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) aerosols are significantly influenced by the nature of the biomass and technological processes, i.e., treatment or emissions abatement systems for the exhaust effluent gases. In detail, total carbon (TC), which is calculated as the sum of OC and EC emission factors, varied widely from a charcoal production site to another ranging from 21.8 to 35.8 gTC/kg-oak, where the mean value for the considered production sites was approximately 28 gTC/kg-oak (N = 7 and sum = 196.4). Results indicate that the emission factors from a modern charcoal production process in South Korea are quantitatively lower in comparison with the traditional kiln. This study aims to propose advanced wood processes for the production of charcoal from the viewpoint of environmental protection policy and green engineering.

• 한국분말재료학회지
• /
• 제13권6호
• /
• pp.455-461
• /
• 2006

High temperature dielectric constants of the various ceramic materials have been measured using cavity perturbation method. The measurements were applied to refractory, traditional and fine ceramic powder compacts from room temperature to $1200^{\circ}C$. Calibration constant in the equation suggested by Hutcheon et al., was determined from the dielectric constants of reference specimen (teflon and alumina) at room temperature. From these results, informations on the refectory materials were obtained for the microwave kiln design and understanding of the microwave heating effects of ceramics have been improved.