Fig. 1. General production steps that are common to all visited charcoal-making kilns.
Fig. 2. Typical emissions during the charcoal production period from different production sites. Difference between (d) before and (e) after the start of the collections and analysis of the emissions in the case of a traditionalkiln during the charcoal production in the site coded YC #1 with a total collection hood.
Fig. 3. In situ measurement of exhaust gases as (a) PM2.5, (b) PM10, (c) CO, (d) NO, and (e) SO2 from different different charcoal production plants as specified in the text (see Table 1).
Fig. 4. In situ measurement of exhaust gases as (a) OC and (b) EC from selectedcharcoal production sites as specified in the text (see Table 1).
Fig. 5. Comparison of (a) PM2.5, (b) PM10, (c) CO, (d) NO and (e) SO2 emission factors per unit of wood (see Table 1). For each figure, the mean and standard deviation as well as the minimum and maximum values are reported.
Fig. 6. Comparison of (a) OC, (b) EC, and (c) TC emission factors per unit of wood (gOC/kg-oak, gEC/kg-oak, and gTC/kg-oak) obtained from selected sites during the time of charcoal productions. (d) PM2.5/PM10, OC/PM2.5 and EC/PM2.5 ratios for the different sites.
Table 1. Technological characteristics of seven selected charcoal-making kilns (coded YC#1, HS#1, JC#1, YJ#1,YP#1, GP#1, and HN#1) in four different Korean provinces (Gyeongsang, Gangwon, Chungcheong, and Gyeonggi)
Table 2. Physical and chemical characteristics of fuelled oak and obtained charcoal in and from the selected seven charcoal-making kilns
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