• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.93-107
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• 1998

In this study, the indicator is established by the human activities which cause the load of the environment, the effect of the human activities on the environment, the state of the natural environment in the city, and the effort on improving this state. And this indicator is based on the DPSR(Driving Force, Pressure, State, Response)framework which combines the PSR framework of GECD with the DSR framework of UNCSD. Coexistent indicators between men and nature among the established environmental indicators apply to the case cities such as Suwon, Songnam, Bucheon, Ansan and the results are analyzed in detail. The environmental indicators established in this study will be the concrete and persuasive means which can evaluate the possibility of the sustainability that is the paradigm of the new city development when the environmental quality or state of the existing cities is evaluated.

• Korean journal of aerospace and environmental medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 2020

Space exploration is one of the dreams of humankind. However, the intriguing environment was a challenge for the human body, where we must counter with many extreme conditions such as thermal support, radiation, microgravity. Life, as well as the human body, developed and evolved in the continuous presence of gravity, especially when living creatures transfer from the ocean to the land. Once this gravitational force doesn't impact on the body, the drastic changes occur. Some of these changes were observed immediately, while others progress only slowly. Since the first orbital flight was performed, several hazards for the organs of the human body were identified [1]. These changes in human physiology can reverse when astronauts return to Earth. This article will review the published findings of the effects of microgravity exposure on the human body.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.115-125
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• 2007

Grould Reaction force(GRF) is important in human movements and GRF measurements are one of the most frequently used tool in biomechanical studies. In the studies of the golf swing motion, people refer to GRF as weight transfer. A successful golf swing motion requires many segments activation sequences which are controled by the nerve system. Due to the inter- and intra-individual variability of the human movement and the movement strategies, reliability of the measurements are important in human movement studies. Previous golf researches were based on group studies and certain events' values were analyzed. The purposes of this study were to determine the number of trials for the reliable golf swing GRF data collection, to reveal the variability level of the meaningful components of the golf swing GRF, and to classify the types of the golf swing GRF patterns. Twenty three male professional golfers($26.4{\pm}6.6$ years, $174.3{\pm}5.2\;cm$, $71.3{\pm}6.5\;kg$) signed an informed consent form prior to participation in this study. GRFs of driver swings were collected with Kistler 9285 force platform and 9865A amplifier, and calculated by the KwonGRF program(Visol, Korea). Sampling frequency was 1080 Hz. GRF data were trimmed from 1.5 s prior to the impact to 0.5 s after the impact. The number of trials for the reliable GRF collection was determined when the change in floating mean overs the 25 % of the standard deviation of that variable. Variabilities of the variables were determined by the coefficient of variation(CV) of 10 %. The types of GRF patterns were determined by visual inspection of the peak GRF shapes. The minimum number of trials for the reliable golf swing GRF data collection was five. Ten-trial seems more conservative. The value of the peak GRF was more reliable than the value of the impact GRF. The CV of the peak GRF and impact GRF were 7.4 %, 15.2 %, respectively. Because of the +/- sigh of the peak GRF appearance time, it was impossible to calculate CV of the peak GRF appearance time. Golf swing GRF patterns were classified as sing peak type, double peak type, and plateau peak type. This classification suggests the presence of the different golf swing weight transfer strategies.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.9-18
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• 2006

These studies show that I applied to functional insole (a specific S company) for minimizing shocks and sprain people's ankle arising from running. How to an effect on human body which studied a kinematics and kinetics from 10 college students during experiments. This study imposes several conditions by barefoot, normal running shoes and put functional insole shoes ran under average $2.0{\pm}0.24$ meter per second by motion analysis, ground reaction force and electromyography that used to specific A company. First of all, Motion analysis was caused by Achilles tendon angle, Angle of the lower leg, Angle of the knee, Initial sole angle and Barefoot angle. Second, Contact time, Vertical impact force peak timing, Vertical active force and Active force timing, and Maximum loading rate under impulse of first 20 percent and Value of total impulse caused Ground reaction force. Third. The tendon fo Quadriceps femoris, Biceps femoris, Tibialis anterior and gastronemius medials caused. electromyography. 1. Ground reaction force also showed that statically approximates other results from impact peak timing (p.001), Maximum loading rate(p<.001), Maximum loading rate timing (p<.001) and impulse of first 20 percent (p<.001). 2 Electromyography showed that averagely was distinguished from other factors, and did not show about that. Above experiment values known that there was statically difference between Motion analysis and Ground reaction force under absorbing of the functional insole shoes which was not have an effect on our body for kinetics and kinematics.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.269-278
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• 1989

The initial impact at foot strike is produced by a slider type mechanical model, which can be measured using a force platform to evaluate various shoes. The lower extremity and foot motion was filmed by a 16mm high speed movie camera and several points on the rear half of the shoe and those near the trochanter and the lateral epicondyle were digitized to provide the linear and angular positions and velocities during impact. With these observed kinematics, a slider type foot strike simulator composed of guide rail and sliding dummy is designed. The simulator system makes the artificial foot of the dummy with running shoe on it to follow the foot strike motion. The dummy has the relevant mass-spring-damper system modeled after McMahon's. The motion of the model is drived by the gravity force and the generated motion alone with the ground reaction forces are monitored by the same procedures afore mentioned producing the initial foot strike impact similar to the onto observed in human gait.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of both various shoe types and bare feet on ground reaction force while walking. Ten first-year female university students were selected. A force platform(Kistler, Germany) was used to measure ground reaction force. Six types of shoe were tested: flip flops, canvas shoes, running shoes, elevated forefoot walking shoes, elevated midfoot walking shoes, and five-toed shoes. The control group was barefooted. Only vertical passive/active ground reaction force variables were analyzed. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SAS 9.1.2 package, specifically ANOVA, and Tukey for the post hoc. The five-toed shoe had the highest maximum passive force value; while the running shoe had the lowest. The first active loading rate for running shoes was the highest; meanwhile, bare feet, the five-toed shoe, and the elevated fore foot walking shoe was the lowest. Although barefoot movement or movement in five toed shoes increases impact, it also allows for full movement of the foot. This in turn allows the foot arch to work properly, fully flexing along three arches(transverse, lateral, medial), facilitating braking force and initiating forward movement as the tendons, ligaments, and muscles of the arch flex back into shape. In contrast movement in padded shoes have a tendency to pound their feet into the ground. This pounding action can result in greater foot instability, which would account for the higher loading rates for the first active peak for padded shoes.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.232-240
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of using standing step condition on biomechanical variables during jab in boxing. For this purpose, eight orthodox type college boxers(age = 20.38±0.52 yrs, height = 172.38±5.80 cm, body mass = 63.45±8.56 kg, career = 6.00±1.07 yrs) who without injury to the musculoskeletal system participated in the experiment over the last year. In order to verify the effect of biomechanical variables using standing step during jab in boxing, the paired t-test (α = .05) statistical method was used. First, W.S(with-step) showed a greater impact force than N.S(non-step), and muscle activity was analyzed to be low. Second, it was analyzed that the pelvis and foot segments move faster because W.S affects the velocity of the anterior segment of the human body. Third, the rotational movement of the pelvis was faster in W.S. Fourth, W.S was analyzed to have greater ground reaction force in the anterior caused by the right and left foot than N.S. Through this, it was found that the use of the standing step during jab increases the ground reaction force the velocity and rotational movement of the human segment. Therefore, it was confirmed that it allowed a faster and more agile movement, and thus produces a greater impact force with relatively less muscle activity. Therefore, in order to effectively deliver a greater impact force to the opponent during the jab, it was effectively analyzed to accompany the standing step.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.473-481
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• 2015

The purpose of this research is to comprehend experimentally the characteristics of human strength for using as the basic data of impact resistance test method of lightweight wall. Human motions exerting static load are classified to 4 types. Pushes with two hands or shoulder are defined as the instantaneously forcing motions with hands or shoulder put on the force plate. Leanings back or one-hand against the wall are defined as motions of taking a rest in their respective comfortable posture. Human motions exerting dynamic load are classified to 3 types. Selecting 3 levels of motion strength (weak, middle, strong), 3 levels of force plate stiffness (A: 20kN/cm, B: 4.7kN/cm, C: 2.2kN/cm), and 30 male subjects, load was measured when they applied strength to the force plate. Results of this research are as follows: (1) The maximum load ratio (Pmax/W) of static load for each motion was 1.17-1.25 in two hands pushing, 0.95-0.99 in shoulder pushing, 0.16-0.18 in back leaning, and 0.12-0.15 in one hand leaning. (2) Human dynamic load and object collision were different in the load characteristics. (3) The maximum load ratio of dynamic load for each motion was 10.07 in heel kick, 4.46 in shoulder hitting, and 5.58 in fist blow.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.199-206
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to conduct a biomechanical analysis of a one-legged jump in a traditional Korean dance (Wae Bal Ddwigi) according to breathing method. Method : Participants for this study were 10 dancers with experience for at least 10 years in traditional Korean dance. Independent variables for this test were two different types of breathing methods. Dependent variables were ground reaction force and lower extremity kinematic variables. The jumping movement was divided into three separate stages, take off, flight, and landing. The subjects were asked a questionnaire regarding the degree of impact force and stability of landing posture after the experiment. The Kistler Force Plate (9281B, Switzerland) was used to measure ground reaction force. A digital camera was used to look into angles of each joint of the lower part of body. SPSS was used for statistical analysis via the dependent t-test(p<.05). Results : There were significant differences in jumping according to breathing method. The inhalation & exhalation method yielded significantly longer flight times combined with greater ground reaction force. The breath-holding method required more core flexion during landing, increasing movement at the hips and shoulders. Conclusion : Consequently, there was more flexion at the knee to compensate for this movement. As a result, landing time was significantly higher for breath-holding.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.217-225
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• 2009

Recently, intensive research efforts are world-widely forced on the development of sport shoes improving both the injury protection and the playing performance by taking kinesiology and biomechanics into consideration. However, the success of this goal depends definitely on the reliable evaluation of the dynamic responses of sport shoes and human foot, particularly the landing impact characteristics. It is because the landing impact force is a main source of unexpected injuries and influences the playing performance in court sport activities. This paper addresses the application of finite element method to the evaluation of landing impact characteristics of barefoot and several representative court sport shoes in running. In order to accurately reflect the coupling effect between human foot and shoes accurately, we construct a fully coupled three-diemensional foot-shoe FEM model which does not rely on the independent experimental data any more. Through the numerical simulation, we assessed the reliability of the numerical FEM model by comparing with the experimental results and investigated the landing impact characteristics, such as GRF, MIF, acceleration and frequency responses, of representative court sport shoes.