• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2003

The purpose of this experiment was to compare the energy expenditure and the physiological response among two groups by percent body fat(group A: 30-35% body fat, B: 35-40% body fat) to walking and running at several equivalent speeds. Subjects in group A and B followed A group(mean$\pm$SD, age; 24.0$\pm$0.4yrs, body fat; 32.3$\pm$0.7) and B group (age; 25.2$\pm$0.7yrs, body fat; 36.7$\pm$0.9). The walking and running protocol consisted of treadmill speeds for five min at each of the following speeds: 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 km.$hr^{-1}$. The obtained data reveal in group A, the rate of oxygen consumption and energy expenditure was higher during walking compared to running ate treadmill speeds $\geq$ 6.6km.$hr^{-1}$. In group 5, the rate of oxygen consumption and energy expenditure was higher during walking compared to running ate treadmill speeds $\geq$ 6.8km.$hr^{-1}$. Heart rates and respiratory exchange ratio were higher at treadmill speeds $\geq$5.8 in group A and $\geq$5.5 in group B. these findings demonstrated that a difference of percent body fat in obese women have no large effect on energy efficiency of walking, but walking within speeds 6.5~7.0km/hr resulted in rates of energy expenditure that were as high or higher than jogging at the same speeds even though the relative stress was greater during walking.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1191-1202
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• 1994

We numerically investigate a stable propagation regime of soliton pulse trains in fibers with periodically copensated loss by lumped optical amplifiers. When amplification solition pulses is 1.2~1.5 and the minimum soliton separation normalized by the soliton width becomes about 6. In cases of L=50[km], the allowable range of A is 1.5~1.7 under =6. The maximum allowable variation of the loss compensation in each lumped amplifier becomes +-2% of the fiber loss when L=50[km], A=1.6, and =6. Generally, the allowable rages of the soliton amplitude A and amplifier gain are inversely proportional to the amplification period L.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.177-182
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• 2000

Removal rate of swine wastewater containing organic matter was 99 percent in case of high loading rate. The studies of swine wastewater treatment aim to development of process using soil microorganism. Microorganism was devoted to improve the treatment efficiency of the process. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentration of treated swine wastewater was under 150 mg/L in anaerobic reactor. Also, value of km and Y were $0.73\;hr^{-1}$ and 0.433 g/VSS/g BODrm/d at microorganism of post aeration tank in anaerobic reactor.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.325-329
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• 1997

A inulinase of garlic(Seosan) was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and Sephadex G-150 gel filtration chromatography with a recovery of 9.1%. Optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme were 4$0^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0, respectively, and the enzyme was stable below 7$0^{\circ}C$ and in the pH range of 5.0~8.0. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by metal ions(Al3+, Mn2+, Hg2+, Cd2+) and EDTA, and the Km value for inulin was 0.22%.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.454-460
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• 1989

Antibiotics resistance genes both in natural bacterial isolates and the genetically cloned bacteria were comparatively studied for their transfer frequencies by the method of conjugation in several different water environments. The Kmr genes in both kinds of bacteria were transferred more frequently in autoclaved wastewater of laboratory environment than in natural river water, but in Luria Bertani (LB) broth medium under the laboratory conditions the transfer frequences of the genes were much higher than in the autoclaved wastewater. The transfer frequencies at 2$0^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$ were not much different in any water environments. The Km$^{${\gamma}$}$ genes of the genetically cloned bacteria and the natural isolates were transferred at the same frequency both in natural river water and in the autoclaved wastewater of laboratory environment, but in LB broth under laboratory conditions the transfer frequencies were lowered by 10$^{-3}$ to 10$^{-4}$ in the genetically cloned cells than the natural isolates. When donors of different cloned cells were conjugated with recipient of a natural isolates, the Km$^{${\gamma}$}$ genes of different donor cells were transferred at the about same frequency, but the same donor of the cloned cell were conjugated with recipients of different natural isolates, the transfer of Km$^{${\gamma}$}$ gene of the cloned cell showed some differences of 101 to 102 in frequency.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.367-377
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to analyze the deterioration of trail conditions and to obtain information for desirable maintenance and restoration of a trail in Deogyusan National Park. The physical characteristics of a trail were surveyed at a total of 412 sites over 79.8 km length. The average trail degree and width were found to be 14.31° and 1.60 m, respectively, while the average bare trail width was 1.40 m and the average maxim trail depth was 5.66 cm. Major deterioration types of trail were trail deepening (36.6%), rock exposure (33.9%), and root exposure (12.5%) in order of frequency. Deterioration classes of the trail were 0.626 km (0.8%), 3.110 km (3.9%) and 8.935 km (11.2%) for heavily, moderately, and lightly deteriorated, respectively, with a deterioration rate of 12.671 km (15.9%). Compared to other national parks, the ratio damaged trail to the total trail was 15.9%, which is slightly higher than other, including Jirisan National Park 9.6% (2019), Bukhansan National Park 13.6% (2019), Sokrisan National Park 11.7% (2019), Chiaksan National Park 12.3% (2015), and Woraksan National Park 10.5% (2015). The section of trail in Deokyusan National Park where the damage grade is analyzed as "Heavy" should therefore be restored in consideration of the field conditions. In particular, the damage status of the trail is expected to be greatly improved when the trail surface maintenance level is restored.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.156-156
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• 2023

본 연구는 SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)과 PHABSIM(Physical Habitat Simulation System)을 활용하여 남강댐유역(2,983.0 km²)을 대상으로 유역환경변화에 따른 환경생태유량 확보량을 산정하였다. 유역환경변화를 고려하기 위해 유역환경변화 요인(토지이용, 지하수 이용, 산림생장, 도로개발, 토양깊이)를 1980s(1976~1985), 2010s(2006~2019)로 구분하여 보정된 SWAT에 적용하였다. 유역환경변화 분석결과 토지이용은 1980s 대비 2010s에서 도시와 농업지역은 증가하였으나, 산림과 수역은 감소하였다. 지하수 이용은 1980s 대비 2010s에서 +18.9 백만 m³/년 증가한 평균 31.5 백만 m³/년으로 분석되었고, 산림높이는 1980s 대비 2010s에서 +0.6 m 증가한 평균 12.4 m의 수고를 가지는 것으로 분석되었다. 토양깊이와 도로망의 경우 각각 1980s 대비 2010s에서 -0.2 cm, +29.2 km 증가한 61.3 cm, 51.5 km로 나타났다. 유역환경변화 요인을 SWAT에 적용한 결과, 남강댐유역의 평균 유량은 1980s 대비 2010s에서 -9.5 m³/sec 감소한 77.3 m³/sec로 분석되었다. 남강댐유역의 환경생태유량을 산정하기 위해 하류에 위치한 정암교가 위치한 하천에 대해 PHABSIM을 구축하였고, 대표어종인 피라미에 대한 서식처적합도지수를 적용하여 환경생태유량을 산정하였다. 최적 환경생태유량은 21.0 m³/sec로 나타났고, 가중가용면적-유량 관계를 활용하여 가중가용면적 비율별(100%~25%) 환경생태유량을 산정하였다. 2010s에서 환경생태유량을 만족하지 못하는 73일(Q293~Q365)에 대하여 각 유황과 환경생태유량과의 차이를 일별로 계산한 후 10일 간격의 차이의 총합을 확보량으로 정의하여 산정하였다. 100% 환경생태유량 기준일 때 평균 확보량과 확보기간은 각각 5.36 m³/sec, 73일로 나타났고, 80% 기준일 때 평균 확보량과 확보기간은 각각 2.75 m³/sec, 20일로 나타났다.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.97-107
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• 1996

This study was performed to derive the formula of sediment yield and predict the sediment elevation for fresh desalted reservoirs. Data analyzed was from 3 fresh desalted reservoirs of Sapkyo, Asan, and Namyang. Average sediment yield calculated from the sediment survey data was $279m^3/km^2/$ year for Sapkyo lake, $523m^3/km^2/$ year for Namyang lake, and $190m^3/km^2/$ year for Asan lake. The trap efficiency for Sapkyo lake was 63%. The formula of sediment yield was derived as $Q_s=6,461{\times}A{^-0.44}$ for fresh desalted reservoir. Sediment yield in fresh desalted reservoirs was much higher than that in inland reservoirs located in the same watershed, because of long trap time in fresh desalted reservoirs.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2012

To estimate the S-wave velocity structure beneath the KS31 broad-band station in Wonju, Korea, we used $H-{\kappa}$ stacking and joint inversion of receiver functions and surface-wave dispersion curves derived from 297 teleseismic events (Mw > 5.5) recorded during the period between 2002 and 2009. We thereby determined that the average depth to a nearly flat Moho is $32.4{\pm}0.5\;km$ within tens of kilometer radius of the seismic station. For the crust at this location, we estimate an average shear-wave velocity of 3.69 km/s and a ratio of P- to S-wave velocities, $V_p/V_s$, of $1.72{\pm}0.04$, as is typical for continental crust. A negative phase in the receiver functions at 1 s indicates the presence of a shearwave low velocity layer in a depth interval of 10 to 18 km in the upper crust beneath the KS31 station.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.513-523
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• 2011

We estimated geothermal power generation potential in Korea through Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) technology following the recently proposed protocol which was endorsed by international organizations. Input thermal and physical data for estimation are density, specific heat and thermal conductivity measurements from 1,516 outcrop samples, 180 heat production, 352 heat flow, and 52 mean surface temperature data. Inland area was digitized into 34,742 grids of $1'{\times}1'$ size and temperature distribution and available heat were calculated for 1 km depth interval from 3 km down to 10 km. Thus estimated theoretical potential reached 6,975 GW which is 92 times total generation capacity of Korea in 2010. Technical potential down to 6.5 km and considering land accessibility, thermal recovery ratio of 0.14 and temperature drawdown factor of $10^{\circ}C$ was 19.6 GW. If we disregard temperature drawdown factor, which can be considered in estimating economic potential, the technical potential increases up to 56 GW.