• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
• /
• 1998.10a
• /
• pp.124-129
• /
• 1998

The ultrasonic pulse measurements can be used to detect the development of cracks in concrete structures and to check deterioration due to frost or chemical action. An estimate of the depth of a visible crack at the surface can be obtained by measuring the transit times that across the crack for two different arrangements of the transducers placed on the surface. In this paper, the concrete cracks that artificially introduced crack of width 1, 2mm and depth 20, 40, 60, 80mm were measured by Tc-To, Direct and Indirect Method. The test results indicate that the Tc-To Method is the most useful in measuring crack of concrete structures. And the crack depth calculated by the Direct and Indirect Method is shown bigger than artificially introduced real crack depth.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2005.10b
• /
• pp.340-342
• /
• 2005

This paper describes the speed-sensorless vector control system of a three-phase induction motor using sliding mode flux/speed observer. The sliding mode observer estimates the rotor speed. The error between the actual and observed currents converges to zero which guarantees the accuracy of the flux observer. The convergence of nonlinear time-varying observer along with the asymptotic stability of the controller was analyzed. To define the control action which maintains the motion on the sliding manifold, an "equivalent control" concept was used. It was simulated and implemented on a sensorless indirect vector drive for 750[W] three-phase induction motor. The simulation and experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed estimation method.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.381-407
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop scale for the measurement of indirect traumatization occurred by social disaster and test their validity. To achieve this purpose, this study conduct a research through the following procedure. First, to develop the inventory, various responses of indirect traumatization occurred by social disaster were gathered from Korean adults participated in open questionnaire. 41 items were made. Second, exploratory factor analysis were performed and 21 items were selected in this step. The Indirect Trauma Scale of Social Disaster(ITSSD) consisted of 4 factors, each with 4-to-8 items, respectively. Four factors include ① private coping responses ② symptom responses ③ distrust responses of world ④ moral emotion cause of social perpetrators. Appropriate levels of reliability were established for the ITSSD. Third, Indirect Trauma Scale of Social Disaster was validated by confirmatory factor analysis, and 21 items were fixed. To 300 participants differed from development step, confirmatory factor analysis was performed. 4 factors structure derived from the exploratory analysis was appropriate. And 4 factors indicated reasonable fit index such as TLI(.913), CFI (.924) and RMSEA(.077). In addition, ITSSD identified a significant positive correlation with Posttrauma Risk Checklist, Korean Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-KYZ and negative with Acceptance-action Questionnaire-2. But that was unrelated to Forgiveness Trait Scale and Life Satisfaction Scale. Also the result showed that Women experienced high level of indirect trauma of social disaster than men.

• 한국노년학
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.567-582
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the path model consisted of action planning, physical activity, and depression in order to obtain an enhanced understanding of their relationship and to support the aged with depression in community. In order to achieve this, precedent study was reviewed and the program with physical activity and action planning was executed. the data of a investigation of action planning, physical activity, and depression of the aged participated in the program which was consisted of physical activity with Action Planning was used and 116 cases were analyzed. The data analysis was done by descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and path analysis. The results were as follows. First, the path model was accepted. Second, the direct path of action planning to physical activity was significant. Third, the direct path of both action planning and physical activity to depression were significant. Fourth, the effect size of action planning to depression was more than that of physical activity. Fifth, the indirect path of action planning to depression through physical activity was significant. On the basis of these results, this suggests a need to add action planning on national physical activity plan, establish the delivery system for physical activity program with action planning in mental health center in community, and applicate narrative approach skills for qualitative improvement of action planning.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.163-174
• /
• 1993

Vertebrate retinal neurons, like brain tracts farm complex synaptic relations in the enter and inner plexiform layers which ape equivalent to the central nervous system nuclei. The effects of $\gamma-aminobutyric$ acid(GABA) and glycine on retinal neurons were explored to discern the mechanisms of action of neurotransmitters. Experiments were performed in the superfused retina-eyecup preparation of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, using intracellular electrophysiological techniques. The roles of GABA and glycine as inhibitory neurotransmitters are well established in the vertebrate retina. But, we found that the depolarizing action of GABA and glycine on third-order neurons in the catfish retina. GABA and glycine appeared to act on retinal ueurons based on the observations that (1) effects on photoreceptors were not observed, (2) horizontal cells were either hyperpolarized $({\sim}33%)$ or depolarized $({\sim}67%)$, (3) bipolar cells were all hyperpolarized (4) amacrine and ganglion cells were either hyperpolarized $({\sim}37%)$ or depolarized $({\sim}63%)$, (5) GABA and glycine may be working to suppress presynaptic inhibition. The results suggest that depolarization of third-order neurons by GABA and glycine is due to at least two mechanisms; a direct postsynaptic effect and an indirect effect. Therefore, in the catfish retina, a mechanism of presynaptic inhibition or disinhibition including the direct postsynaptic effect may exist in the third-order neurons.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.159-173
• /
• 2004

Instant Messenger is a communication tool which allows instant real-time connection between parties through Internet Compared to the most popular Internet communication tool. email. the messenger allows people to check network presence of other parties and to connect in real time among multiple parties. Mostly due to the convenience it provides. use of instant messengers has increased tremendously not only for personal purpose but also for business purpose. However. firms are agonizing about the real impact of instant messenger usage among employees. whether the impact is positive or negative in terms of the productivity, Applying the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and technology acceptance model (TAM). this study sets UP perceived ease of use. perceived usefulness and cultural orientation of individuals as antecedents of adoption and use of the messenger application, Also. the impacts of messenger usage are measured as task productivity and intimacy among colleagues. This study presents several findings about the instant messenger, First. perceived ease of use. and usefulness play important roles in raising the adoption level of instant messenger. Also. culture propensity also maintains strong influence towards the actual usage of the messenger. Among cultural variables. innovativeness, supportiveness and outcome orientation reveal strong positive impacts on adoption and use of the messenger. On the dependent side. use of instant messenger seems to have a strong direct impact on task productivity as well as indirect impact through intimacy. Implications are discussed.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.9 no.5
• /
• pp.87-98
• /
• 2022

Purpose: The is study aimed to examine the impact of consumer ethnocentrism on reasoned action and brand equity on Generation Z in Vietnam. Research design, data and methodology: A quantitative study was undertaken on 302 Generation Z members. The data for the study was collected using a Google Form-based questionnaire from December 2021 to January 2022. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha, and structural equation modeling were among the data analysis techniques employed. The results: The results show that consumer ethnocentrism has a direct positive impact on reasoned action (subjective norms and attitude toward domestic goods) as well as an indirect positive impact on brand equity, including brand awareness, brand quality, and brand image. Major findings: According to the findings of this study, governments should continue to push propaganda and advocacy programs, call for national pride and encourage home consumers to support and use domestic goods. Domestic brands must strengthen their ties to the community and invest in community-oriented programs that promote domestic consumption. Vietnam's domestic fashion brands need to promote the exploitation of community-oriented and nationalistic content to call on domestic consumers to support them to consume domestic brands.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.12 no.11
• /
• pp.377-387
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between self leadership and empowerment and organization innovation action in private security guard. This study established private security guards who is being located in Seoul, 2011 and work in the private security company by population. Using purposive sampling method, 293 samples were drawn and were used for the final analysis. Using SPSSWIN 18.0, frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, multiple regression analysis and path analysis were performed. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ value which shows the reliability of the questionnaire came out to be over .831. The conclusion is following. First, private security guard's self leadership affects to empowerment. That is, influence and semanticity are enlarged as action center strategy, natural compensation strategy is attained well. Also, capacity, self decision power is enlarged as constructive thinking strategy, natural compensation strategy is attained well. Second, private security guard's self leadership affects to organization innovation action. In other words, innovation action is increased as action center strategy is attained well. Also, organization's innovation result is enlarged as constructive thinking strategy, action center strategy, natural compensation strategy are attained well. Third, private security guard's empowerment affects on organization innovation action. That is, innovation action, innovation result appears high in case of influence, semanticity is enlarged. Fourth, private security guard's self leadership exerts direction indirect effect in empowerment and organization innovation action. Thus, empowerment is an important variable that mediate self leadership and organization innovation action.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.80 no.4
• /
• pp.344-350
• /
• 2017

Bronchial asthma is a disease characterized by the condition of airway hyper-responsiveness, which serves to produce narrowing of the airway secondary to airway inflammation and/or various spasm-inducing stimulus. Nonspecific bronchoprovocation testing is an important method implemented for the purpose of diagnosing asthma; this test measures the actual degree of airway hyper-responsiveness and utilizes direct and indirect bronchoprovocation testing. Direct bronchoprovocation testing using methacholine or histamine may have superior sensitivity as these substances directly stimulate the airway smooth muscle cells. On the other hand, this method also engenders the specific disadvantage of relatively low specificity. Indirect bronchoprovocation testing using mannitol, exercise, hypertonic saline, adenosine and hyperventilation serves to produce reactions in the airway smooth muscle cells by liberating mediators with stimulation of airway inflammatory cells. Therefore, this method has the advantage of high specificity and also demonstrates relatively low sensitivity. Direct and indirect testing both call for very precise descriptions of very specific measurement conditions. In addition, it has become evident that challenge testing utilizing each of the various bronchoconstrictor stimuli requires distinct and specific protocols. It is therefore important that the clinician understand the mechanism by which the most commonly used bronchoprovocation testing works. It is important that the clinician understand the mechanism of action in the testing, whether direct stimuli (methacholine) or indirect stimuli (mannitol, exercise) is implemented, when the testing is performed and the results interpreted.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.599-606
• /
• 1999

Water extracts of persimmon leaf tea(PLTE), green tea(GTE) and oolong tea(OTE), at the con centration used for human consumption, were examined for inhibitory effects on the mutagenicity of major classes of dietary and environmental mutagens including indirect acting mutagens, B[ ]P (benzo[ ]pyrene), IQ(2 amino 3 methylimidazo[4,5 f]quinoline), 2 AA(2 aminoanthracene) in the presence of S9 mix and direct acting mutagen, 4 NQO(4 nitroquinoline 1 oxide) without S9 mix, using the modified Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. PLTE, GTE and OTE showed very potent and concentration dependent antimutagenic effects against indirect acting mutagens B[ ]P and IQ. At the maximum concentration(16,200 g/plate) of each tea extract, number of colonies decreased in a dose dependent manner up to 82~100%. Similar inhibition of PLTE, GTE and OTE were seen at higher concentration in the mutagenicity of the 2 AA following an initial increase in the activity at lower concentration. However, the mutagenicity of the direct acting mutagen 4 NQO were not suppressed at lower concentration of the three tea extracts, and higher concentration of the tea extracts enhanced mutagenic activity of the mutagen. There were no differences in the mode of antimutagenesis between PLTE, GTE, and OTE, in both Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains against the same mutagen. In conclusion, the water extracts of persimmon leaf tea, green tea and oolong tea possess marked antimutagenic potential against a variety of important dietary and environmental indirect acting mutagens, but the activity was not observed against the direct acting mutagens. These results suggest that the mode of inhibitory action may not have resulted from direct interaction between tea extracts and the mutagens, but rather from indirect metabolic inactivation of mutagens by tea extracts.