• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 1993

Executing various constructions and national land planning, it has rised importance how to acquire 3-dimensional geographical information efficiently. In conjunction with this, the concerned parties are interested in the accuracy of GPS positioning and applications. This study suggest the efficiency and possibility to apply geographical information construction by kinematic GPS surveying as comparing kinematic GPS results with triangulation, trilateration and static GPS results. In this study, we try to compare static with kinematic and can determine 3-D positions with difference of 6 mm in distance, 2"/10,000-4"/10,000, 20 cm in latitude, longitude and height at local area. In addition, difference from conventional surveying is about 1"/l0,000-3"/10,000 in horizontal. Therefore it is expected to apply kinematic GPS to make out topographic map and to construct data base associated with GIS.associated with GIS.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.431-435
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• 2003

GPS측량 방법은 크게 나누어 후처리 방법과 실시간 처리 방법으로 구분되며 후처리 방법은 다시 Static, Stop＆Go 및 동적(Kinematic) 방법으로 세분되고 실시간 처리 방법은 DGPS(Differential GPS)와 RTK(Realtime Kinematic) 방법으로 세분된다. 이와 같은 여러 가지 측량법 중 우리나라의 실무에서는 유독 후처리 방법 중의 Static 측량과 실시간 처리방법중의 DGPS 측량이 주로 사용되어 왔는데, 그런 배경에는 여러 가지 원인이 있으나 무엇보다도 가장 큰 원인은 공공측량 작업규정 등의 측량 관련 법규에서 다양한 종류의 GPS측량기법을 제도적으로 인정하지 못함으로 인하여 일반 측량기술자들의 GPS에 대한 인식이 결여된 때문이라 볼 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.301-309
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• 1999

Real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS surveying which allows centimeter level accuracy of three-dimensional coordinates without post-processing has become recognized as a major advance in GPS technology. Employing On-The-Fly initialization technique, the RTK system can escape from cycle slip problems that have affected as a main obstacle factor in traditional kinematic and static approaches. The objective of this research was to evaluate accuracy and effectiveness of the RTK-GPS surveying. First, the continuous RTK observation of a base line was conducted for the purpose of finding out the repeatability of the RTK surveying and the results which were then compared against results from static surveying showed RMS errors of $\pm{3mm}\;and\;\pm{13mm}$ for their respective horizontal and vertical components. On a test network of 30 stations covering the small area, the results of RTK testing were compared against those from not only post-processing kinematic and rapid-static surveyings but conventional surveyings and also the efficiency of RTK were analyzed. In addition, geoid heights which were derived by combination of GPS and spirit leveling about all of the points within the network were compared against those derived by the PNU95 and EGM96 models respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 1998

This paper addresses the suitability of GPS positioning technology to monitoring deformation and movement of structures. The first part of the study is an empirical quantitative study of the repeatability of GPS observations and the second part is a performance evaluation of kinematic GPS, which requires only a few minutes per a point, for monitoring deformation of an engineering structure. On the test network for monitoring of a earth am, four observations have been conducted repeatedly on different seasons and water levels. The reference network was observed in static mode, and monitoring points were observed respectively in rapid-static mode as well as in kinematic mode in each epoch and then the results were compared with those obtained by conventional surveying techniques. The repeatability of baseline vectors to better than average 7 mm in three dimensions was achieved in base line observations between reference points and also the unclosure of reference networks showed the range of 4 ppm to 27 ppm. Compared with conventional surveying techniques, the kinematic approach showed the differences of 3∼4 m in slope distances which were observed from reference points to monitoring points, and showed the differences of 4∼8 m in height. It was ascertained that the kinematic GPS technology provides an efficient alternative to deformation monitoring by conventional means which are capable of detecting movements in the order of 5 mm.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.10 no.2 s.20
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• pp.87-95
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• 2002

Real-time Kinematic GPS enables high accuracy Positioning by real time. If ambiguity use an integer solution, can obtain accuracy of several 'mm', and can obtain accuracy of tens 'em' if use real solution. In this study, We accomplish surveying by existent traditional surveying techniques (Total Station), Static GPS techniques and RTK-GPS techniques by Field Calibration about uniformity measuring point and then compared and ana1yzed each techniques positioning accuracy etc.. Result that achieve by Static-GPS in Plane area, about all measuring points, expressed error fewer than 3cm. Result that achieve RTK-GPS Surveying by Field Calibration in Plane area, could know that RTK-GPS techniques by Field Calibration is available in Plane area because expressing errors fewer than all 6cm, except case that do not get fixed solution of ambiguity Field Calibration RTK-GPS could know economically than existent conventional type measurement and existent GPS's measurement techniques that efficiency is very high.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.263-272
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• 2001

For a high resolution real-time kinematic GPS surveying using carrier phase, positioning accuracy according to the OTF initialization was better than 1 cm with more than 5-minute initialization within 20 km baseline. Also, it is recommended that measurements be carried out when PDOP and RDOP can be kept less than 4.0 since the geometrical layout of satellites has a great influence on the positioning accuracy. After considering the initial conditions and measuring time zone for real-time kinematic GPS. post-processed continuous kinematic GPS and real-time kinematic GPS measurements have been carried out. A new system has been proposed to store measured data by using a program developed to store GPS data in real time and to monitor the satellite condition through controller at the time of measurement. As a result, it has been revealed that possible noise in surveying could be corrected and the accuracy could be improved.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.31-34
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• 2002

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.309-324
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• 2001

To apply the real-time kinematic GPS surveying technique, this research has tried to obtain the TOKYO datum first from the continuous reference stations distributed all over the country. Then, analysis of the geography of a coastal area including both of land and sea has been carried out by the post-processed continuous kinematic GPS technique and the real-time kinematic GPS surveying technique. After considering the initial conditions and measuring time zone for real-time kinematic GPS, post-processed and the real-time kinematic GPS measurements have been carried out. A new system has been proposed to store measured data by using a program developed to store GPS data in real time and to monitor the satellite condition through controller simultaneously. The accuracy of GPS data acquired in real time was as good as that acquired by post processing. It is expected that it will be useful for the analysis of coastal geographic characteristics because DTM can be also constructed for the harbor reclamation, the dredging and the variation of soil movement in a river.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2000

Kinematic GPS surveying which can obtain much 3D topographical information through short-time measurement is being utilized mainly in the short baseline less than a few kilometers. Because the decision of position for the long baseline depends on the static GPS surveying which needs long time measurement, the method for measuring the position of long baseline is needed. In this study, the accuracy of the baseline according to the baseline distance, ephemeris, and observation time by GPS surveying is analysed to confirm the application of kinematic GPS surveying for the long baseline. As the result of this, the acquisition of 3D topographical information by GPS surveying in a few minutes will be possible when PDOP is less than 4, and the fast precise ephemeris is used within 60 km. Also, the accuracy is similar to that of final precise ephemeris of IGS. If a lot of studies about the long baseline kinematic GPS surveying are processed, the acquisition of topographical information for various industry including land development will be obtained more efficiently.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.8 no.2 s.16
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• pp.101-108
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• 2000

Kinematic GPS surveying which can be obtained many three-dimensional topographical informations through a short-time measurement is being utilized mainly in the short base line of a few km and below The coordinate for the long base line depends on Static GPS surveying But it needs long time measurement. Therefore, the method which can decide a position of the long base line for a short time is being needed. To examine a possibility of an efficient use of kinematic GPS surveying of the long base line, this research has analysed an accuracy of the base line by static GPS surveying according to baseline distance, ephmeris, and observation time. As the results of research, I could see that accuracy was very low in case of the occurrence of cycle slip. When we use of precise ephmeris, we obtained 1ppm and less of accuracy with one-minute kinematic GPS surveying within 70km. If a lot of studies about the long baseline kinematic GPS surveying are processed, a topographical information necessary for each kind of construction field including land development could be utilized more efficiently.