• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2004

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to report the relationship between iridological constitution and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 $\beta$) gene polymorphism. Methods : Iris constitution were diagnosed by automatic Iris analysis system, Bexel Irina(Korea). The blood was stored at - $20^{\circ}$... until it was ready to be extracted. The genomic DNA was extracted by inorganic procedure. The concentration of DNA was estimated by absorbance at 260 nm. The interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 $\beta$) gene polymorphism was detected by PCR amplification. Results & Conclusions : The author classified 166 individuals according to Iris constitution, and determined IL-1 $\beta$ genotype. The frequencies of Iris constitutions as follows : neurogenic type, 41 (24.7%); abdominal connective tissue weakness type, 53(31.9%); cardio-renal connective tissue weakness type, 50 (30.1%); the others type, 22 (13.3%). Especially, the frequency of abdominal connective tissue weakness type was significantly higher in err genotype than in the remaining constitutions. As a result, The author demonstrated the association among IL-1 $\beta$ genotype, IBD and Iris constitution.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2013

Objectives Iridology is a field of study that diagnoses various systemic diseases through analysis of colors, structural characteristics and changes in iris. The purpose of this study was to review previously published study results of the iridology. Methods The studies were searched with the keyword "iridology" through search engines such as SCOPUS, Pub med, RISS, and NDSL. Total of 36 iridology-related studies published from 1980 to 2012 were analyzed. Results Most diagnoses of systemic disease through iris markings were insignificant. The studies on relevance of gene polymorphism and iris constitution were highly significant. The studies on relevance of Sasang constitution and iris constitution varied in results depending on diagnosis methods. The studies on relevance of iris constitution and diseases had significant results. The structural characteristics of iris were related to certain personality. Conclusions The studies on utility of iris diagnosis and diagnostic markings were negative, but the relevance of constitution, heredity, and iris diagnosis was positive. A persistent in-depth study on relevance of iris and constitution is needed in the future.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.131-143
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• 2008

This study aims at finding out the correlation between sasang constitution diagnosis using QSCCII which is self reporting questionnaire and sasang constitution diagnosis using iridology. In this study, 131 adult male and female participated as testees. The survey on questionnaires of QSCCII were carried out and then photos of irises of the participants were taken. The data from QSCCII was computed in WIN QSCCII version and they were translated into sasang constitution. For iris photos, the iris specialized camera with 1,300,000 picture elements was used, and then the iris photos were also read by computer. The correlation rate between QSCCII sasang constitution and iris sasang constitution was 52.4%, where kappa coefficient shows 0.323, which gives meaningful result statistically. And thus, the result can be used as a reference in sasang constitution diagnosis. For iridology to be served as a tool for sasang constitution diagnosis, criteria need to be developed for more concrete iris sasang constitution diagnosis in the future. And also comparative research is required among sasang constitution professionals and its iridological correlation of Sasang constitution carried out on more various group of people.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.155-164
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to compare interrelations between primary headache (including migraine) and Iris Constitution through iris constitution examination. Methods : The subjects were 50 patients who admitted to Chonju Oriental Medicine Hospital attached to Wonkwang Univ. from February.1st.2004 to March.31th.2005. The subjects were constituted of primary headache(including migraine) patients who were examined by Iris Constitution analysis. Results & Conclusion : Among 50 cases of primary headache(including migraine) the distribution of Iris Constitution were as follows. 1. There were 14 cases of neurogenic type, 9 cases of abdominal connective tissue weakness type, 8 cases of cardio-renal connective tissue weakness type, 6 cases of neurogenic + abdominal connective tissue weakness type, 5 cases of neurogenic type+ cardio-renal connective tissue weakness type, 5 cases of abdominal connective tissue weakness type + cardio-renal connective tissue weakness type, 2 cases of hydrogenic type, 1 case of abdominal connective tissue weakness type + mesenchymal pathological connective tissue weakness constitution. 2. There were 25 cases of which included neurogenic constitution, 21 cases of which included abdominal connective tissue weakness constitution, 18 cases of which included cardio-renal connective tissue. Migraine have a meaningful interrelation with Iris constitution, especially with neurogenic type, abdominal connective tissue weakness type and cardio-renal connective tissue weakness type. 3. Interrelation between Region of migraine and Iris constitution is non-specific with the exception of interrelation between pain in all over head with neurogenic type. These results suggest that the further study in connection with these results should be followed. 4. The interrelation between the period of migraine and Iris constitution is not remarkable.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.313-318
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is a difference in the incidence of the black circle border of iris(skin disease) according to the iris constitution. Iris was taken for 100 adults living in Seoul. Iris was photographed using the iris camera DV-2H, a blue focus development product. Statistical significance was tested by correlation analysis, and the occurrence of black circle border of iris was low negative correlation(p<0.01). As mentioned above, we know that the occurrence of black circle border of iris differs according to the iris constitution, and by using it actively, it will help health promotion about skin. There is a need to study the changes of iris in the cause of skin disease by using a blood test to analyze the cause of the skin disease in the future.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.56-63
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of some iris parameters in predicting the 8 constitution Methods: From November 2012 to February 2018, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 171 patients who were visited to the Korean Oriental Clinic. We conducted a stepwise binary logistic regression analysis to find the association between Iris parameters and 8 constitutional Medicine. Results: Automic Nerve Wreath Ration (ANWR) was larger and toxic radii was longer in Earth and Wood constitutions than Metal and water constitution. ANWR was larger and pupil are ratio(PAR) was smaller in Wood constitutions than Earth constitutions. And others did not show significant results. Conclusions: This study suggests that the relationship between some of the iris parameters and 8 constitution was significant, but more accurate follow-up study is needed.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2000

Background : Constitution is related to allergic patients. Objective : The aim of this study was to analyzed allergy Material and Method : We investigated 50 patients suffering from allergy and analyzed the relationship iris constitution and allergy. Conclusion : We analyzed allergy patients, among of them, Abdominal connective tissue weakness constitution is 33(66%), neurogenic type and hydrogenic constitution is 10(20%), bronchopulmonary connective tissue weakness constitution is 5(10%). We know that Allergic patients are abdominal connective tissue weakness constitution, neurogenic type, hydrogenic constitution and bronchopulmonary connective tissue weakness constitution.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.25-33
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• 2003

lridology, a form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), is the diagnosis of medical conditions through noting irregularities of the pigmentation in the iris. lridological constitution has a strong familial aggregation and is implicated in heredity. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene polymorphism is one of the most well studied genetic markers of vascular disease. I investigated the relationship between iridological constitution and apoE polymorphism. I classified 87 hypertensive patients with family history of cerebral infarction and 79 controls according to iris constitution, and determined apoE genotype. Neurogenic type in hypertensives was 32.2% compared with 16.5% in controls (P<0.001). No differences in the apoE genotypes frequencies were observed in patients compared with those in controls ($x^2=0.726$, df-=2, P=0.696). However, in a population with ${\varepsilon}3/{\varepsilon}4$ genotype, the frequency of neurogenic constitution was significantly higher in hypertensives than in controls (60% vs. 0%) ($x^2=5.265$, df=l, P=0.022). These results could imply that apoE ${\varepsilon}3/{\varepsilon}4$ genotype and neurogenic iris constitution are risk factors for hypertension.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.136-148
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the relation between Iridological constitution and Gynecological disease. Iris is one of the most complicated part of our bodies. It reflects perfectly organ's status, toxic accumulation, person's characteristics and healing effects. Many signs of Iridology were closely researched to examine the relation between Iridology and disease. After studying these matters, we could find that lacuna and auto-nerve wreath are intimately related. Especially the portions of auto-nerve wreath loss are accorded with the organ's present illness. Most of patients have scurf ring and vessel congestion sign. Large Intestine's structure also shows us the meaningful result that ballooned is the most common, spasticity and stricture are next. Connective tissue weakness constitution is 39.22%, complex 35.29% and blood-originated 25.49%. According to the three-step constitution by the Genetic facter, average type is 52.94%, weak type 35.29% and strong type 11.76%. Above these results, we can reach a conclusion that Iridological constitution are intimately related with Gynecological disease. And further study are requested to get a objectivity in a Gynecological diagnose. Iridology is a bright prospective study and interesting diagnostic method. If we deeply investigate this science, before long we can have a great outcome and more objective diagnostic skill.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.89-101
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• 2004

홍채학은 대체의학의 한 분야로서 홍채 침착의 불규칙성을 주시함으로써 의학적 상태를 진단한다. 홍채학적 분류에 의한 체질은 가족력을 보이고 있으며 이는 홍채체질의 유전성을 의미한다. 강력한 면역조절자이며 전 염증성 사이토카인인 종양괴사인자(tumor necrosis factor-a, TNF-${\alpha}$)는 많은 병리적 과정에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 따라서 본 연구자는 고혈압환자에서 홍채체질과 TNF-${\alpha}$ 유전자 다형성과의 관련성을 조사하였다. 87명의 고혈압 환자와 79명의 정상인을 홍채체질에 따라 분류하였으며 이들의 TNF-${\alpha}$ 유전자형을 분석하였다. 결과적으로 정상인에 비하여 TNF-${\alpha}$ GA 이형접합체의 빈도가 고혈압 환자군에서 감소하였다. 이 같은 결과는 TNF-${\alpha}$ 다형성이 고혈압에 대한 저항성과 관련 있음을 의미한다. 또한 고혈압환자에서 콜레스테롤 침착체질과 심신 결합조직 허약 체질은 42.5%로서 정상인 16.5%에 비하여 현저하게 증가하였다 (P<0.001). GG TNF-${\alpha}$ 유전자형을 갖고 있는 군에서 심신 결합조직 허약체질과 콜레스테롤 침착체질의 빈도는 정상인보다 환자에서 유의하게 높았다(P<0.001). 본 연구에서 저자는 홍채체질과 고혈압사이의 관련성을 발견함과 동시에 TNF-${\alpha}$ 유전자 다형성과 고혈압, 그리고 홍채 체질과의 관련성을 최초로 입증하였다.