• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.98-114
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• 2017

This study analyzed the commemorative landscapes of eight Holocaust concentration camp memorials(HCCM) of Germany and Poland from a landscape architecture point of view including historical landscape, places and remains, and monuments. A site survey was conducted at Dahau concentration camp memorial(CCM) and Bergen-Belsen CCM of Germany in September of 2015 and the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp memorial(ECM), Majdanek ECM, Belzec ECM, Sobibor ECM, Treblinka ECM, Chelmno ECM of Poland in April of 2016. The results are as follows. First, the landscape of the concentration camp at Dahau CCM, Auschwitz ECM, and Majdanek ECM liberated by the Allied Forces was well conserved with the maintenance of camp facilities and the spatial structure of camps while monuments and memorials seized by sociopolitical argument were built with restriction. But Belzec ECM, Sobibor ECM, Treblinka ECM, and Chelmno ECM devastated and planted artificially to forest were overwhelmingly surrounded with natural landscape, and also, excavated relics and remains were preserved and the monuments were built at the place of memory. Second, gas chambers, crematoriums, guard posts, electric wire fences, railroads and ramps, barracks, and drainage ditches were considered to be typical facilities present in the camp structure and the gas chambers, crematoriums, human ashes, and mass graves demonstrated the horrible history of these camps and the railroad and ramp where Jewish prisoners arrived also had the strong sense of place. These remains were regarded as symbolic elements to create a memory of the tragedy and place. Third, commemoration of victims was applied as the basic concept and recalling the memory of the Holocaust was also considered very important content. Religious reconciliation and peace was represented at Dahau CCM and the Jewish identity was strongly expressed at Treblinka ECM and Belzec ECM representing the Jewish community and Judaism. Fourth, the monuments with semi-abstract styles and abstract sculptures represented the Holocaust symbolically and narratively and came into the conflict caused by the abstractness to the memorial landscape at Auschwitz-Birkenau ECM and Bergen-Belsen CCM. Fifth, remains for recalling the memory of tragedy and place and symbolic monuments to stand for public memory were juxtaposed at the same place and preserving on the authenticity of camp site had been conflicted with monumentalizing intentionally. Further study will required a concrete investigation of the monuments in the HCCM and an attempt to comparatively study the commemoration characteristics of memorials in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.42-59
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to examine the actual cases of crane breeding at private homes in the Joseon Dynasty period, thereby identifying the universal meaning and characteristics of this act reflected in these cases. This study is likely to help understand the true nature of garden culture during the period. The study' temporal and spatial scope was limited to the Joseon Dynasty and private homes. As references for the study, translated versions of classical literature were selected from the Database of Korean Classics(http://db.itkc.or.kr). To complement for the data, related researchers' translated materials were also used in part. The study's results are summed up as follows: First, Individuals from various social classes including royal families, noblemen, noble families in countryside, and commoners kept cranes at their homes. These crane breeders included those who left a significant mark in the Joseon Dynasty politically and academically as well as 'cheosa(處士)' that refers to scholars living in seclusion without entering the government throughout their lifetime. Second, Crane breeders were spread all over the country. Notably, various cases of crane breeding were found within the Hanyang Wall and its vicinity. Third, The act of crane breeding was highly associated with blood ties and academic lineages such as friendships and teacher-student relations. In this regard, crane breeding was not just a simple taste or appreciation for the arts, but rather reflective of a person's life attitude and orientation. Forth, The consciousness of Confucian origins based on an ancient story of Limpo (林逋) appears to have a large impact on the act of crane breeding. In addition, some cases exhibited the reflection of Taoistic tastes. Fifth, Some individuals tamed cranes for a living. This proves the presence of steady demand for cranes in this period. The present study's limitation is its reliance on translated materials, which hindered research into various cases. Therefore, the future discovery of additional data and the accumulation of their translations will enable the investigation of a wealth of cases.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.119-122
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• 2004

It is well known that unidentified factors in sera, hormones and growth factors promote the proliferation of granulosa cells and nuclear maturation of bovine COCs in vitro. Attemps had been developed the simple composition of culture media and similar system to in vivo conditions has been applied. In the present study, we investigated the effect of TGF-${\beta}$ on in vitro maturation and in vitro development of Hanwoo COCs. When the COCs were matured in TCM 199 containing 0.1, 1 or 10 ng/ml TGF-${\beta}$ for 24 hrs, metaphaseⅡ of COCs were obtained 95.8%, 100% of matured COCs, respectively and there were no differences among the concentrations of TGF-${\beta}$. Matured COCs with TGF-${\beta}$ cultured in maturation medium after in vitro fertilization, developmental rate to blastocyst were 0~0.8%. Matured COCs with TGF-${\beta}$ were cultured in TCM 199+10% FBS, 0.8% BSA, 0.1% PVA, blastocyst formation were showed in 12.4%, 12.8%, 8.5% of those and cultured in IVMD or IVD without serum were 38.4%, 34.8%, respectively. There were significant differences among the media (P<0.05). TGF-${\beta}$ is available for i vitro maturation of bovine COCs, but further investigation would be need for finding the synergistic autocrine/paracrine fashion of other growth factors in early bovine development.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

This study explores urban gardening and garden culture in residential area as an everydayness that has been overlooked during the modern period urbanization and investigates the meaning and value of urban gardening from the perspective of urban formations and growth in spontaneous urban residential area, Haebangchon. The result identified that urban gardening as a meaning of contemporary culture is a new clue to improving the urban physical environment and changing the lives and community network of residents. Haebangchon is one of the few remaining spontaneous habitations in Seoul, and was created as a temporary unlicensed shantytown in 1940s. It became the representative habitation for common people in downtown Seoul through the revitalization of the 60s and the local reform through self-sustaining redevelopment projects during the 70s through the 90s. This area still contains the image of times during the 50s to the 60s, the 70s to the 80s and present, with the percentage of long-term stay residents high. Within this context, the site is divided into third quarters, and the research undertaken by observation and investigation to determine characteristics of urban gardening as an everydayness. It can be said that urban gardening and garden culture in Haebangchon is a unique location culture that has accumulated in the crevices of the physical condition and culture of life. These places are an expression of resident's desires that seeking out nature and gardening as revealed in densely-populated areas and the grounds of practical acting and participating in care and cultivation. It forms a unique, indigenous local landscape as an accumulation of everyday life of residents. Urban gardens in detached home has retained the original function of the dwelling and the garden, or 'madang', and takes on the characteristic of public space through the sharing of a public nature as well as semi-private spatial characteristic. Also, urban gardens including small kitchen garden and flowerpots that appear in the narrow streets provide pleasure as a part of nature that blossoms in narrow alley and functions as a public garden for exchanging with neighbors by sharing produce. This paper provides the concept of redefining the relationship between the private-public area that occurs between outside spaces that are cut off in a modern city.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.439-450
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• 2015

This study objects to find characteristics in chemical tanker markets and to determine optimal chemical tanker size using a total shipping cost in main trading route of asia chemical tankers .Precedent studies of determination of the optimal ship size and case studies about chemical tankers was carried out and tried to introduce a cost model which is applicable to chemical tanker. This study is dependant on numerical analysis and involves scenario analysis to minimize sensitivity of results. This analysis shows as follows. First, 12,000DWT tanker is an optimal size on the 'Far East-Middle East' services, 9,000DWT tanker is a most competitive on the 'Far East-South East Asia' services and 3,000DWT tanker is a most economic size on the 'Inner Far East' services at average market situation. Second, the bigger size of chemical tanker, the more competitive advantage the tanker will obtain when bunker fuel prices rise. Small size ship gets more competitive during bunker prices down. Third, market fluctuation of time charter rate for chemical tanker is less than 20% against its average time charter hire which means less volatile. And tanker's competitiveness per each size is remained mostly same when time charterer rates rise at same proportion. Fourth, bigger size chemical tankers have cost advantages when tanker's quantity of each part cargo increase. And small-sized tanks are more competitive when part cargo scales decrease. For the last, ship's port stay strongly influences on the determination of the optical tanker size. When vessel has shorter port stay, bigger-sized tanker will be more competitive and even can be competitive if applies in short voyage as well.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.42
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• pp.361-391
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• 2015

Regarding the [Government Organization Act; which is legislated on 19th November, 2014] Korea Coast Guard(KCG) has been re-organized and belong from Korea Coast Guard shall be established under the Minister of Oceans and Fisheries to Ministry of Public Safety and Security. Furthermore, National Police Agency(NPA) Commissioner has the right for administer duties concerning investigation and information by succession from Korea Coast Guard Commissioner. That means that main rule has been moved from prior KCG to Ministry of Public Safety and Security(MPSS) and NPA currently which is dual structure. Meanwhile, This kind of organization change has been effective to investigative agency which exert KCG's call of duty and causes needs of variety problems. In other words, There are quite huge changes such as KCG's reduction of their work, call of duty and re-organization regarding revised government organization act. However this change - including re-organization by government, was not able to take current MPSS's special features such as organization specialty and legal rights. It means, the current change has not been taken present law system CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW and there was no preparation to stable maritime police authority action as well. To sum up, this revised GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION ACT is supposed to provide total, quick security service by establishing strong disasters and safety control tower. However they only contains few area such as organization revision regarding 'Sewol Ferry Disaster', they was not able to contain the other parts of Society. Therefore, in this article I would like to check the part of re-evaluation of current change made by KCC's organization revision. It is supposed to provide better legal stability by making clear of work area by government agencies who acts maritime police authority.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.211-216
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• 2014

Radium is rock or soil of crust or uranium of building materials after radioactivity collapse process are created colorless and odorless inert gas that accrue well in sealed space like basement. It inflow to lung circulate respiratory organ and caused lung cancer because of deposition of lung or bronchial tubes. In this study, the air in the elementary school classroom nongdoeul tonkatsu place of measured values were compared using the calculated annual internal radiation exposure. La tonkatsu exposure measured in primary school classroom at least five schools when you close the windows in the average floor 0.56mSv 2 floors ground floor windows when opened 0.384mSv 048mSv 3 floors, 2 floor levels of the same three layers 0.31mSv 0.296mSv the human exposure to radon and radiation on the first floor of 3 floors above ground in a lot of exposure was moderate. When you close the window from the first floor up 0.384mSv 056mSv 3 floors with a minimum annual radiation exposure due to natural radiation in the 16 to 23.3 percent minimum 2.4mSv accounted for. When I opened the window to the maximum annual radiation exposure 2.4mSv 0.296mSv 0.31mSv least a minimum of 12.3 to 12.91% accounted for Results suggest that more than five chodeunghakgyoeun La tonkatsu domestic radon measurements conducted below regulatory requirements and internal exposure has also fall within the normal range. People The less the radiation exposure to the human body because it reduces the impact in the classroom in elementary school vent windows often reduced to the maximum radon concentration in the air, if called tonkatsu be able to reduce radiation exposure for the immune system is weak and elementary will be helpful to experiment more in the future for the school authorities called tonkatsu investigation is done to him if the action to establish a more secure school building facilities is thought would be helpful.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.10 no.1_2 s.11
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• pp.23-33
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• 2004

The Lago Sofia conglomerate in southern Chile is a lenticular unit encased within mudstone-dominated, deep-sea successions (Cerro Toro Formation, upper Cretaceous), extending from north to south for more than $120{\cal}km$. The Lago Sofia conglomerate is a unique example of long, gravelly deep-sea channels, which are rare in the modern environments. In the northern part (areas of Lago Pehoe and Laguna Goic), the conglomerate unit consists of 3-5 conglomerate bodies intervened by mudstone sequences. Paleocurrent data from these bodies indicate sediment transport to the east, south, and southeart. The conglomerate bodies in the northern Part are interpreted as the tributary channels that drained down the Paleoslope and converged to form N-S-trending trunk channels. In the southern part (Lago Sofia section), the conglomerate unit comprises a thick (> 300 m) conglomerate body, which probably formed in axial trunk channels of the N-5-trending foredeep trough. The well-exposed Lago Sofia section allowed for detailed investigation of sedimentary facies and large-scale architecture of the deepsea channel conglomerate. The conglomerate in Lago Sofia section comprises stratified conglomerate, massive-to-graded conglomerate, and diamictite, which represent bedload deposition under turbidity currents, deposition by high-density turbidity currents, and muddy debris flows, respectively. Paleocurrent data suggest that the debris flows originated from the failure of nearby channel banks or slopes flanking the channel system, whereas the turbidity currents flowed parallel to the orientation of the overall channel system. Architectural elements produced by turbidity currents represent vertical stacking of gravel sheets, lateral accretion of gravel bars, migration of gravel dunes, and filling of channel thalwegs and scoured hollows, similar to those in terrestrial gravel-bed braided rivers. Observations of large-scale stratal pattern reveal that the channel bodies are offset stacked toward the east, suggestive of an eastward migration of the axial trunk channel. The eastward channel migration is probably due to tectonic tilting related to the uplift of the Andean protocordillera just west of the Lago Sofia deep-sea channel system.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.344-356
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• 2002

Purpose: RBC blood pool SPECT has been used to diagnose focal liver lesion such as hemangioma owing to its high specificity. However, low spatial resolution is a major limitation of this modality. Recently, ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) has been introduced to obtain tomographic images for clinical application. We compared this new modified iterative reconstruction method, OSEM with conventional filtered back projection (FBP) in imaging of liver hemangioma. Materials and Methods: Sixty four projection data were acquired using dual head gamma camera in 28 lesions of 24 patients with cavernous hemangioma of liver and these raw data were transferred to LINUX based personal computer. After the replacement of header file as interfile, OSEM was performed under various conditions of subsets (1,2,4,8,16, and 32) and iteration numbers (1,2,4,8, and 16) to obtain the best setting for liver imaging. The best condition for imaging in our investigation was considered to be 4 iterations and 16 subsets. After then, all the images were processed by both FBP and OSEM. Three experts reviewed these images without any information. Results: According to blind review of 28 lesions, OSEM images revealed at least same or better image quality than those of FBP in nearly all cases. Although there showed no significant difference in detection of large lesions more than 3 cm, 5 lesions with 1.5 to 3 cm in diameter were detected by OSEM only. However, both techniques failed to depict 4 cases of small lesions less than 1.5 cm. Conclusion: OSEM revealed better contrast and define in depiction of liver hemangioma as well as higher sensitivity in detection of small lesions. Furthermore this reconstruction method dose not require high performance computer system or long reconstruction time, therefore OSEM is supposed to be good method that can be applied to RBC blood pool SPECT for the diagnosis of liver hemangioma.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.449-455
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• 2010

'Moulinrouge' was selected as the best regenerating cultivar among 18 different spray-type chrysanthemum cultivars bred in the Gyeongnam Flowers Breeding Research Institute. When the leaf explants from standard- and spray-type chrysanthemum 'Jinba' and 'Moulinrouge' were incubated on MS basal medium supplemented with $0.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA and $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA, both 'Jinba' and 'Moulinrouge' induced adventitious shoots that can be regenerated into plantlets. Based on these regeneration conditions, we developed an efficient $Agrobacterium$-mediated chrysanthemum 'Moulinrouge' transformation method by using sequential selection of shoots from low ($10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) to high ($30mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) concentrations of kanamycin after co-cultivation of leaf explants with $Agrobacterium$ for 10 days and induction of shoots. All kanamycin resistant plants investigated with genomic PCR analysis carried the report gene, $AtSICKLE$, in their genome. Although expression levels of the report gene in the transgenic plants investigated with RT-PCR were relatively low because of inefficiency of CaMV 35S promoter in chrysanthemum, transgenic lines expressing $AtSICKLE$ efficiently showed leaf epinasty phenotype. We expect that our results will provide a useful method that can perform a high-throughput investigation of genes isolated and studied well in model plants for molecular breeding of chrysanthemum.