• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.153-169
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• 2005

In this study, we analysed the state of the fisheries in Chungnam around 1910 from Hangook Susanji. As a result, there were about 30 ports in the west coast area in Chungnam, and we can classify their locations into 5 types Type I is located in small and mid sized rivers. Type II is located in a costal port. Type III is ports facing the open sea, and type IV is ports in a bay. Type V is ports on islands of coast. Species of fish are porges, mackerels, sting rays, croakers, hairtails, shrimps, etc. The base of fishing porge was Jukdo and Yeondo. The fishing banks of croakers are formed from Chilsantan, Jeonlado to the area of seashore, Chungnam. Hairtails were caught near all the areas of seashore. Salt manufacturing is done near all coasts of Chungnam, Seocheon-bay, Ungcheon-bay, Ocheon-bay, Anmyeon island, Taean, Dangjin area, etc represent this work. Especially, the salt which was produced in Taeangun was so famous that it was called ' Taeansalt'. In the Kum-river area there were 32 fishing villages. Freshwater fish were caught in the upper stream area and the mouth of Geumgang, down stream, was the center for producing Baengeo. There were 23 fishing villages, and the species consisted of croaker, hairtail, Forge, gray mullet, sting ray, sharks, anchovy, shrimps, etc in Biin-bay. The coast of Boryeong had about 33 fishing villages, but their fishing industry was not developed more than their good salt manufacturing. Though there are records that Chunsu-bay had 28 fishing villages, Taean peninsula and Garolim-bay had about 70 fishing villages, and Asan-bay area had about 55 fishing villages, they were developed a little, but not more than Weir fisheries or salt manufacture on the base of salt area and the tideland because these areas were just for farming. South of Anmyeon island of West coast island areas is the biggest area of Stow nets on stakes fishing and the island areas down mouth of Kum river were centers for producing porge.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.178-184
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• 2008

This work was carried out to investigate the effect of waterlogging on the growth and nutrient contents of 'Campbell Early' and 'Kyoho' grapevines under the vinyl house condition from June 14 to July 20, 2005. For the trial, seedlings of two-year-old grapevine were transplanted to 40 L pot with a sandy loam soil. Irrigation point of non-waterlogging(control) treatment was controlled at -40 kPa of soil water tension using tensiometer and waterlogging treatments were imposed for 35 days at the water levels of above 10 cm from the soil surface using tap water. The growth of aerial(shoot length, leaf number and stem diameter) and underground(root) parts of 'Campbell Early' and 'Kyoho' grapevines tended to be wholly reduced by waterlogging, while the growth of aerial parts were more severely impaired in 'Kyoho' than in 'Campbell Early' cultivar. The different responses for waterlogging between two grapevines seem to be related with the capacity for absorbing mineral nutrients, because nitrogen content of 'Campbell Early' cultivar leaves was significantly higher than that of 'Kyoho' cultivar although the contents of phosphorus and potassium in leaves of two grapevine cultivars were similarly declined. There was no significant different of fruit quality, such as contents of soluble solid, titratable acidity and weight of berry in 'Campbell Early' between waterlogging and control. In 'Kyoho' cultivar, however, berry weight and titratable acidity were decreased and soluble solid content was increased by waterlogging. It was assumed that waterlogging stress for grapevines promotes maturation and coloring processes of berries by stimulating maturation hormone such as ethylene. In conclusion, 'Campbell Early' cultivar seems to be more tolerable than 'Kyoho' cultivar when comparing the growth responses and nutrient contents between two grapevine cultivars under waterlogging.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1047-1060
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• 2003

To investigate the effects of conjugated linoleic acid added diet feeding on CLA accumulation and quality characteristics of pork meat. The CLA used to add in diet was chemically synthesized by alkaline isomerization method with corn oil. Pigs were divided into 5 treatment groups(4 pigs/group) and subjected to one of five treatment diets(0, 1.25% CLA for 2 weeks, 2.5% CLA for 2 weeks, 1.25% CLA for 4 weeks and 2.5% CLA for 4 weeks, CLA diets; total fed diets) before slaughter. Pork loin were collected from the animals(110 kg body weight) slaughtering at the commercial slaughter house. Pork loin meat were aerobic packaged and then stored during 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. Samples were analyzed for shear force value, texture, TBARS, fatty acid composition, cholesterol and CLA content. CLA treatment groups showed significantly(p〈0.05) higher shear force value compared to those of control group at 11, 14 days of cold storage. All treatments were decreased significantly as the storage period passed. There was a not significantly difference in texture between control and CLA treatment groups. All CLA treatment groups showed significantly(p〈0.05) lower TBARS value than the control. TBARS value was increased significantly during storage in all treatment. CLA treatment groups showed significantly(p〈0.05) lower cholesterol content compared to those of control group. As dietary CLA was increased in feed, the content of CLA was increased, but the control was almost not detected. The contents of CLA were not significantly changed during chilled storage for 14 days. In the change of fatty acid composition, the contents of oleic, linoleic and arachidonic were decreased by dietary CLA-supplementation, whereas the increase level of CLA-supplementation resulted in the higher palmitic and stearic acid. In all results, CLA could be accumulated in pork meat and its antioxidant capability has been indicated. It was suggested that dietary CLA-supplementation could be produced high quality pork.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.1165-1171
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• 2015

In this study, we examined the effects of cultivation adaptability and product quality of aronia (fruit of Aronia melanocarpa) cultivated in various domestic regions. Extracts of aronia cultivated in various domestic regions and Poland were measured for their total sugar contents, acidities, total polyphenol contents, anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant activities using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Our results showed that aronia extracts from the two countries had similar sugar contents, acidities, and anthocyanin contents. Anthocyanin is an important functional component of Aronia melanocarpa. Extracts of aronia from the two countries contained cyanidin-3-galactoside (65.5~69.1%) as the major anthocyanin compound. Aronia cultivated in C region showed higher polyphenol content (121.5%) than Poland aronia and we measured of antioxidant activities by DPPH ($IC_{50}$) and FRAP assay. Aronia cultivated in C region showed the highest antioxidant activity and polyphenol contents. Cultivation conditions of C region had sufficient sunshine and soil with pH of 6.5. From the above results, Korean aronia had similar activities with Poland aronia, which suggests that it can be a new potential development source and high technological foods.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.75 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 1986

In order to contribute to the Korean tea-plant culture and tea industry by means of increasing the production of tea-plants, I have performed the tissue culture of the organs of the anther, leaf and stem. As for the culture-material, I have used the anther of tea (Thea sinensis) at the tetrad uninucleate microspore stage and used medium of modified Murashige and Skoog as the basal medium supplemented with the growth regulators of NAA and 2, 4-D, yeast, kinetin and others at various concentrations. As for the handling of material, I have followed the common methods of sterilization and microtoming and paraffine imbedding method and observed systematically periodic changes of the microspores in culture. I have divided the leaf, stem and root into segments and sterilized them and used the modified Murashige and Skoog as the basal medium and observed the differentiation of roots and callus and the results are as follows. 1. In case of anther, I have found 2n callus was found in 30 out of 100 segments in M2 medium. 2. The differentiation of roots appeared in 24.5% of total leaf segments cultured and in 50.5% of stem and in 43.9% of root. 3. When the differentiation of stem in different parts was observed, the most frequent differentiation was found in the second part of all the 4 parts. 4. The most frequent formation of callus was noticed from the anther-walls in case of anther culture and from the veins in case of leaf culture. It is concluded that the seedlings of tea-plant could be multiplied most by means of tissue culture of the second part of the tea-plant stem and reduction in the expenditures of tea-plant propagation was possible through tissue culture.

• Clean Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.311-315
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• 2019

The cation extraction and impurity separation were studied in order to investigate the recyclability of a slag produced from the steel refinery industry. Two types of slag (Slag-A, B) were collected and characterized in this study. The initial characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) confirmed the existence of various kinds of ions in the slag such as Ca²⁺ (30 ~ 40%), Fe³⁺ (20 ~ 30%), Si⁴⁺ (15%), Al³⁺ (10%), Mn²⁺ (7%), and Mg²⁺ (3 ~ 5%). Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis on the extracted slag using 2 M HCl as a solvent indicated that a higher concentration of Ca²⁺ was extracted as the S/L ratio was increased. The Ca²⁺ extraction concentration were found to be 8,940 mg L^-1 (Slag-A) and 10,690 (Slag-B) mg L^-1 when the S/L ratio for Ca²⁺ extraction was 0.1. However, the extract was strongly acidic ( < pH 1) at 0.1 S/L. Also the other ions (impurities) were extracted simultaneously in addition to Ca²⁺. To increase the purity of Ca²⁺ in order to transform the slag to a high value resource, a pH-swing was conducted. The impurities tended to precipitate at higher rate as the pH was increased. Notably, the Ca²⁺ rapidly precipitated above a certain pH and at a pH of 10.5, while the selectivity of Ca²⁺ was over 99%. It is expected that the aqueous solution in which high contents of Ca²⁺ was selectively dissolved in this study would be suitable for the carbonation process for reducing CO₂ and for the production of calcium carbonate.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.134-145
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the work values of undergraduate-level foodservice major students. In order to assess work values of the participating students, this study adopted 'Maryland Work Values Inventory'. Data from a total of 290 surveys were collected. The participants consisted of 146 commercial foodservice major students and 144 institutional foodservice major students. Among the seven work values, both groups ranked 'job advancement' as the most important work value. Commercial foodservice major students rated 'altruism' as the least important work value, whereas it was 'stimulation' for institutional foodservice major students. 'Need for work' was evaluated statistically higher by junior and senior students compared to sophomore students of commercial foodservice major (p<0.05). In both foodservice majors, a positive relationship was found between work value scores and grade levels. All work value scores tended to be higher for students in higher grades. This tendency was especially statistically clear for the value 'need for work' for commercial foodservice major students and 'money and prestige' for institutional foodservice major students (p<0.05). There were some gaps in the work values between students with different career field choices. For the commercial foodservice majors, those interested in fine dining perceived 'satisfaction and accomplishment' and 'altruism' as more important [4.33 (p<0.05) and 4.05 (p<0.01), respectively] compared to students who had interests in fast food restaurants (4.06 and 3.67 respectively). Scores for 'satisfaction & accomplishment' (p<0.05), 'money & prestige' (p<0.001), and 'stimulation' (p<0.001) were significantly different among institutional foodservice major students. In addition, students more interested in industrial foodservice field regarded 'money & prestige' and 'stimulation' as less important as indicated by noticeably lower scores (3.74, 3.55 respectively) in comparison to the other group (p<0.001). The results of this study, which explored foodservice major students' work values, suggest that there is an increased need for the students to build up their work values as well as for the foodservice industry to offer appropriate work values to future foodservice employees.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.549-556
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of spatial distribution of Korean fir (Abies koreana E. H. Wilson) in Mt. Hallasan for the past 10 years. We examined the distribution and crown density between 2006 and 2015 and analyzed the elevation, direction, and regional characteristics. The total area of Korean fir was 626.0ha in 2015, which declined by 112.3ha accounting for 15.2% for the past 10 years compared to 738.3ha in 2006. For the past 10 years, the area of moderately dense Korean fir with the crown density of 41% to 70% decreased by 72.6ha while the area of dense Korean fir with the crown density of 71% or more deceased by 21.3ha. The area with an elevation between 1,510m and 1,600m showed the largest change, accounting for 32.6% of the total declining area. Regarding the distribution by the direction, the area in the southeastern direction decreased by 23.4ha while the area in the southeast and northeast centered on the eastern direction decreased by 62.3ha, which accounted for 55.5% of the total area. Regarding the change of the distribution of Korean fir forest area by the region, the decrease of the area from the Jindallaebat to the top of the mountain was the largest at 84.6ha, or 71.8% of the total decreased area. The Yeongshil Trail area decreased by 25.3ha or 21.5% of the total while the Keundurewat area decreased by 8.0ha or 6.8%. On the contrary, the Bangaeoreum area increased by 5.6ha. The results indicate the large decrease of area of Korean fir forest centered on a particular location of Mt. Hallasan. Considering the changes according to the elevation, direction, and regional characteristics, it can be attributed to increasing frequency of abnormal climates such as typhoons and droughts.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 1975

The experiment was carried out to investigate the chemical properties of cement kiln dusts, abundantly produced from cement industry as a byproduct, and their effectiveness on rice yield. The field experiment was conducted on the acid paddy soil developed on basalt at Dongsong-Myon, Chulwon-Kun, Gangwon-Do. Two kinds of cement kiln dusts were used ; By Pass (BP) collected from the suspension preheater and Electric Precipitate (EP) from the cottrell electric precipitator. The levels of cement kiln dust applied were 100kg/10a, 200kg/10a and 300kg/10a, and the recommended variety "Nong Back" was adopted for this experiment. The results obtained are summarized as follows ; 1. The component of cement kiln dusts seems to be quite suitable for liming material. BP has 55% alkalinity, 41.7% of soluble calcium, 9.8% of soluble magnesium and 4.5% of water soluble silicate, while EP has 53.5% alkalinity, 41.7% soluble calcium, 8.3% soluble magnesium and 1% water soluble silicate. 2. The relative effectiveness of cement kiln dust in the soil will be superior due to very fine particle size. EP pass through completely 270 mesh screen, and 95% of BP pass through 150 mesh screen, 68% passing 270 mesh. 3. BP application at the rate of 100kg/10a increased 21% of rice yield as compared with control and EP 15%. It was observed that the affected yield components were increased panicle number per hill, grain number per panicle and 1,000 grains weight. 4. The application of optimum amount (100kg/10a) of cement kiln dusts accelerated the uptake of nutrients by rice plant and increased rice yield. However, the excess amounts (200kg/10a, 300kg/10a) of cement kiln dusts retarded the uptake of nutrients from soil.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.117-149
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• 2015

On May 16, 2014 the Supreme Court of Korea rendered its decision with respect to litigation filed by All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd. ("ANA") for revocation of an order of correction and payment of a penalty imposed by the Korea Fair Trade Commission ("KFTC"). On or around September 2002, ANA and various airlines operating air cargo service from Japan to Korea were allegedly to have agree to introduce of fuel surcharge into their rates on cargo fares in an attempt to recoup falling profits from rising of oil price. As this hard core cartel was per se prohibited under Korean competition law (The Monopoly Regulation And Fair Trade Act), KFTC began an investigation and consequently with fruitful results imposed an amount of penalty and issued an order of prohibition. ANA protested against this imposition by filing suit against KFTC under the reasons that (1) their agreement was simply pursuant to the relevant laws and regulations including Air Transport Agreement between Korea and Japan, (2) there was an administrative guidance from Japanese government to allow this agreement, (3) extraterritorial application of Korean competition law to the agreement in this matter was improper as it was made within Japan and targeted only for the shipment from Japan to Korea: accordingly there is not a direct and serious effect between the agreement and any result of anti-competitive. This article aims to review ANA's allegation and the judgement delivered by Korean court under some issues respectively; (1) whether there is an effectively actual anti-competitive cartel between airlines including plaintiff, (2) whether filed rate doctrine is reasonable and applicable in this case for precluding wrongfulness, (3) what is the reasonable limitation of boundaries in extraterritorial application of Korean competition law. Additionally, this article also suggests to concern particular features of air transport business as an regulated industry in judging the unfair restrain on competition.